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This study was conducted to investigate the natural history of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (UTC) in the iodine-deficient province of Salta, Argentina, in relation to salt iodization and health care standards. Five hundred ninety-three thyroid cancers diagnosed from 1958 to2012 were reviewed based mainly on the WHO classification and grouped into three periods, one before and two after iodine prophylaxis. The incidence of UTC was analyzed in relation to changing concentrations of potassium iodide (KI) in salt during the prophylaxis period (from 40 to 33.3 mg KI/kg salt), establishment of primary health care centers throughout the region, and use of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Twenty-nine UTCs were found in the whole series. The frequency of UTC decreased from 15.2 % (9/59 cases) in the first period to 2.6 % (10/381 cases) well after salt iodination (x (2) Fisher's test, p < 0.0002), and the incidence from 1.4/10(6)/year to 0.1/10(6)/year (Student's t test, p < 0.06), respectively. The decline of UTC after iodine prophylaxis occurred even after decreasing concentrations of KI in salt and timely coincided with the establishment of primary health care centers throughout the region and routine use of FNA. The lower rate of UTC after iodine prophylaxis in the province of Salta is mostly related to earlier detection of more differentiated thyroid tumors rather than higher salt iodization.

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We describe the histologic findings in thyroid glands from six female and five male patients with Cowden disease. The patients were aged 9 to 43 years (mean age, 26 years). The salient thyroid lesions in this syndrome were multicentric follicular adenomas and adenomatous (parenchymatous, hyperplastic) nodules showing a wide range of nonspecific cytoarchitectural patterns. Multiple tiny cellular foci, so-called microadenomas, were also a feature. Specific lesions composed of oxyphil or clear cells, a tumor with features of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, and an adenolipoma also occurred. Two cases showed a follicular carcinoma in addition to multiple benign follicular cell proliferations. The follicular carcinomas occurred at an older age and were larger in size than the clinically significant benign nodular lesions, suggesting tumor progression. All tumors showed thyroglobulin immunoreactivity and were negative for calcitonin. The histologic findings of a multiple adenomatous goiter or multiple follicular adenomas, particularly in children and young adults, should alert the pathologist and physician to the possibility of an inherited trait, such as Cowden disease, with its implications for family screening. The tumors are usually benign and well demarcated, but, because of multicentricity and increased risk of recurrence or progression to carcinoma, total thyroidectomy should be advocated.

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OBJECTIVE: The importance of iodine intake and thyroiditis in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer remains controversial. We have investigated the natural history of thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in a goitrous region before and after iodine prophylaxis over a 31-year period. DESIGN: For the analysis of thyroid cancer the material was divided in two periods. The first 15 years (59 cases), including 5 years before prophylaxis, was compared with the second 16 years (85 cases), a period well after iodine supplementation of salt. Histological diagnosis of the tumours was based on the WHO system. Moderate to severe thyroiditis in the non-tumoral surrounding thyroid from female patients was recorded. For this, the material was analysed in the two periods in relation to the introduction of iodine prophylaxis in 1963, taking account of the age of the patients. RESULTS: Papillary carcinomas formed the largest group of tumours in both periods, with nearly twice as many in the second period as the first, while the numbers of follicular and medullary carcinomas remained about the same. The ratio of papillary to follicular carcinoma rose from 1.7:1 in the first period to 3.1:1 in the second. All three thyroid lymphomas were of the non-Hodgkin's type, and all occurred in the second period in females aged over 50. A severe lymphoid thyroiditis was present in the two cases with assessable background thyroid tissue. The frequency of lymphoid infiltrate in females rose from 8% (1/12) before 1963 to 25% (18/72) after prophylaxis in the whole series. After salt prophylaxis, thyroiditis was more frequent in patients with papillary carcinoma in general (31%), and clinically significant papillary carcinomas in particular (35%), than in those with non-papillary tumours (6%) (chi 2, P < 0.05 and P < 0.025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations indicate that a high dietary intake of iodine may be associated with a high frequency of papillary carcinoma and thyroiditis, and that thyroiditis is more commonly associated with papillary carcinoma than with other thyroid tumours. The occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas only in the post-prophylaxis period may be linked to an increase in thyroiditis.

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The tall cell variant of thyroid papillary carcinoma differs from classic papillary carcinoma in its more aggressive clinical behavior, cell type (columnar amphophilic to oxyphilic) and higher frequency of stromal lymphoid infiltrate. A retrospective study of three such cases was made, with an emphasis given to the utility of fine needle aspiration cytology in their identification. Aspirates revealed papillary fronds and cyanophilic and oxyphilic neoplastic cells with a high proportion of nuclear grooves and cytoplasmic inclusions. These nuclear details allowed a specific diagnosis of papillary carcinoma with oxyphil cells as compared to oxyphilic cell follicular tumors. Smears from two cases showed, in addition, lymphoid cells and multinucleate giant cells. In them a diagnosis of coexisting Hashimoto's disease, granulomatous thyroiditis or inflammatory tumor stroma could not be excluded cytologically.

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Fine needle aspirates from 8 thyroid papillary carcinomas, follicular variant, were studied. Histologically the tumors were composed exclusively of follicles (four cases) or an admixture of follicular and trabecular structures (four cases). Follicles were identified in smears from seven cases (87.5%) and sheets reminiscent of a trabecular pattern in one (12.5%). Colloid material presented as intraluminal (one case) or extraluminal, dense, round masses (six cases). Nuclear cytoplasmic inclusions occurred in seven (87.5%) of the cases. All these features have been described for follicular lesions or neoplasia together with occasional nuclear grooves, as occurred in two (25%) of the studied cases. In the other six (75%) cases, a moderate to high proportion of neoplastic cells with nuclear grooves facilitated the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma. Our findings suggest that a careful microscopic search for nuclear grooves should be attempted in aspirates yielding a diagnosis of follicular neoplasia that could otherwise be indistinguishable from the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

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Fine needle aspirates from 44 follicular thyroid tumours (30 adenomas, 14 carcinomas) have been studied. All aspirates contained neoplastic cells in follicular and trabecular arrangements. The individual tumour cells showed varying degrees of anisonucleosis and nuclear pleomorphism. Colloid was scanty or absent from all smears. Granular or filamentous necrotic material was observed in both biopsies and smears from one moderately and two poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas, but in none of the adenomas. This suggests that necrotic debris may be a feature of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.

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AIMS: To analyse the benefits and limitations of fine needle aspiration in the cytological differentiation of parenchymatous nodular goitres from follicular tumours in an endemic area. METHODS: Cytological smears of fine needle aspirates from 31 parenchymatous nodular goitres were studied. A sample from the punctured nodules was fixed in formalin and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. RESULTS: All nodules occurred in a multinodular gland, were well circumscribed, did not compress surrounding thyroid tissue, and for the most part, were unencapsulated. Two cases showed cytological features of nodular goitre, two of colloid cysts; the remaining 27 were cytologically indistinguishable from follicular lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the parenchymatous nodules studied had features suggestive of follicular lesions or neoplasia, but surgical treatment should only be considered after hormone treatment has proved unsuccessful, and when they are not suspected as malignant clinically. Fine needle aspiration is useful as a diagnostic and screening aid, but the results should be interpreted with caution to prevent unnecessary surgery.

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A comprehensive comparative histo-cytological study of 48 nodular goiters from an endemic goiter region was undertaken. Practically all features observed on the biopsies were identified, although with less frequency, on the smears. In agreement with previous observations, characteristic components of nodular goiter (NG) in aspirates included small to medium size epithelial cells with regular round nuclei, honeycomb pattern, large follicles, papillae showing the previously mentioned epithelial features, oxyphilic cells, and moderate to abundant background colloid material and thyroid phagocytes (macrophages). All eight features occurred together in only 2% of the studied cases, seven in 6 (12.5%), six in 4 (8%), five in 6 (12.5%), four in 12 (25%), three in 6 (12.5%), two in 11 (23%), and one in 2 (4%) cases, respectively. Regardless of the number and combination of features present, specific identification of NG on the smears may not always be possible and diagnostic pitfalls include thyroid cyst, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous lesions, and, more frequently, follicular neoplasia. Our findings suggest that thyroid aspirates should be analysed with critical clinico-pathological approach and surgery considered only for nodules that are clinically suspicious or unresponsive to hormonotherapy when a diagnosis of follicular neoplasia is made.

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The use of fine needle aspiration cytology detected papillary carcinoma in two patients with multinodular goitre measuring 0.7 cm and 0.9 cm in diameter, respectively. Like most of the cases from previous large series, the tumours progressed slowly as shown by absence of enlarged glands on surgical exploration and no clinical signs of metastasis after two and five years of follow up. This study shows that aspiration cytology can detect a virtually harmless occult papillary carcinoma that will oblige patients to have surgery. This very occasional "pitfall" of fine needle aspiration should not preclude this well known beneficial method from being used in the management of thyroid disease.

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A retrospective cytological study of nine follicular tumours of the thyroid with clear cell change was undertaken. In five clear cell adenomas and one moderately differentiated clear cell follicular carcinoma the epithelial cells occurred singly or in sheets and clusters; they sometimes assumed a trabecular or follicular pattern. The cells usually had pale diffusely vacuolated cytoplasm with ill-defined boundaries, a variable degree of anisonucleosis, nucleolar enlargement, and nuclear overlapping. Smears from a signet-ring cell adenoma contained in addition a few cells with large cytoplasmic vacuoles and compressed eccentric nuclei. In these cases a cytological diagnosis of 'follicular lesion' (or follicular neoplasia), clear cell type or signet-ring cell type, was given. A cytodiagnosis of 'carcinoma' was made only in the poorly differentiated follicular carcinoma-clear cell variant studied which showed unequivocal features of malignancy. Features suggestive of thyroid cyst, nodular goitre, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and cell hyperactivity (marginal vacuoles, 'fire flare') were also found in the aspirated specimens of these cases of clear cell tumour of the thyroid.

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The accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the thyroid was addressed in 142 nodular goiters from an endemic goiter region. The aspirations and their interpretation were based on the methodology of the Karolinska Hospital. For practical purposes, the follicular lesions were divided into type I (benign), type II (atypical benign) and type III (suspicious). Excluding the follicular lesions, the cytohistologic agreement for the whole series was 87%, with a correlation of 81.5% for carcinomas. The type I and type II follicular lesions were benign on histologic grounds; 39% of the carcinomas were detected in the type III follicular lesions. The 0.7% false-positive diagnoses increased to 15% when type III follicular lesions were included. No false negatives were recorded. These observations, together with the increase of surgically resected thyroid carcinomas after FNA was accepted as a diagnostic modality, indicate that FNA biopsy of the thyroid is an accurate diagnostic method and is useful in selecting patients for subsequent surgery in areas of endemic goiter.

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Valoramos la correlación citohistológica de 142 bocios nodulares siguiendo la sistemática del Hospital Karolinska: diagnóstico citológico con tendencia histológica; las lesiones foliculares no pueden tipificarse con exactitud y requieren de la biopsia. A estas lesiones las dividimos en tipo I (citológicamente benignas), tipo III (sospechosas) y tipo II (morfológicamente intermedias a las anteriores). Obtuvimos un 87% de acierto citohistológico en los 142 bocios nodulares y 81% en cánceres en particular si excluimos las lesiones foliculares. De éstas las tipos I y II fueron benignas, con un 39% de carcinomas en las tipo III. Hubo un 0,7% de falsos positivos; no se registraron falsos negativos. Estos hallazgos revelan una correlación citohistológica que permite un mejor planteo clínico-terapéutico, y sugieren que la cirugía se debe indicar sólo ante un diagnóstico citológico de lesión folicular tipo III o malignidad. La incidencia de cánceres en bocios nodulares en los períodos pre (14%) y post-punción (39%) indica que la citología aspirativa tiroidea es un método selectivo

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Valoramos la correlación citohistológica de 142 bocios nodulares siguiendo la sistemática del Hospital Karolinska: diagnóstico citológico con tendencia histológica; las lesiones foliculares no pueden tipificarse con exactitud y requieren de la biopsia. A estas lesiones las dividimos en tipo I (citológicamente benignas), tipo III (sospechosas) y tipo II (morfológicamente intermedias a las anteriores). Obtuvimos un 87% de acierto citohistológico en los 142 bocios nodulares y 81% en cánceres en particular si excluimos las lesiones foliculares. De éstas las tipos I y II fueron benignas, con un 39% de carcinomas en las tipo III. Hubo un 0,7% de falsos positivos; no se registraron falsos negativos. Estos hallazgos revelan una correlación citohistológica que permite un mejor planteo clínico-terapéutico, y sugieren que la cirugía se debe indicar sólo ante un diagnóstico citológico de lesión folicular tipo III o malignidad. La incidencia de cánceres en bocios nodulares en los períodos pre (14%) y post-punción (39%) indica que la citología aspirativa tiroidea es un método selectivo (AU)

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En el presente trabajo se describe un carcinoma mucoepidermoide de tiroides que mostró prácticamente el mismo cuadro clínico del carcinoma papilar de tiroides. La presencia de células mucinosas y de tipo epidermoide, junto con la ausencia de tiroglobulina en las células neoplásicas, fueron parámetros esenciales para el diagnóstico preciso de carcinoma mucoepidermoide. El antígeno carcinoembrionario fue detectado en las células tumorales y se discute su posible importancia como marcador histológico y clínico de esta relativamente nueva entidad patológica de tiroides (AU)

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En el presente trabajo se describe un carcinoma mucoepidermoide de tiroides que mostró prácticamente el mismo cuadro clínico del carcinoma papilar de tiroides. La presencia de células mucinosas y de tipo epidermoide, junto con la ausencia de tiroglobulina en las células neoplásicas, fueron parámetros esenciales para el diagnóstico preciso de carcinoma mucoepidermoide. El antígeno carcinoembrionario fue detectado en las células tumorales y se discute su posible importancia como marcador histológico y clínico de esta relativamente nueva entidad patológica de tiroides

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