RESUMO
Oxidative stress has been linked to many obesity-related conditions among children including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Exposure to environmental chemicals such as phthalates, ubiquitously found in humans, may also generate reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress. We examined longitudinal changes of 8-isoprostane urinary concentrations, a validated biomarker of oxidative stress, and associations with maternal prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites for 258 children at 5, 9 and 14 years of age participating in a birth cohort residing in an agricultural area in California. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, and in utero exposure has been also linked to altered lipid metabolism, as well as adverse birth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. We found that median creatinine-corrected 8-isoprostane concentrations remained constant across all age groups and did not differ by sex. Total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were positively associated with 8-isoprostane in 14-year-old children. No associations were observed between 8-isoprostane and body mass index (BMI), BMI Z-score or waist circumference at any age. Concentrations of three metabolites of high molecular weight phthalates measured at 13 weeks of gestation (monobenzyl, monocarboxyoctyl and monocarboxynonyl phthalates) were negatively associated with 8-isoprostane concentrations among 9-year olds. However, at 14 years of age, isoprostane concentrations were positively associated with two other metabolites (mono(2-ethylhexyl) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalates) measured in early pregnancy. Longitudinal data on 8-isoprostane in this pediatric population with a high prevalence of obesity provides new insight on certain potential cardiometabolic risks of prenatal exposure to phthalates.
Assuntos
Dinoprosta/análogos & derivados , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Ácidos Ftálicos/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dinoprosta/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Prevalência , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vasoconstritores/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many studies have found that the risk of childhood asthma varies by month of birth, but few have examined ambient aeroallergens as an explanatory factor. A study was undertaken to examine whether birth during seasons of elevated ambient fungal spore or pollen concentrations is associated with risk of early wheezing or blood levels of Th1 and Th2 type cells at 24 months of age. METHODS: 514 children were enrolled before birth and followed to 24 months of age. Early wheezing was determined from medical records, and Th1 and Th2 type cells were measured in peripheral blood using flow cytometry. Ambient aeroallergen concentrations were measured throughout the study period and discrete seasons of high spore and pollen concentrations were defined. RESULTS: A seasonal pattern was observed, with birth in autumn to winter (the spore season) associated with increased odds of early wheezing (adjusted odds ratio 3.1; 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 7.4). Increasing mean daily concentrations of basidiospores and ascospores in the first 3 months of life were associated with increased odds of wheeze, as were increasing mean daily concentrations of total and specific pollen types. Levels of Th1 cells at age 24 months were positively associated with mean spore concentrations and negatively associated with mean pollen concentrations in the first 3 months of life. CONCLUSIONS: Children with higher exposure to spores and pollen in the first 3 months of life are at increased risk of early wheezing. This association is independent of other seasonal factors including ambient levels of particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos
, Alérgenos/efeitos adversos
, Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos
, Fungos
, Pólen/efeitos adversos
, Sons Respiratórios/etiologia
, Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise
, California
, Citocinas/metabolismo
, Exposição Ambiental/análise
, Feminino
, Humanos
, Lactente
, Recém-Nascido
, Masculino
, México/etnologia
, Material Particulado/efeitos adversos
, Material Particulado/análise
, Fatores de Risco
, Estações do Ano
, Esporos Fúngicos
, Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/fisiologia