RESUMO
As a first national surveillance of Acinetobacter in Cuba, a total of 500 Acinetobacter spp. isolates recovered from 30 hospitals between 2010 and 2012 were studied. Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex accounted for 96.4% of all the Acinetobacter isolates, while other species were detected at low frequency (A. junii 1.6%, A. lwoffii 1%, A. haemolyticus 0.8%, A. soli 0.2%). Resistance rates of isolates were 34-61% to third-generation cephalosporins, 49-50% to ß-lactams/inhibitor combinations, 42-47% to aminoglycosides, 42-44% to carbapenems and 55% to ciprofloxacin. However, resistance rates to colistin, doxycycline, tetracycline and rifampin were less than 5%. Among carbapenem-resistant isolates, 75% harboured different bla OXA genes (OXA-23, 73%; OXA-24, 18%; OXA-58, 3%). The bla NDM-1 gene was identified in an A. soli strain, of which the species was confirmed by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene, rpoB, rpoB-rpoC and rpoL-rpoB intergenic spacer regions and gyrB. The sequences of bla NDM-1 and its surrounding genes were identical to those reported for plasmids of A. baumannii and A. lwoffi strains. This is the first report of bla NDM-1 in A. soli, together with a high prevalence of OXA-23 carbapenemase for carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter spp. in Cuba.
RESUMO
The emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase (KPC) has now become a global concern. As a part of a nationwide multicentre surveillance study in Cuba, three K. pneumoniae clinical isolates resistant to carbapenems were detected for a 1-month period (September to October 2011). PCR and sequence analysis revealed that the three strains harboured bla KPC-2. They showed resistance or intermediate susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, other ß-lactams, a ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor combination, and gentamicin. Two strains were susceptible only to colistin, whereas the other strain showing colistin resistance was susceptible to fluoroquinolones. These bla KPC -2-positive K. pneumoniae strains were classified into ST1271 (CC29), a novel clone harbouring bla KPC -2, and were revealed to be genetically identical by PCR-based DNA fingerprinting. The three patients infected with the KPC-producing K. pneumoniae had common risk factors, and had no overseas travel experience outside Cuba, suggesting local acquisition of the resistant pathogen. This is the first report of a KPC-producing K. pneumoniae in Cuba. Although detection of KPC in Enterobacteriaceae is still rare in Cuba, our finding indicated that KPC-producing bacteria are a global concern and highlighted the need to identify these microorganisms in clinical laboratories.
RESUMO
Extensive CO2 vents have been discovered in the Wagner Basin, northern Gulf of California, where they create large areas with lowered seawater pH. Such areas are suitable for investigations of long-term biological effects of ocean acidification and effects of CO2 leakage from subsea carbon capture storage. Here, we show responses of benthic foraminifera to seawater pH gradients at 74-207m water depth. Living (rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera included Nonionella basispinata, Epistominella bradyana and Bulimina marginata. Studies on foraminifera at CO2 vents in the Mediterranean and off Papua New Guinea have shown dramatic long-term effects of acidified seawater. We found living calcareous benthic foraminifera in low pH conditions in the northern Gulf of California, although there was an impoverished species assemblage and evidence of post-mortem test dissolution.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica , Dióxido de Carbono/toxicidade , Foraminíferos/fisiologia , Água do Mar/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Ecossistema , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , MéxicoAssuntos
Tecido Adiposo/química , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Lipídeos/química , Praguicidas/análise , Abdome , Adulto , Cadáver , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Ventrículos do Coração , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , México , Praguicidas/sangueAssuntos
Abdome , Tecido Adiposo/química , Mama/química , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados , Inseticidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Three vaccines developed for protection against IA/IB subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were evaluated in mice for the ability to protect against systemic and mucosal challenges with a virulent virus of the IE subtype. The vaccines were the formaldehyde-inactivated C-84 and live attenuated TC-83 vaccines currently administered to people under investigational new drug (IND) status, and a new live attenuated vaccine candidate, V3526. V3526 was superior for inducing protection to VEE IA/IB within a week of vaccination, and protection persisted for at least a year. All three vaccines induced long-term clinical protection against peripheral or mucosal challenge with IE virus, with the mucosal immunity induced by attenuated vaccines lasting longer than that induced by the inactivated vaccine. These data show that the molecularly cloned V3526 vaccine induces equivalent or improved immunity to homologous and heterologous VEE viruses than the existing vaccines.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/classificação , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fatores de Tempo , VacinaçãoRESUMO
The genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus vaccine candidate, V3526, was evaluated as a replacement for the TC-83 virus vaccine. Protection from lethal subcutaneous or aerosol challenge was evaluated in vaccinated mice clinically and immunohistochemically. Subcutaneous administration of V3526 induced systemic and mucosal protection more efficiently than did the TC-83 vaccine. The bronchial IgA responses induced in mice by subcutaneous administration of vaccines significantly corresponded to the ability to survive aerosol challenge with virulent virus. Furthermore, V3526 delivered by aerosol induced more complete mucosal protection than either vaccine administered subcutaneously. The ability of V3526 to induce protection in mice warrants its consideration for further testing as a potential vaccine candidate for human use.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Aerossóis , Animais , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/patologia , Feminino , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/análise , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Especificidade da Espécie , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologiaRESUMO
To assess the potential for aerosol administration of vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), we compared the neurovirulence and tissue tropism of the wild-type Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain to those of the attenuated TC83 and V3526 strains of VEE in mice. Six to 8-week-old female C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice were aerosol exposed to one of the three VEE strains. Three mice of each strain were euthanatized at different times and their tissues were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. All three viral strains infected the brains of mice and induced encephalitis. TrD spread caudally from the olfactory bulbs to all regions of the brain, caused widespread necrotizing panencephalitis by day 5, and resulted in 100% mortality (geometric mean = 7 days) in both mouse strains. By comparison, TC83 relatively spared the caudal regions of the brain but still caused 100% mortality in the C3H/HeN mice (geometric mean = 12 days), yet it did not kill any BALB/c mice. V3526 infectivity of the brain was the most limited, mainly affecting the neocortex and diencephalon. This virus was not lethal in either mouse strain. The TrD strain also infected the olfactory neuroepithelium, local lymphoid tissues, teeth, and vomeronasal organs, whereas the affinity of TC83 and V3526 outside the brain was essentially limited to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Attenuated VEE strains administered to mice by aerosol have restricted tissue tropism as compared with wild-type virus; however, even attenuated strains can infect the brain and induce encephalitis.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/patogenicidade , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/virologia , Condutos Olfatórios/virologia , Tropismo , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/patologia , Feminino , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Hibridização In Situ , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Condutos Olfatórios/patologia , Especificidade da Espécie , VirulênciaRESUMO
Immunization with either a live-attenuated (TC-83) or formalin-inactivated (C-84) vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus protected BALB/c mice from lethal VEE infection acquired subcutaneously or by aerosol. While vaccinated C3H/HeN mice were also protected from parenteral infection, neither vaccine protected these mice from an aerosol infection. The apparent vaccine failures in C3H/HeN mice could not be attributed to deficiencies in virus-neutralizing antibodies in serum, as these responses were typically of equal or higher titer than those observed in protected BALB/c mice before challenge. IgG subclass analysis offered no facile explanation: profiles of IgG2 alpha dominance were observed in C3H/HeN mice given either vaccine and in BALB/c mice given the live-attenuated vaccine, whereas BALB/c antibody responses shifted toward IgGl dominance after immunization with the killed C-84 vaccine. Data from immunized congenic mice showed that the H-2 genes from the C3H/He mice were not singularly responsible for the inability of these mice to resist aerosol infection with VEE virus. VEE virus-specific IgA responses were detected more frequently in respiratory and vaginal secretions obtained from the protected BALB/c mice.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Ar , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/biossíntese , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Administração Oral , Aerossóis , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/etiologia , Feminino , Imunidade nas Mucosas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/sangue , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Induction of a mucosal immune response is generally thought to require introduction of an immunogen directly onto the mucosal surface. It has been observed, however, that live, attenuated mutants of the alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), induce protection from virulent challenge at the respiratory mucosa even after parenteral inoculation. In this report, we propose a mechanism by which subcutaneous immunization with a molecularly cloned, attenuated double mutant of VEE is able to stimulate the production of mucosal anti-VEE IgA. Our results showed that the immunizing virus spread to, and replicated within, lymphoid tissues throughout the mouse. Several tissues known to be inductive sites of the mucosal immune system were found to be positive for the presence of VEE RNA by 48 hr postimmunization. Moreover, this mucosal lymphotropism resulted in the production of virus-specific IgA antibody detectable in vaginal secretions of immunized mice.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/análise , Linhagem Celular , Cricetinae , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/metabolismo , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/fisiologia , Feminino , Tecido Linfoide/imunologia , Camundongos , RNA Viral/análise , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Replicação ViralAssuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/biossíntese , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Endotélio Vascular/imunologia , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Epitopos/efeitos dos fármacos , Epitopos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Peso Molecular , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
One hundred forty-four newborn infants with pulmonary interstitial emphysema were stratified by weight and severity of illness, and randomly assigned to receive treatment with high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) or rapid-rate conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) with short inspiratory time. If criteria for treatment failure were met, crossover to the alternate ventilatory mode was permitted. Overall, 45 (61%) of 74 infants met treatment success criteria with HFJV compared with 26 (37%) of 70 treated with CV (p less than 0.01). Eighty-four percent of patients who crossed over from CV to HFJV initially responded to the new treatment, and 45% ultimately met success criteria on HFJV. In contrast, only 9% of those who crossed over from HFJV to CV responded well to CV (p less than 0.01), and the same 9% ultimately met success criteria (p less than 0.05). Therapy with HFJV resulted in improved ventilation at lower peak and mean airway pressures, as well as more rapid radiographic improvement of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, in comparison with rapid-rate CV. Survival by original assignment was identical. When survival resulting from rescue by the alternate therapy in crossover patients was excluded, the survival rate was 64.9% for HFJV, compared with 47.1% for CV (p less than 0.05). The incidence of chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, airway obstruction, and new air leak was similar in both groups. We conclude that HFJV, as used in this study, is safe and is more effective than rapid-rate CV in the treatment of newborn infants with pulmonary interstitial emphysema.
Assuntos
Ventilação em Jatos de Alta Frequência , Enfisema Pulmonar/terapia , Fibrose Pulmonar/terapia , Respiração Artificial , Displasia Broncopulmonar/prevenção & controle , Dióxido de Carbono/sangue , Ventilação em Jatos de Alta Frequência/efeitos adversos , Ventilação em Jatos de Alta Frequência/métodos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Oxigênio/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Enfisema Pulmonar/mortalidade , Enfisema Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/mortalidade , Fibrose Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Mecânica Respiratória , Taxa de SobrevidaAssuntos
Astrócitos/microbiologia , Córtex Cerebral/microbiologia , Circulação Cerebrovascular , Endotélio Vascular/microbiologia , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe II/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Vírus da Hepatite Murina/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/imunologia , Embrião de Mamíferos , Endotélio Vascular/imunologia , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/análise , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe II/análise , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMO
Full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations were carried out on 49 clinically normal Chilean flamingos of different ages. Compared with adults, chicks aged 2-3 months showed low haemoglobin levels, red cell counts, packed cell volumes and mean cell haemoglobin concentrations. There was a rise in haemoglobin level and red cell count with increasing age but the mean cell haemoglobin concentration did not reach optimum until the birds were mature. In chicks the total white cell count was high and the number of heterophils was widely variable. Findings on four sick adult birds provided preliminary evidence that clinical haematology has a potential diagnostic value in this species.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Tronco Encefálico , Glioma/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , PrognósticoRESUMO
A nursery outbreak of gastroenteritis casued by Escherichia coli 0142/K86/H6 is described. Over a period of nine months, 59 epidemiologically linked cases of diarrhea occurred, including 21 intractable cases with four deaths. The epidemic strain, which was not agglutinated by commerical diagnostic antisera, was isolated from the hands of personnel in five instances directly incriminated hand carriage as the mode of spread. Acquisition of illness, which was especially high among low-birth-weight infants less than 17 days old, did not correlate with any treatment modality investigated and appeared to be related to a host factor. Noninvasive small intestinal colonization, production of enterotoxin, and multiple antibiotic resistance of the epidemic strain were demonstrated and helped to explain the intractability of clinical illness in many infants, despite intensive parenteral antibiotic therapy. Surveys of fecal coliforms on the hands of nursery personnel revealed no change in prevalence after introduction of a policy of "triple" handwashing with 3 percent hexachlorophene soap, but a significant decrease occurred during the use of disposable gloves. The frequent occurrence of E. coli 0142 in throat swabs of affected infants suggested that pharyngeal colonization may serve as an important diagnostic clue in E. coli diarrhea.