RESUMO
The present study explored changes in the meat metabolome of animals subjected to different finishing systems and growth rates. Thirty-six Angus × Nellore crossbred steers were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) feedlot system with high average daily gain (ADG; FH); (2) feedlot system with low ADG (FL); (3) pasture system with high ADG (PH); and (4) pasture system with low ADG (PL). After harvest and chilling, Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle samples were taken for metabolite profile analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance. Spectrum was analyzed using chenomx software, and multi- and mega-variate data analyses were performed. The PLS-DA showed clear separation between FH and PL groups and overlap among treatments with different finishing systems but similar for matching ADG (FL and PH) treatments. Using a VIP cut-off of around 1.0, ATP and fumarate were shown to be greater in meat from PL cattle, while succinate, leucine, AMP, glutamate, carnosine, inosine, methionine, G1P, and choline were greater in meat from FH. Comparing FL and PH treatments, glutamine, carnosine, urea, NAD+, malonate, lactate, isoleucine, and alanine were greater in the meat of PH cattle, while G6P and betaine were elevated in that of FL cattle. Relevant pathways were also identified by differences in growth rate (FH versus PL) and finishing system were also noted. Growth rate caused a clear difference in meat metabolism that was highlighted by energy metabolism and associated pathways, while the feeding system tended to alter protein and lipid metabolism.
RESUMO
Metabolite profiles of chicken breast extracts and water mobility in breasts were studied using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) relaxometry, respectively, using normal breast (NB), and wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) myopathies in broilers. One thousand eight hundred sixty broilers were raised to commercial standards, receiving the same diets that were formulated as per the different growth stages. At 49 D of age, 200 animals were slaughtered following routine commercial procedures, and at 4 h postmortem, the whole breast (pectoralis major muscle) was removed and visually inspected by an experienced meat inspector who selected NB (without myopathies) and samples with the presence of WS and WB myopathies. Fifteen breasts (5 each of NB, WS, and WB) were analyzed through TD-NMR relaxometry, and samples of approximately 20 g were taken from each breast and frozen at -80°C for metabolite profiling through 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to evaluate the effect on water relaxometry and metabolite profile in accordance with the presence and type of myopathy in the breast. 1H-NMR data showed that the metabolite profiles in WS and WB breasts were different from each other and from NB. This pilot study shows that myopathies appear to be related to hypoxia, connective tissue deposition, lower mitochondrial function, and greater oxidative stress compared with NB. The longitudinal and transverse relaxation time of the breasts determined by TD-NMR relaxometry was shorter for NB than that for WS and WB, indicating greater water mobility in breasts affected by myopathies. 1H-NMR spectroscopy can be used to differentiate the metabolism of WS, WB, and NB, and TD-NMR has the potential to be a fast, simple, and noninvasive method to distinguish NB from WB and WS. As a practical application, the metabolomic profile as per the occurrence of breast myopathies may be used for a better understanding of these issues, which opens a gap to mitigate the incidence and severity of WS and WB. In addition, the present study brings an opportunity for the development of a new and objective tool to classify the incidence of breast myopathies through TD-NMR relaxometry.
Assuntos
Metabolômica , Doenças Musculares , Músculos Peitorais , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Galinhas , Carne/análise , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Doenças Musculares/veterinária , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Músculos Peitorais/química , Projetos Piloto , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Água/químicaRESUMO
We report the catalytic activity for the complexes-cis-[RuCl2 (dppb)(bipy)] (A), and [η6 -(p-cymene)Ru (dppb)Cl]PF6 (B), wherein dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphine)butane, and bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine-for the synthesis of CDCl3 from CHCl3 using D2 O as deuterium source. H/D exchange reactions were performed using a chloroform/D2 O, 1:2 molar ratio, vigorously stirred, at room temperature. One mole of KOH was dissolved in D2 O fraction and catalytic complexes from 0.002 to 0.05 mmol were dissolved in chloroform. The H/D exchange reactions were monitored using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance sequences without proton decoupling. The reaction using 0.01 mmol of compound A reached approximately 55% of H/D conversion in 1 h. In the same time, the reactions with 0.002 mmol of compound A and without catalyst show approximately 28% and 3% H/D exchange, respectively. Without the catalysts, the H/D exchange was only 12.0% in 5 h. For compound B, 55% H/D conversion was observed in 1 h, only when 0.05 mmol was used, which is much higher catalyst concentration. After the isolation of the chloroform fraction and two more addition of D2 O, it was possible to obtain 95.0% H/D exchange in approximately 3 h, using 0.01 mmol of the compound A. Therefore, compound A is an efficient catalyst for a rapid and straightforward synthesis of CDCl3 from CHCl3 at room temperature and using D2 O as deuterium source.
RESUMO
To clarify the relationship between beef genetic selection for growth and precocity with muscle metabolism and metabolites, we performed metabolomic analysis using Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle from Nellore cattle with divergent selection for these traits (high growth, HG; low growth, LG; high precocity, HP; low precocity, LP). Genetic potential for growth affected muscle protein and energetic metabolism. HG animals had a high concentration of arginine, carnosine, and leucine compared to LG animals. HP animals presented a high concentration of glutamine, betaine, creatinine, isoleucine, carnitine, acetyl carnitine, and lower levels of glucose compared to LP animals, affecting protein and fatty acid metabolism. Intensity of selection (high or low) was correlated with changes in protein metabolism, and the type of selection (growth or precocity) affected fat metabolism. In conclusion, both HG and HP appear to be correlated with a high concentration of protein metabolites and changes in protein metabolic pathways, while selection for precocity is more correlated with changes in fat metabolism compared to animals selected for growth.
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Although the Cu2+ -sorbitol complex [Cu2+ -Sorb] structure in crystalline state has been determined by X rays, it is not known in solution, where most studies of this complex are performed. Therefore, the goal of this work was to obtain information about the structure of this complex in aqueous solution using nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. The magnetic resonance results indicate that the complex is formed at approximately pH 12. In this pH the sorbitol 1 H relaxation times were so short (broad line) that was not possible to use standard nuclear magnetic resonance parameters (nuclear Overhauser effect and spin-spin coupling constants values) to solve the three-dimensional structure. However, valuable structural information about the complex in solution was obtained. The relaxation results indicate that the Cu2+ ions are buried in the structure and not accessible to solvent; the 1 H and 13 C spectra shows strong paramagnetic shift effect indicating short distance between these nuclei and Cu2+ in the structure. No electron paramagnetic resonance signal was observed in pH 12 indicating strong Cu2+ - Cu2+ dipolar interaction, compatible to Cu2+ -Cu2+ distances measured in crystal, from 1.148 to 1.393 Angstroms. The complex self-diffusion coefficient (D) of 1.58 × 10-10 m2 /s value, determined by Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy, is compatible to a molecular weight of 3-6 KDa. Therefore, these results corroborate that the [Cu2+ -Sorb] complex is assembled in solution, at pH 12, with several structural parameters compatible to the toroidal hexadecacuprate supramolecular structure determined in solid state.
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Three platinum-chloroquine complexes, trans-Pt(CQDP)(2)(I)(2) [1], trans-Pt(CQDP)(2)(Cl)(2) [2] and trans-Pt(CQ)(2)(Cl)(2) [3], were prepared and their most probable structure was established through a combination of spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Their interaction with DNA was studied and their activity against 6 tumor cell lines was evaluated. Compounds 1 and 2 interact with DNA primarily through electrostatic contacts and hydrogen bonding, with a minor contribution of a covalent interaction, while compound 3 binds to DNA predominantly in a covalent fashion, with weaker secondary electrostatic interactions and possibly hydrogen bonding, this complex also exerted greater cytotoxic activity against the tumor cell lines.