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Background: This study focused on evaluating the diversity and richness of the edaphic macrofauna in eight banana farms in the western zone of Nicaragua. Methods: The sampling design was random and descriptive, it was divided into two phases, the first was the collection of the sample, and the second was the classification, coding, and storage of the extracted macrofauna populations. The sampling method employed included the extraction of soil and litter samples. Soil samples were collected using a wooden frame (monolith), with each sample weighing approximately 1 kilogram and taken from a depth of 0.20 cm. Litter samples were collected from the soil surface. A total of 80 samples were collected, with 40 soil samples and 50 litter samples obtained across the 8 plantain farms. Results: The results showed that the relative abundance of biodiversity was higher in the 0-20 cm soil depth stratum than in the branch and leaf biomass strata. The values of the diversity indices of Simpson's Dominance, Shanon, Margalef, and Equity were in the normal range, with a tendency towards low diversity. Likewise, in the richness of species, the Dominance or most abundant genus were earthworms (Oligochaeta) and Hymenoptera ( Solenopsis, Leptothorax, Camponotus, Pheidole), indicating the directly proportional relationship, that is to say, that the greater the number of earthworms the production increases and the greater the number of Hymenoptera it decreases, confirmed with the Pearson correlation coefficient with a reliability of 95%. Conclusions: It was concluded that based on the estimates of the diversity indicators, two detritivore genus (earthworms and Hymenoptera) were the ones with the more dominance, being important in the production of the banana agrosystem due to the decomposition of organic matter and its nutritional contribution to the plant. We observed a direct correlation with earthworms and an indirect relationship with Hymenoptera.
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To assess the effect of hair type on the heat stress response, 20 Criollo Limonero heifers with slick (n = 11) or normal hair (n = 9) were studied. Under a high temperature-humidity index (THI) environment, heat stress response was assessed through physiological variables that included respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), ruminal frequency (RMF), rectal temperature (RT), saliva pH (SPH), and lymphocyte count (LC) in the morning (5:00 AM, 27.4 °C, 64% relative humidity, THI = 77) and afternoon (1:00 PM, 34.5 °C, 70% relative humidity, THI = 88). A case-control study using a split plot design was used. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (PROC MIXED SAS 2010) and a statistical model comprising the fixed effects of hair length, sampling hour, interaction of hair length by sampling hour, and the random effect of animal nested within hair type on physiological variables associated with heat stress response. Sampling hour influenced (P < 0.0001) RR, RT, and (P < 0.003) SPH. Hair length influenced RR (P < 0.01) and RT (P < 0.04) and tended to influence LC (P < 0.07). The interaction of sampling hour by hair influenced RR (P < 0.04), RT (P < 0.0002), and both SPH and LC (P < 0.05). During afternoon hours, slick-haired heifers had lower values for RR (81 ± 4.2 vs 102 ± 4.7 bpm; P < 0.01), RT (39.5 ± 0.1 vs 40.3 ± 0.1 C°; P < 0.002), and LC (60 ± 3.2 vs 72.3 ± 3.6; P < 0.09) than normal-haired heifers. In normal-haired heifers, SPH increased during afternoon compared to morning-hours (8.66 ± 0.1 vs 9.11 ± 0.1; P < 0.04). It was concluded that slick-coated heifers exhibited an enhanced capability to cope with heat stress compared to normal-haired heifers likely due to an enhanced capacity for heat dissipation.
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Doenças dos Bovinos , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor , Animais , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Bovinos , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , UmidadeRESUMO
We evaluated the effects of recreational football training combined with calorie-restricted diet (football + diet) vs calorie-restricted diet alone (diet) on aerobic fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance indicators in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Forty-four T2D patients aged 48-68 years (27 females, 17 males) were randomly allocated to the football + diet group (FDG; n = 22) or to the diet group (DG; n = 22), of whom 19 FDG and 15 DG subjects completed the study. The football training was performed for 3 × 40 min/week for 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, treadmill testing, and fasting blood samplings were performed pre and post-intervention. After 12 weeks, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) was elevated (P < 0.05) by 10 ± 4% in FDG but not in DG (-3 ± 4%, P < 0.05). After 12 weeks, reductions in blood triglycerides (0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L), total cholesterol (0.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L), low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein levels were observed only in FDG. Fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 3.4 ± 0.4 kg in FDG and 3.7 ± 0.4 kg in DG. The lower (P < 0.05) glucagon and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance indicated an improvement in insulin sensitivity in FDG. In conclusion, football combined with restricted diet was effective in enhancing VO2max , reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing insulin sensitivity, potentially providing better tools for the prevention of T2D complications than diet alone.
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Colesterol/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Resistência à Insulina , Aptidão Física , Futebol/fisiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Brasil , Restrição Calórica , Terapia Combinada , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Consumo de Oxigênio , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The objective was to assess the effect of biostimulation by the male presence and social organization on the interval from calving to resumption of ovarian cyclicity (ICR). Thirty Angus cows were allocated according parity into three groups (10 per group); two groups were exposed to bulls, and a third group not exposed to bulls served as a control. Dominance values (with subsequent arc-sin transformation) were calculated from daily recorded agonistic interactions and later organized into dominance order comprising three social categories as follows: dominant (D), intermediate (I), and subordinates (S). The ICR was established by determining presence of luteal tissue and a rise of blood progesterone concentration above 1 ng/mL using ultrasonography and a solid-phase, nonextraction radioimmunoassay (Coat-a-Count; Diagnostics Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA), respectively. The effect of biostimulation, dominance order, and treatment by dominance order on ICR was statistically analyzed applying ANOVA using PROC GLM of SAS (2010). The ICR was influenced by biostimulation (P < 0.002) and dominance order (P < 0.004). The ICR increased as dominance order decreased (D = 34.5 ± 6 days; I = 45.0 ± 6; S = 53.1 ± 4 days; P < 0.01). However, when comparing cows within social categories, ICR was reduced in the group exposed to bulls (D = 26.3 ± 8.2 days; I = 42.0 ± 6.4 days; S = 46.1 ± 4.1 days) compared with those not exposed to bulls (D = 43.0 ± 8.2 days; I = 48.0 ± 10.1 days; S = 60.2 ± 6.4 days) cows. In conclusion, biostimulation and social dominance influenced the ICR.
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Bovinos/fisiologia , Ciclo Estral/fisiologia , Período Pós-Parto , Predomínio Social , Animais , Corpo Lúteo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Masculino , Progesterona/sangue , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
The LiNbO(3) congruent crystals doped with small Nd concentrations, <1 mol% Nd, and co-doped with Mg ions, 0-9 mol% Mg, were systematically investigated by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy in the Y and Z crystal directions. Results obtained from an undoped congruent crystal, an Nd-doped crystal, a Mg-doped crystal and Nd, Mg-co-doped crystals are compared. From the analyses of the results obtained in the Y direction, the Nd and Mg content dependence of the two lowest-Raman A(1)(TO(1)) and A(1)(TO(2)) modes, the half-width composition and the area ratio of the A(1)(TO(4)) and E(TO(8)) bands, we reached several conclusions about the incorporation mechanism of the Nd and Mg ions into the LiNbO(3) lattice. Likewise the Raman shift and half-width of the E(TO(1)) and E(TO(7)) modes were investigated in the Z direction. Results indicate that Mg and Nd ions are located in the Li site for low doping concentrations and for larger concentrations there is a replacement in both Li and Nb ion sites.
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Social organization and breed effects following PGF2alpha were studied in mature Angus, Brahman and Senepol cows allocated into two groups (each A = 5, B = 5 and S = 5). Variables including interval to oestrus onset (IEO), oestrous duration (DE), total mounts received (TMR), and oestrous intensity (IE) were derived via HeatWatch. Breed-type influenced IEO (B = 42.6 +/- 6.7 h; S = 54.6 +/- 6.0 h; and A = 27.8 +/- 5.8 h; p < 0.003). Within breeds, dominant B (69.4 +/- 13.3 h) and S (65.5 +/- 7.4 h) cows were slower (p < 0.05) to be detected in oestrus than subordinate (38.1 +/- 4.4 h) and intermediate (40.6 +/- 6.0 h). However, within A, dominant cows (16.4 +/- 12.5 h) were detected in oestrus earlier (p < 0.05) than intermediate (44.3 +/- 9.2 h) and subordinates (32.7 +/- 5.1 h). Angus (21.5 +/- 2.4 h) and B (22.1 +/- 3.0 h) cows had longer (p < 0.01) DE than S (9.1 +/- 2.8 h). Dominants (20.4 +/- 3.0) and intermediates (20.2 +/- 2.3 h) cows had longer DE (p < 0.04) than subordinates (12.1 +/- 2.1 h) although the interaction breed x social order showed that dominant S had shorter DE than dominant A and B (10.1 +/- 3.3; 34.8 +/- 6.0 h; and 20.0 +/- 6.4 h, respectively; p < 0.001). Angus cows had less TMR than B (p < 0.02) and tended to be less than S cows (p < 0.06). Overall, greatest (p < 0.008) IE occurred in the first 9 h after onset of oestrus with no breed effect (p > 0.05). Dominant cows tended (p < 0.10) to have less TMR (3.2 +/- 0.7 mounts) than subordinate (4.1 +/- 0.4 mounts) and intermediate (4.7 +/- 0.6 mounts) throughout, especially 3-6 h after oestrus onset (p < 0.07). Breed and social order both influence PGF2alpha-induced oestrus behaviour.
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Cruzamento , Bovinos/fisiologia , Dinoprosta/farmacologia , Hierarquia Social , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Estro/efeitos dos fármacos , Estro/fisiologia , Detecção do Estro , Feminino , Predomínio SocialRESUMO
A finite basis set particularly adapted for solving the Hartree-Fock equation for diatomic molecules in prolate spheroidal coordinates has been constructed. These basis functions have been devised as products of B-splines times associated Legendre polynomials. Due to the large number of B-splines, the resulting set of eigenfunctions is amply distributed over excited states. This gives the possibility of using these basis sets to calculate sums over excited states, appearing in various orders of perturbation theory. As an illustration, the second-order corrections to the ground-state energy of some atoms and diatomic molecules with closed electron shells have been calculated.
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A lesao do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior(LCA) influencia os mecanismo funcionais da articulacao do joelho,por intermedio de processos adaptativos ainda nao muito claros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as alteracoes biomecanicas da locomocao devido a lesao do LCA em um estudo de caso. Foram analisadas a atividade eletrica dos musculos vasto lateral, vasto medial e biceps da coxa, a forca de reacao do solo, a variacao angular e o momento de forca da articulacao do joelho durante a fase de apoio do andar. Foram estudados um sujeito com lesao do LCA e um sujeito sem nenhuma difusao musculo-esqueletica. Os resultados indicam a presenca de mecanismo compensatorios de reducao do momento de forca interno extensor no inicio da fase de apoio do andar, que corrobora com o aumento da atividade eletromiografica do musculo biceps da coxa nessa fase
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Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , EletromiografiaRESUMO
Objectives in this study were to determine the accuracy of different methods of evaluating libido score (L), service rate (SR) and reaction time to service (RTS) in yearling Bos taurus bulls. Using restrained, non-estrus females, 26 yearling Bos taurus bulls were evaluated a total of eight times (four sessions, two tests per session) over 2 consecutive months for L, SR, and RTS. Individual bull variation influenced both L (P<0.0001) and SR (P<0.003). Repeatability was moderate for L (R=0.64) and low for both SR (R=0.12) and RTS (R=0.04). Under the conditions of this study and characteristics of these tests, variance was reduced to 69-73% for L and 26-23% for SR with four to eight repetitions, respectively. Bulls that scored highly in the first session, however, tended to score highly throughout. Although, three bulls did not serve in any test, RTS was independent of effects. However, the tendency of RTS to decrease, and for L and SR to both increase with consecutive tests, suggests influences other than genetic, such as learning and/or environmental factors. These tendencies were most evident in bulls which obtained low L scores at the first session. It was concluded that, despite the important degree of individual variability observed in L and SR, accurate quantitative evaluation of the sex-drive in young Bos taurus beef bulls would benefit from use of test procedures of greater repeatability.
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Bovinos/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Análise de Variância , Animais , Libido , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Reprodução/fisiologiaRESUMO
The author presents a new drill guide for reconstruction of the knee ligament called "Guia Universal Isométrico Acoplado--G.U.I.A." (Universal Coupled Isometric Guide). The guides uses the posterior region of the intercondylar notch to obtain the femoral tunnel for the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Based on biomechanics, literature and cadaver knee studies, the guide has proved to be practical, to facilitate the preparation of isometric tunnels and to avoid iatrogenic injuries.
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Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Instrumentos Cirúrgicos , Desenho de Equipamento , Fêmur/cirurgia , Humanos , Equipamentos Ortopédicos , Tíbia/cirurgiaRESUMO
The authors studied 22 patients who had 32 feet with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition. All feet were treated with excision of the bar and interposition of an autogenous free fat graft. These cases were assessed clinically and radiographically before and after the operation. They conclude that this technique is a good surgery with gratifying results. In the final outcome, 78.1% of feet became completely painless and 21.8% achieved relief of pain. There was improvement of the deformity in 68.7% and of range of motion in 75%.