RESUMO
Venous thromboembolism is an important pathological entity that causes high morbidity due either to the disease or its complications. The incidence in the world ranges between 1:100 in adults and 1:100,000 in children. Risk factors for the disease include genetic as well as environmental factors. Among them, factor V Leiden (G1691A), prothrombin (G20210A) and MTHFR C677T and A1298C (which until recently were considered risk factors), have been widely studied given their impact in the world. This review presents in a clear and concise way what a thrombous is and how it is formed; how a clot is able to produce thromboembolic disease; what are the main nosological entities involved, and their main genetic causes. The most epidemiologically important genetic alterations and studies conducted in Colombia will be emphasized.
Assuntos
Genótipo , Trombofilia/genética , Fator V/genética , Humanos , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es una entidad patológica importante debido a la morbilidad que causa, por sus complicaciones y por su alta incidencia en el mundo, la cual puede variar desde 1:100 en adultos mayores hasta 1:100.000 en niños. Existen múltiples factores de riesgo tanto genéticos como ambientales asociados a la enfermedad; los más ampliamente estudiados por su incidencia en la población mundial son el factor V de Leiden, la mutación G20210A en el factor II (protrombina) y las mutaciones en la metilen-tetrahidrofolato reductasa C677T y A1298C, que hasta hace poco se consideraban factores de riesgo. En la presente revisión se presenta de forma concisa qué es y cómo se produce un trombo a partir de la enfermedad tromboembólica, cuáles son las principales entidades nosológicas que involucra la enfermedad y los genotipos más frecuentemente asociados a la misma. Se enfatiza en las alteraciones genéticas epidemiológicamente más importantes y se muestran brevemente los estudios realizados en Colombia.
Venous thromboembolism is an important pathological entity that causes high morbidity due either to the disease or its complications. The incidence in the world ranges between 1:100 in adults and 1:100,000 in children. Risk factors for the disease include genetic as well as environmental factors. Among them, factor V Leiden (G1691A), prothrombin (G20210A) and MTHFR C677T and A1298C (which until recently were considered risk factors), have been widely studied given their impact in the world. This review presents in a clear and concise way what a thrombous is and how it is formed; how a clot is able to produce thromboembolic disease; what are the main nosological entities involved, and their main genetic causes. The most epidemiologically important genetic alterations and studies conducted in Colombia will be emphasized.
Assuntos
Humanos , Genótipo , Trombofilia/genética , Fator V/genética , Mutação , /genéticaRESUMO
We analyzed the frequency of four mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in 424 individuals from 21 Colombian Amerindian tribes. Our results showed a high degree of mtDNA diversity and genetic heterogeneity. Frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups A and C were high in the majority of populations studied. The distribution of these four mtDNA haplogroups from Amerindian populations was different in the northern region of the country compared to those in the south. Haplogroup A was more frequently found among Amerindian tribes in northern Colombia, while haplogroup D was more frequent among tribes in the south. Haplogroups A, C and D have clinal tendencies in Colombia and South America in general. Populations belonging to the Chibcha linguistic family of Colombia and other countries nearby showed a strong genetic differentiation from the other populations tested, thus corroborating previous findings. Genetically, the Ingano, Paez and Guambiano populations are more closely related to other groups of south eastern Colombia, as also inferred from other genetic markers and from archeological data. Strong evidence for a correspondence between geographical and linguistic classification was found, and this is consistent with evidence that gene flow and the exchange of customs and knowledge and language elements between groups is facilitated by close proximity.