RESUMO
Resistant starch (RS) Hi Maize 260, Sphagnum magellanicum Moss (SM) both natural resources rich in total dietary fiber, and defatted hazel nut flour (DHN) as protein resource were used in the development of a pastry product (queque) with functional characteristics. Taguchi methodology was utilized in the optimization process using the orthogonal array L934 with four control factors: RS, SM. DHN and Master Gluten 4000 (MG), 3 factor levels and 9 experimental trials. The best result of Sensory Quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) was obtained combining the minor levels of the independent variables. Main effect (average effects of factor) analysis and anova analysis showed that SM and DHN were the control factors with a significant influence (p<0.05) on the CS with a relative contribution of 83%. It is important to emphasize the total dietary fiber (8.7%) and protein (7.2%) values, the formers due to the presence of RS and SM. Shelf life study showed that the sensory characteristics flavour, appearance and texture were not affected when samples were stored at refrigerated temperatures but not at 20 degrees C, specifically flavour always kept a good preference during the whole period of time. Samples of optimized cakes showed very good results when they were submitted to hedonic test with 100% of favorable consumer's opinions.
Almidón resistente (AR) "Hi Maize 260", musgo Sphagnum magellanicum (SM), recursos naturales ricos en fibra dietaria total y harina desgrasada de avellana (HDA) como fuente de proteínas, se utilizaron en el diseño y formulación de un producto de pastelería (queques) con características funcionales. La metodología Taguchi fue utilizada en el proceso de optimización trabajando con la matriz ortogonal L934 con cuatro factores de control AR; SM; HDA y Master Gluten 4000 (MG), 3 niveles de trabajo y 9 corridas experimentales. La mejor respuesta de calidad sensorial (CS) y relación Señal/Ruido (índice de Robustez) equivalentes a buena/muy buena se obtuvo combinando las variables independientes en sus mínimos niveles de trabajo, información interesante por la importancia económica que tiene este resultado. Análisis de efectos promedios y ANOVA demostraron que los factores de control SM y HDA influyeron significativamente (p<0,05) en la CS con un porcentaje de contribución relativa de 83%. En la caracterización química de la formulación optimizada es importante destacar su alto contenido en fibra dietaria total (8.67%) atribuido principalmente a la presencia de AR y SM, y su aporte proteico (7.22%). El producto almacenado a temperatura de refrigeración no alteró significativamente las características sensoriales sabor, apariencia y textura destacando la buena preferencia demostrada para el sabor. Sin embargo no ocurrió lo mismo cuando se almacenó a 20ºC. Resultados del test hedónico mostraron una opinión muy favorable del producto alcanzando un 100% de aceptabilidad, información que permite predecir una buena recepción de este producto a nivel de segmentos de consumidores interesados en proteger su salud.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doces , Tecnologia de Alimentos , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Nozes , Sphagnopsida , Farinha , Valor Nutritivo , Amido , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A 1.8 ml iron supplementation of ferrous sulfate is administered for 90 days to 76 Mapuche infants, 12 months of age, male and female, from the rural area of the Cautin province of Chile. The iron nutrition is evaluated before and after the supplementation, through: hemoglobin, haematocrit, transferrin saturation and seric ferritin. Stools test are taken at the infant's home, to confirm the supplement intake and to measure the iron excreted. To study the contained of dietary Fe a Recordatory 24 hour Inquest (RI) is applied moreover a Proximal Chemical Analysis (PCHA) to meal test proceeding from the infant's homes. At 12 months before starting the supplementation, the anemia prevalence was of 28.3%, but it disappear as a result of the intervention. Also 65.3% of the infants showed and increase of 1 g or more on their hemoglobin, which indicates that they were anemic at the beginning of the iron supplementation. By means of this therapeutic test it was find 31% more of anemic infants, indicating more sensibility of this method. The high levels of anemia prevalence are due to the low iron intake, characteristic of the non lactious foods, which according results of the RI reaches an average of 2.8 +/- 1.2 mg of Fe/day, versus 4.8 +/- 4.0 mg of Fe/day according to PCHA. The observed difference between both test showed that there is a process of food environmental contamination, by the use of iron utensils and great soil contact. The high environmental contamination could also be proved by the high iron excretion stools (140 mg of Fe/100 g of stools). This method used to measure the Fe excretion of the supplement, would not be valid in rural population groups with similar characteristics to those of the studied group, because it does not discriminate between the intake and the extremely high environmental contamination. To prevent anemia due to iron absence in infants, it is absolutely necessary to have some iron fortified food starting at 6 months of age, as a complement for breast milk.