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Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los debates teóricos alrededor de la educación para la salud (EpS) identificados en artículos científicos de cinco países de América anglosajona, Europa y Australia, con el fin de aportar a la fundamentación pedagógica de la EpS y su vínculo con la salud pública. Metodología: Estudio documental que utiliza como fuentes de información artículos científicos de investigaciones desarrolladas en Australia, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá y España. Resultados: Se identificaron debates teóricos desarrollados en tres ámbitos de discusión: el estructural, en que se denuncia el mantenimiento de una EpS tradicional, sustentada en una perspectiva biomédica de la salud y un modelo neoliberal imperante; el de las prácticas pedagógicas, desarrollado por una educación débil y funcional al mantenimiento de la reproducción del orden social imperante, y el de las propuestas, desde las cuales se promueven perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas con respecto a la conceptualización de la salud y de la EpS. Conclusiones: Existe un frente discursivo que perpetúa una concepción de salud basada en el modelo biomédico, la hegemonía del modelo neoliberal y la idea tradicional de la EpS, en el marco de una salud pública clásica. Pero también se reconocen perspectivas críticas de la EpS y de la salud pública, que conforman otro frente discursivo contrahegemónico, que busca la transformación del orden social injusto.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the theoretical debates around health education (SPS) identified in scientific articles from five countries of Anglo-Saxon America, Europe and Australia, in order to contribute to the pedagogical base of EpS and its link with public health. Methodology: A documentary study that uses scientific articles from research carried out in Australia, the United States, England, Canada and Spain as sources of information. Results: The theoretical debates developed in three axes of discussion were identified: the structural one, in which the maintenance of a traditional HE is denounced, from a biomedical perspective of health and a current neoliberal model; that of pedagogical practices, developed by a fragile and functional education to maintain the reproduction of the current social order, and that of proposals, from which alternative pedagogical perspectives are promoted around the conceptualization of health and HE. Conclusions: There is a discursive front that perpetuates a conception of health based on the biomedical model, on the hegemony of the neoliberal model and on the traditional idea of HE, within the framework of classical public health. But the critical perspectives of HE and public health are also recognized, which constitute another counter-hegemonic discursive front, which seeks to transform the unjust social order.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os debates teóricos em torno da educação em saúde identificados em artigos científicos de cinco países da América Anglo-Saxônica, Europa e Austrália, a fim de contribuir para a fundamentação pedagógica da EpS e sua vinculação com a saúde pública. Metodologia: Estudo documental que utiliza como fontes de informação artigos científicos oriundos de pesquisas realizadas na Austrália, Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Canadá e Espanha. Resultados: Foram identificados os debates teóricos desenvolvidos em três eixos de discussão: o estrutural, em que se denuncia a manutenção de um educação em saúde tradicional, com base em uma perspectiva biomédica da saúde e num modelo neoliberal vigente; a das práticas pedagógicas, desenvolvida por uma educação frágil e funcional para manter a reprodução da ordem social vigente, e a das propostas, a partir das quais se promovem perspectivas pedagógicas alternativas no que diz respeito à conceituação de saúde e educação em saúde . Conclusões: Há uma frente discursiva que perpetua uma concepção de saúde baseada no modelo biomédico, na hegemonia do modelo neoliberal e na ideia tradicional de educação em saúde , no marco de uma saúde pública clássica. Mas também são reconhecidas as perspectivas críticas da educação em saúde e da saúde pública, que constituem outra frente discursiva contra-hegemônica, que busca a transformação da ordem social injusta.

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RESUMEN En esta investigación se desarrolla un método que integra herramientas de análisis multivariado con el objetivo de identificar perfiles característicos de las pequeñas y medianas empresas exportadoras pequeñas y evaluar su eficiencia empresarial, de manera que se apoyen procesos de mejora en sus resultados. Para lo anterior se revisaron elementos teóricos asociados a la eficiencia empresarial y el cálculo estadístico multivariado, lo que permitió desarrollar una metodología que integra el análisis de conglomerados, análisis discriminante y análisis envolvente de datos para evaluar la eficiencia empresarial. Se analizaron 45 empresas pequeñas y medianas exportadoras de Cartagena-Colombia, en las que se identificaron 3 perfiles característicos con niveles promedio de eficiencia de 71,89% el uno, 70,93% el dos y 51,25% tres. El análisis discriminante mostró la pertinencia y relevancia de los perfiles identificados lográndose un 95,6% de clasificación correcta del modelo discriminante. Se concluye que las herramientas de cálculo multivariado analizadas en esta investigación son significativas para clasificar y evaluar la eficiencia de grupos empresariales. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL C19, O11, O32

ABSTRACT This research develops a method that integrates multivariate analysis tools with the aim of identifying characteristic profiles of small and medium-sized small exporting companies and evaluating their business efficiency so that improvement processes are supported in their results. For the above, theoretical elements associated with business efficiency and multivariate statistical calculation were reviewed, which develops a methodology that integrates cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and data envelopment analysis to evaluate business efficiency. 45 small and medium exporting companies from Cartagena-Colombia were analyzed, in which 3 characteristic profiles were identified with average efficiency levels of 71.89% for one, 70.93% for two and 51.25% for three. The discriminant analysis selected the relevance and relevance of the identified profiles, registering 95.6% of correct classification of the discriminant model. It is concluded that the multivariate calculation tools analyzed in this research are analyzed to classify and evaluate the efficiency of business groups. JEL CLASSIFICATION C19, O11, O32

RESUMO Nesta investigação é desenvolvido um método que integra ferramentas de análise multivariada com o objectivo de identificar perfis característicos das pequenas e médias empresas exportadoras e avaliar a sua eficiência empresarial, de forma a apoiar os processos de melhoria dos seus resultados. Para o efeito, foram revistos elementos teóricos associados à eficiência empresarial e ao cálculo estatístico multivariado, o que permitiu desenvolver uma metodologia que integra análise de clusters, análise discriminante e análise envolvente de dados para avaliar a eficiência empresarial. Foram analisadas quarenta e cinco pequenas e médias empresas de exportação em Cartagena-Colômbia, identificando três perfis característicos com níveis médios de eficiência de 71,89% para uma, 70,93% para duas e 51,25% para três. A análise discriminante mostrou a pertinência e relevância dos perfis identificados, atingindo 95,6% da classificação correcta do modelo discriminante. Conclui-se que as ferramentas de cálculo multivariado analisadas nesta investigação são significativas para classificar e avaliar a eficiência dos grupos empresariais. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL C19, O11, O32

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This data article presents data on the results in national assessments for secondary and university education in engineering students. The data contains academic, social, economic information for 12,411 students. The data were obtained by orderly crossing the databases of the Colombian Institute for the Evaluation of Education (ICFES). The structure of the data allows us to observe the influence of social variables and the evolution of students' learning skills. In addition to serving as input to develop analysis of academic efficiency, student recommendation systems and educational data mining. The data is presented in comma separated value format. Data can be easily accessed through the Mendeley Data Repository (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/83tcx8psxv/1).

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ABSTRACT The present research is about the analysis financial efficiency of Colombian companies based on the city of Cali certified by the BASC label, for this purpose we used the linear programming technique called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), applying the CCR-O routine aimed to outputs. As input variables, it was worked with: Subtotal of inventory Total Current Assets, Plant and Equipment property and Suppliers, and as output variable, Operating Income. The quality of this work is based on the use of primary information collected by the Superintendence of Corporations in 2014. As results we find that average efficiency of 42 companies under study was 33.95%, besides only five companies reached highest efficiency levels. JEL CLASSIFICATION L69

RESUMEN La presente investigación desarrolla un análisis de eficiencia de empresas colombianas localizadas en la ciudad de Cali, certificadas en el sello BASC. Para este propósito se utilizó la técnica de programación lineal llamada Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA), aplicando la metodología CCR-O enfocada a las salidas. Como variables de entradas, se trabajó con: Sub-inventario total, Activos totales actuales, plantas propiedades, equipos y proveedores. Como variable de salida se utilizó el ingreso operativo. La calidad de este trabajo está dada por el uso de información primaria recolectada por la Superintendencia de Sociedades en 2014. Como resultados se encontró que la eficiencia promedio de las 42 empresas en estudio fue del 33.95%, además solo cinco empresas alcanzaron altos niveles de eficiencia. CÓDIGOS JEL L69

RESUMO Esta pesquisa desenvolve uma análise de eficiência de empresas colombianas localizadas na cidade de Cali, certificadas no selo BASC. Para tanto, utilizou-se a técnica de programação linear denominada Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), aplicando a metodologia CCR-O focada nas saídas. Como variáveis de entrada, trabalhamos com: Sub-estoque total, Ativo total atual, propriedades da planta, equipamentos e fornecedores. Como variável de saída, foi utilizado o lucro operacional. A qualidade deste trabalho é dada pelo uso de informações primárias coletadas pela Superintendência de Empresas em 2014. Como resultado, verificou-se que a eficiência média das 42 empresas pesquisadas foi de 33,95%, e apenas cinco empresas atingiram altos níveis de eficiência. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL L69

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Background Part of having healthy lifestyles should be a regular practice of physical activities. Aim To evaluate the association between the practice of physical activity and healthy lifestyles in older people. Material and Methods The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile survey was applied to 1688 older people living in the community, aged 72 ± 7 years (61% women). This survey includes questions about regular physical activity. Results Twenty four percent of surveyed participants declared to practice physical activities at least three times per week, without gender differences. Sedentariness increased along with age. There was a negative association between low physical activity and healthy lifestyles (odds ratio (OR): 3.2 confidence intervals (CI): 2.3-4.5). There was also an association between sedentariness and low self-realization (OR 2.4 CI: 1.8-3.3), low responsibility with health (OR 1.6 CI: 1.22.1), low concern about nutrition (OR 1.8 CI: 1.4-2.4), low stress management (OR 2.0 CI: 1.5-2.7) and low interpersonal support (OR 2.0 CI: 1.5-2.6). Conclusions Sedentariness is negatively associated with health promoting lifestyles in this group of older people.

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Background Part of having healthy lifestyles should be a regular practice of physical activities. Aim To evaluate the association between the practice of physical activity and healthy lifestyles in older people. Material and Methods The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile survey was applied to 1688 older people living in the community, aged 72 ± 7 years (61% women). This survey includes questions about regular physical activity. Results Twenty four percent of surveyed participants declared to practice physical activities at least three times per week, without gender differences. Sedentariness increased along with age. There was a negative association between low physical activity and healthy lifestyles (odds ratio (OR): 3.2 confidence intervals (CI): 2.3-4.5). There was also an association between sedentariness and low self-realization (OR 2.4 CI: 1.8-3.3), low responsibility with health (OR 1.6 CI: 1.22.1), low concern about nutrition (OR 1.8 CI: 1.4-2.4), low stress management (OR 2.0 CI: 1.5-2.7) and low interpersonal support (OR 2.0 CI: 1.5-2.6). Conclusions Sedentariness is negatively associated with health promoting lifestyles in this group of older people.

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Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento que han tenido los indicadores de productividad y rentabilidad financieros en las empresas prestadoras de salud del Régimen Contributivo en Colombia entre 2008 y 2010. Materiales y métodos: Investigación aplicada, cuantitativa e inductiva con utilización de Análisis Discriminante (ADM), que permitió analizar el comportamiento de los indicadores seleccionados. Resultados: Se pudo evidenciar y demostrar en el trabajo de investigación que el análisis de las medias del indicador Utilidad Operacional / Valor agregado (IP2) este presentó diferencias significativas. Para el análisis de la función discriminante mejoraron los indicadores Utilidad Bruta / Ingresos Operacionales (MB) y Utilidad Operacional / Valor agregado (IP2) durante los periodos 2008 y 2010 en las entidades de salud del Régimen Contributivo. Conclusiones: A través de método utilizado se pudo analizar el comportamiento relacionado con los indicadores analizados en los años estudiados y concluir que estos presentaron diferencias relevantes. Así mismo, se puede predecir el análisis de la población con un 61,1 % de probabilidad.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the behavior that profitability and productivity financial indicators have had in Health Provider Companies from the contributory scheme in Colombia, between 2008 and 2010. Materials and Methods: Applied, quantitative and inductive research using discriminant Analysis (ADM), which allowed to analyze the behavior of the selected indicators. Results: It was evident and demonstrated in the research work that the analysis of the Operating Income/Value Added Tax (IP2) indicator presented significant differences. For the analysis of the discriminant function, indicators Gross Profit/Operating Revenues (MB) and Operating Income/Value Added Tax (IP2) improved during the periods 2008 and 2010 on the Health Entities from the Contributory Scheme. Conclusions: Through the method used, it was able to analyze the behavior related to the analyzed indicators in the years studied and conclude that these had significant differences. Likewise one can predict the analysis of population with 61.1 % probability.

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En este trabajo de investigación se realiza un análisis de la eficiencia técnica de las entidades que hacen parte del régimen subsidiado en Colombia durante el año 2010. Se utilizó la metodología no paramétrica Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), específicamente el modelo CCR-O enfocado a salidas para evaluar la eficiencia del sector; como fuente de información utilizada se tomó la Superintendencia de Salud. De 26 entidades estudiadas, 15 presentaron eficiencia baja, 2 presentaron una eficiencia intermedia, 3 presentaron una eficiencia superior y 6 entidades mostraron ser eficientes, estas fueron: Capresoca EPS, Caja de previsión social de comunicaciones Caprecom, Caja de compensación familiar del Chocó Comfachocó, Caja de compensación familiar de Nariño, Caja de compensación familiar de Córdoba Comfaco y Caja de compensación familiar de Huila Comfamiliar Huila. Con el trabajo de investigación se pudo concluir que el 23,08% del total de DMU's evaluadas presentaron una eficiencia óptima. La eficiencia media de la población estudiada fue de 65,85%

In this research, an analysis of the technical efficiency of the entities that are part of the subsidized regime in Colombia during 2010 was made. The nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach was used, specifically the CCR-O model, which focuses on outputs to evaluate the efficiency of the sector. The Superintendence of Health was taken as a source of used information. From the 26 organizations studied, 15 presented low efficiency, 2 presented medium efficiency, 3 presented high efficiency, and 6 entities proved to be fully efficient. These entities were: Capresoca EPS, fund of welfare communications Caprecom, benefit society in Choco Comfachoco, benefit society in Nariño, benefit society in Cordoba Comfaco and benefit society in Huila Comfamiliar Huila. It could be concluded that 23.08% of DMU's evaluated showed optimum efficiency. The average efficiency of the study population was 65.85%.

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En este artículo de investigación se evalúa el impacto en los indicadores de rentabilidad de las entidades de salud acreditadas durante los periodos 2008 y 2010, por medio de la aplicación de análisis discriminante multivariado en 20 organizaciones de salud acreditadas que presentaron sus estados financieros en la Superintendencia de Salud. Para esto se definen y calculan los indicadores financieros para explicar la pertenencia, discriminación y evolución; en esta Investigación se pudo demostrar por medio de las funciones discriminantes que existen diferencias significativas para el indicador Margen Bruto (MB); y por el análisis de las medias que la acreditación impacta positivamente en los indicadores Margen Neto (MN) y Margen Operacional (MO), los cuáles evolucionaron. Se pudo concluir que el modelo permite pronosticar y facilitar la toma decisiones a los responsables de estos procesos para desarrollar acciones que contribuyan con el mejoramiento de los estados financieros de las entidades de salud acreditadas.

In this research paper, the impact on the profitability indicators of health institutions accredited during 2008 and 2010 was assessed. A multivariate discriminant analysis in 20 accredited health organizations was done. These institutions presented their financial status at the Health Superintendence. To achieve this, financial indicators were defined and calculated to explain its membership, discrimination and evolution. It was proved by means of discriminant functions that there are significant differences for Gross Margin indicator (GM); and by analysis of means, that accreditation positively impacts indicators Net Margin (MN) and Operating Margin (MO), which also evolved. It could be concluded that the model can predict and facilitate decision making for those responsible of these processes, so they can develop actions that contribute to improving the financial status of the accredited health institutions.

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Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de evolución que han sufrido los indicadores de productividad financieros en el régimen subsidiado en Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, propositivo y cuantitativo soportado en un Análisis Discriminante Multivariado (ADM), que permite analizar diferencias significativas durante los periodos 2008 y 2010. Se definen y calculan los indicadores de productividad financieros analizando las diferencias significativas y medias de los periodos estudiados. Resultados: Según el trabajo de investigación se pudo demostrar que existen diferencias significativas en los dos periodos estudiados; de los indicadores seleccionados para el régimen subsidiado en salud, se pudo demostrar que los rubros para el análisis de la función discriminante presentaron mejoras significativas la Utilidad Bruta / Valor Agregado (IP1), Utilidad Neta / Valor Agregado (IP3), Valor Agregado / Capital Operativo (IP4) y para el análisis de las medias solo mejoró la Utilidad Neta / Valor Agregado (IP3) durante los periodos 2008 y 2010. Conclusión: Con el trabajo de investigación se pudo concluir, por el Análisis Discriminante que existe una diferencia significativa en los dos periodos estudiados, y una mejora significativa para el indicador IP3. El modelo de la función discriminante permite predecir el comportamiento de los indicadores a futuro con un 92,6% de probabilidad

Objective: To analyze the level of evolution that financial productivity indicators in the subsidized health regime in Colombia has suffered. Materials and Methods: Qualitative, descriptive, purposive, quantitative study supported in a multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA), which allows significant differences analysis during the period between 2008 and 2010. Financial productivity indicators are defined and calculated by analyzing the meaningful differences and means of the periods studied. Results: According to the research work, it could be demonstrated that there are significant differences in the two periods studied; from the indicators selected for the subsidized health regime, it could be demonstrated that the titles for the discriminant function analysis showed significant improvements in Gross Profit / Value Added (IP1), Net Income / Value Added (IP3), Value Added / Capital Operating (IP4) and for the means analysis only the Net Income / Value added (IP3) improved during the period between 2008 and 2010. Conclusion: With this research work, it could be concluded, through the discriminant analysis, that there is a significant difference in the two periods studied, and significant improvement for the indicator IP3. The discriminant function model allows predicting the behavior of indicators in the future with a 92.6% probability

Objetivo: Analisar o nível de avaliação que tem sofrido os indicadores de produtividade financeiros no regimesubsidiado na Colombia. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo, propositivo e quantitativo suportado num Analise Discriminante Multivariado (ADM), que permite analisar diferencias significativas durante os períodos 2008 e 2010. Definem se e calculam os indicadores de produtividade financeiros analisando as diferencias significativa e meias dos períodos estudados. Resultados: Segundo o trabalho de pesquisa se pôde demonstrar que existem diferencias significativas nos dois períodos estudados; os indicadores selecionados para o regime subsidiado em saúde se pôde demonstrar que os rubros para o analise da função discriminante apresentaram melhoras significativas a Utilidade Bruta/Valor Agregado (IP1), Utilidade Neta / Valor Agregado (IP3), Valor Agregado / Capital Operativo (IP4) e para o analise da porcentagem só melhorou a Utilidade Neta / Valor Agregado (IP3) durante os períodos 2008 e 2010. Conclusão: Com o trabalho de pesquisa se pôde concluir, pelo Analise Discriminante que existe uma diferencia significativa nos dois períodos estudados, e uma melhora significativa para o indicador IP3. O modelo da função discriminante permite predizer o comportamento dos indicadores a futuro com um 92,6% de probabilidade

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Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) has had a positive impact on co-morbidities associated with obesity. However, in the long-term it can induce micronutrient deficiencies. Aim: To perform a complete nutritional assessment in a group of women previously operated of RYGBP, from different socioeconomic levéis (SEL). Patients and Methods: Thirty three women (19 high SEL and 14 low SEL), were assessed by dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, muscle strength, bone mineral density, routine clinical laboratory, serum levéis of vitamin B12, 250H-vitamin D, Mate, calcium, ferritine, ceruloplasmin and indicators ofbone turnover (parathohormone, osteocalcin and urinary pyridinolines). Their valúes were compared to those of 30 control women (18 high SEL and 12 low SEL). Results: Low SEL operated women consumed fewer vitamin and mineral supplements compared with their high SEL pairs. No cases of vitamin B12, folie acid or copper deficiencies were detected. Frequency of iron deficieney was similar in patients and controls. Vitamin D insufficieney was higher amongpatients than in controls (p =0,04 7), regardless SEL. Patients had also a higher frequency of high serum PTH and osteocalcin and urinary pyridinoline levéis. However, no differences in bone mineral density were observed between operated women and controls. Conclusions: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies were lower than expected among operated women. However, problems associated with vitamin D deficieney were highly prevalent among patients operated of RYGBP, irrespective SEL. These alterations were only detectable through speciñe markers at this stage, because they did not transíate into lower bone mineral density (BMD) of surgicalpatients, probably due to the higher pre-operative BMD of these morbidobese patients.

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BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) has had a posilive impact on co-mobidities associated with obesity. However, in the long-term it can induce micronutrient deficiencies. AIM: To petform a complete nutritional assessment in a group of women previously operated of RYGBP from different socioeconomic levels (SEL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirtyy three women (19 high SEL and 14 low SEL), were assessed by dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, muscle strength, bone mineral density, routine clinical laboratory, semm leeds of vitamin B12, 25OH-vitamin D, folate, calcium, ferritine ceruloplasmin and indicators of bone tutnoter (paratbohormone, osteocalcin and urinary pyridinolines). Their values were compared to those of 30 control women (18 high SEL and 12 low SEL). RESULTS: Low SEL operated women consumed fewer vitamin and mineral supplements compared with their high SEL pairs. No cases of vitamin B12, folic acid or copper deficiencies were detected. Frequency of iron deficiency was similar in patients and controls. Vitamin D insufficiency was higher among patients than in controls (p = 0.047), regardless SEL. Patients had also a higher frequency of high senum P771 and osteocakin and urinary pyridinoline levels. However, no differences in bone mineral density were obseived between operated women and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies were lower than expected among operated women. However problems associated with vitamin D deficiency were highly prevalent among patients operated of RYGBP, irrespective SEL. These alterations were only detectable through specific markers at this stage, because they did not translate into lower bone mineral density (BMD) of sutgical patients, probably due to the higher pre-operative BMD of these moibid obese patients

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