RESUMO
The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some cultivars of the nopal cactus have not been determined. In this study, 8 cultivars of nopal cacti from Mexico were assayed for phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities against Campylobacter Jejuni, Vibrio cholera, and Clostridium Perfringens. Plant material was washed, dried, and macerated in methanol. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. Antioxidant activities were quantitatively determined using spectrophotometric methods. The MCBs of the nopal cacti ranged from 1.1 to 12.5 mg/mL for c. jejuni, 4.4 to 30 mg/mL for V. cholera, and 0.8 to 16 mg/mL for C. perfringens in the cultivars Cardon Blanco, Real de Catorce, and Jalpa, respectively. High quantities of total phenols and total flavonoids were found in the Jalpa cacti (3.80 mg of gallic acid equivalent GAE/g dry weight [DW] and 36.64 mg of quercetin equivalents [QE]/g DW, respectively). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities (RSA) were correlated to bioactive compound contents. The Villanueva cacti had the highest %RSA at 42.31%, and the lowest activity was recorded in Copena V1 at 19.98%. In conclusion, we found that some of the 8 cactus pear cultivars studied may be used for their antioxidant compounds or antimicrobials to control or prevent the contamination of foods.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Opuntia/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Compostos de Bifenilo/análise , Compostos de Bifenilo/metabolismo , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Flavonoides/análise , Ácido Gálico/análise , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , México , Opuntia/classificação , Oxirredução , Fenóis/análise , Picratos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Caules de Planta/química , Quercetina/análise , Quercetina/farmacologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Este trabalho objetivou avaliar características fisiológicas, morfológicas e a produção de inflorescências em cultura de Calendula officinalis em função do fornecimento de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta. O experimento conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico contou com quatro tratamentos, a testemunha, cama incorporada, cama em cobertura e cama em cobertura (50 por cento) mais incorporada (50 por cento) na dose 20 t ha-1. Empregou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com seis repetições. Os valores de matéria fresca e seca dos capítulos florais decresceram com o tempo de cultivo. As formas de fornecimento da cama-de-frango não interferiram na síntese de clorofila (44,812 µg cm-2), no metabolismo fotossintético (20,938 µmol m-2 s-1) e na transpiração das plantas (6,750 Mmol m-2 s-1), com valores mais elevados aos 112 dias após o transplantio. A maior produção total de capítulos foi observada sob cultivo com cama-de-frango 50 por cento incorporada e 50 por cento em cobertura (1361,16 kg ha-1) e a menor no tratamento testemunha (939,28 kg ha-1).
This study aimed to evaluate physiological and morphological characteristics of inflorescences in culture of Calendula officinalis according to the supply of semi-decomposed poultry manure. The experiment was conducted in dystrophic Red Latosol and included four treatments: control, incorporate litter, cover litter and cover (50 percent) incorporated (50 percent) litter at the level 20 t ha-1. The randomized split-plot block design was adopted, with six replicates. The values of fresh and dry matter of capitula decreased with the cultivation time. The forms of chicken manure supply did not interfere with chlorophyll synthesis (44.812 µg cm²) and photosynthetic metabolism (20.938 µmol m-2 s-1) and plant transpiration (6.750 Mmol m-2 s-1), with the highest values at 112 days after transplanting. At 126 days after transplanting, the highest production of capitula (16.0 capitula plant -1) was verified for the treatment cover (50 percent) incorporated (50 percent) litter, with the highest diameter (46 to 50mm) incorporated. The highest total production of capitula was observed for cultivation with 50 percent incorporated and 50 percent cover poultry manure (1362.16 kg ha-1) and the lowest production was noted for the control treatment (939.28 ha-1).
Assuntos
Esterco/análise , Calendula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fertilizantes , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Substratos para Tratamento Biológico/análise , Brasil , Plantas Medicinais/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Eighty-eight samples of ground meat were randomly collected from retail stores in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Mexico, and were analyzed for microbial contamination. Methods were those recommended by the Mexican regulation and/or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Over 75% of the samples contained > 10(5) total mesophilic microorganisms per g, and over 40% had >10(6) total coliforms per g. Fecal coliforms were present in most samples. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 2.3% of the samples, Salmonella spp. in 11.4%, Listeria spp. in 62%, and L. monocytogenes in 16%. Escherichia coli was detected in 76% of samples, but none was serotype O157:H7. Shigella spp. was not found in any sample. Fusarium spp. and Mucor spp. were detected in 3.4% of the samples, and low levels of yeast in 93%. The microbiological quality of the ground meat analyzed was unsatisfactory, and the product could be an important cause of food poisoning.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Listeria/isolamento & purificação , México , Salmonella/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in Mexico were analyzed for the presence of Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. Samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. High levels (10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of the samples of garlic powder, cumin seed, and black pepper. Lower levels (<102 CFU/g) were found in oregano and bay leaves. Total and fecal coliforms counts were dependent on the type of packaging. More than 70% of the polyethylene-packaged samples had less than 10(3) CFU/g of microorganisms. Glass and nonpackaged spices showed lower levels of these microorganisms. B. cereus was present in 32 samples of which most were polyethylene packaged. The other pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Aspergillus niger was detected in 29% of the samples, Rhizopus sp. in 19%, and Penicillum sp. and Cunninghamella in 8%.
Assuntos
Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Fungos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Magnoliopsida/microbiologia , Especiarias/microbiologia , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Enterobacteriaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Manipulação de Alimentos , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , MéxicoRESUMO
Clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a causative agent of foodborne poisoning, infectious diarrhea (not associated with foods), gas gangrene, and several veterinary diseases. Fecal carriage of enterotoxigenic strains of this bacterium appears to be important in the development of infectious diarrhea and as a source of C. perfringens contamination of foods. In this work, carriage of this bacterium in feces of a Mexican population was analyzed. C. perfringens was found in 126 of the 200 fecal samples obtained from healthy individuals from northern Mexico. The samples had an average of 7.4 x 10(3) spores per gram, with the elderly population showing the highest levels. Dot blot analyses using a dig-labeled probe specific for the enterotoxin gene showed that 7% of the samples had isolates with toxigenic potential.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/diagnóstico , Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Sondas de DNA , Enterotoxinas/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Several reports on the microbiology of spices and herbs indicate the presence of Clostridium perfringens, a spore-forming foodborne pathogen responsible for gastrointestinal disease. In the present study, a total of 380 samples of spices and herbs (cumin seed, black pepper, oregano, garlic powder, and bay leaves) widely used in Mexico were analyzed for the presence of C. perfringens, and the enterotoxigenicity of the isolates was determined by a dot-blot technique using an enterotoxin degoxigenin-labeled DNA probe. C. perfringens counts varied from <100 to 433 CFU/g in garlic powder, from <100 to 200 CFU/g in black pepper, from <100 to 433 CFU/g in cumin seed, from <100 to 340 CFU/g in oregano, and from < 100 to 450 CFU/g in bay leaves. The dot-blot technique detected the enterotoxin gene in 8 (4.25%) of 188 confirmed isolates of C. perfringens. dot-blot.
Assuntos
Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Especiarias/microbiologia , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Enterotoxinas/genética , México , Técnicas de Sonda Molecular , Vigilância de Produtos ComercializadosRESUMO
Dilution methods were employed to determine the effect of ethanolic extracts of Agave lecheguilla Torr. (Agavaceae), Baccharis glutinosa Pers. (Compositae) and Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov. (Zygophyllaceae) on growth of yeasts, molds and bacteria. The three extracts analyzed showed good antimicrobial activity against more than one organism. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the extracts was also determined.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plantas MedicinaisRESUMO
La mayoría de los modelos experimentales en cirugía laparoscópica se practican en animales porcino y caninos; algunos inconvenientes que presentan estas especies son alto costo y que requieren de personal especializado para su manejo. La rata, animal ampliamente utilizado en microcirugía (investigación y docencia), es una especie que puede ser empleada en la laparoscopia para adiestramiento especialmente del cirujano pediatra y en la investigación. En el presente trabajo se comparan los resultados obtenidos con la operación de Nissen abierta y con técnica laparoscópica. Se emplearon 24 ratas cepa Wistar de 250 a 300 g de peso anestesiadas con pentotal, las cuales fueron divididas en tres grupos. En el grupo 1 (n =.8) se midió la presión intragástrica necesaria para producir reflujo esofágico (11 mmHg en promedio); en el grupo 2 (n = 8) se efectuó la funduplicatura con técnica abierta y medición de presiones intragástricas hasta obtener reflujo. Al grupo 3 (n = 8) se le determinaron los mismos parámetros después de practicada la funduplicatura por vía laparoscópica. La presión necesaria para producir reflujo fue similar en los grupos 2 y 3 (60 a 80 mmHg). el modelo esperimental diseñado es económico, de fácil montaje si se cuenta con experiencia en las técnicas laparoscópicas donde se emplean dos manos y se ralizan suturas
Assuntos
Animais , Laparoscopia , Laparoscopia/estatística & dados numéricos , Ratos Wistar , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The effect of human bile juice and bile salts (sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycochenodeoxycholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate) on growth, sporulation and enterotoxin production by enterotoxin-positive and enterotoxin-negative strains of Clostridium perfringens was determined. Each bile salt inhibited growth to a different degree. A mixture of bile salts completely inhibited the growth of enterotoxin-positive strains of this organism. Human bile juice completely inhibited the growth of all the strains at a dilution of 1:320. A distinct stimulatory effect of the bile salts on sporulation was observed in the case of C. perfringens strains NCTC 8239 and NCTC 8679. The salts also increased enterotoxin concentrations in the cell extracts of the enterotoxin-positive strains tested. No effect on enterotoxin production was detected when an enterotoxin-negative strain was examined.