RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on transmission dynamics and effectiveness of control measures for influenza in confined settings. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the transmission dynamics of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A outbreak aboard a Peruvian Navy ship and quantify the effectiveness of the implemented control measures. METHODS: We used surveillance data and a simple stochastic epidemic model to characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of control interventions implemented during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A aboard a Peruvian Navy ship. RESULTS: The serological attack rate for the outbreak was 49·1%, with younger cadets and low-ranking officers at greater risk of infection than older, higher-ranking officers. Our transmission model yielded a good fit to the daily time series of new influenza cases by date of symptom onset. We estimated a reduction of 54·4% in the reproduction number during the period of intense control interventions. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the patient isolation strategy and other control measures put in place during the outbreak reduced the infectiousness of isolated individuals by 86·7%. Our findings support that early implementation of control interventions can limit the spread of influenza epidemics in confined settings.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/fisiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Pública , Navios/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 is responsible for taeniasis and cysticercosis, which are 2 serious health problems, particularly in developing countries. The attempt to identify a 22.5kD possible protective oncospheral antigen by 2-dimensional gel-electrophoresis, micro-sequencing, and cDNA library screening produced a protein of 42kD that possesses a conserved domain similar to that of troponin T. Five variants that showed differences at the 5' end were observed at the cDNA level. Hyper-immune rabbit sera developed against recombinant GST fused protein identified the protein exclusively on activated oncospheres. The 42kD protein was tested in an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) alone and then together with the Tso31 protein for the diagnosis of human cysticercosis. When both antigens were combined, the test was found to be 85% sensitive and 65% specific. The 42kD is a novel T. solium protein that is present exclusively on activated oncospheres of this parasite, with poor diagnostic activity against taeniasis or human cysticercosis.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Helminto/química , Taenia solium/química , Teníase/diagnóstico , Troponina T/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Cisticercose/diagnóstico , DNA Complementar/química , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Proteínas de Helminto/genética , Proteínas de Helminto/imunologia , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Coelhos , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de Proteína , Taenia solium/genética , Troponina T/genéticaRESUMO
The gold standard serodiagnostic assay for cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, diseases caused by the metacestode of Taenia solium, uses lentil lectin-purified glycoprotein (LLGP) in a Western blot assay. We tested two antigens derived from LLGP, synthetic TS18var1 (sTS18var1) and recombinant GP50 antigen (rGP50), in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The sensitivity for serum and CSF was 94.7% and 100% for rGP50 and 90.4% and 90.2% for sTS18var1, respectively. The specificity for serum and CSF samples was 93.8% and 100% for rGP50 and 90.3% and 98.0% for sTS18var1, respectively. The use of these antigens individually or combined as a diagnostic antigen cocktail eliminates the need for purification of antigens from parasite material and offers the advantage of using a simple and quantitative ELISA format.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/sangue , Neurocisticercose/diagnóstico , Taenia/imunologia , Teníase/diagnóstico , Animais , Anticorpos/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Humanos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Neurocisticercose/sangue , Neurocisticercose/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/sangue , Valores de Referência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Testes Sorológicos , Teníase/sangue , Teníase/imunologiaRESUMO
A study was undertaken to search for DNA recombinant Schistosoma mansoni proteins responsible for eliciting an antibody response from the host at a very early phase after infection. A S. mansoni adult worm cDNA expression library was screened using pooled sera from baboons with four weeks of infection. Based on their specific reactivity with the S. mansoni infected sera and no reactivity when tested against the pre-infection sera from the same baboons, four clones were selected for further studies. Sequence analysis revealed that they were homologous to the S. mansoni heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). The insert sizes of the four selected clones varied from 1150 to 2006 bp. The preliminary characterization for antibody reactivity against a panel of baboon sera showed that the longest clone was the most reactive, eight out of eight acute and three out of four chronic sera reacting positively to this clone. The shortest clone was the least reactive. Our results suggest that the S. mansoni hsp70 elicits an early and strong antibody response in baboons and that antibodies to this protein can be detected in chronically infected animals. Therefore S. mansoni hsp70 may be a valid target for immunodiagnosis. However further studies are needed to identify the portion of the hsp70 that best fits the requirements for a valuable diagnostic antigen.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/imunologia , Papio/parasitologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , DNA Complementar/sangue , Papio/imunologiaRESUMO
A study was undertaken to search for DNA recombinant Schistosoma mansoni proteins responsible for eliciting an antibody response from the host at a very early phase after infection. A S. mansoni adult worm cDNA expression library was screened using pooled sera from baboons with four weeks of infection. Based on their specific reactivity with the S. mansoni infected sera and no reactivity when tested against the pre-infection sera from the same baboons, four clones were selected for further studies. Sequence analysis revealed that they were homologous to the S. mansoni heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). The insert sizes of the four selected clones varied from 1150 to 2006 bp. The preliminary characterization for antibody reactivity against a panel of baboon sera showed that the longest clone was the most reactive, eight out of eight acute and three out of four chronic sera reacting positively to this clone. The shortest clone was the least reactive. Our results suggest that the S. mansoni hsp70 elicits an early and strong antibody response in baboons and that antibodies to this protein can be detected in chronically infected animals. Therefore S. mansoni hsp70 may be a valid target for immunodiagnosis. However further studies are needed to identify the portion of the hsp70 that best fits the requirements for a valuable diagnostic antigen
Assuntos
Animais , DNA Complementar , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70 , Papio , Esquistossomose mansoni , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos , Antígenos de Helmintos , PapioRESUMO
Uma biblioteca de expressao de cDNA de verme adulto de S. mansoni foi selecionada utilizando-se soros de macacos babuinos em fase inicial da infeccao. Os clones que reagiram positivamente com os soros de infeccao recente foram examinados quanto a reatividade contra soros normais e soros de infeccao heterologa. Com a finalidade de se conseguir melhor discriminacao entre reatividade positiva com o anticorpo especifico e aquela devido aos anticorpos anti-E. coli residuais, um clone de cDNA nao relacionado ao S. mansoni foi plaqueado em mistura com o clone positivo. O plano de fundo negativo proporcionado pelo clone nao relacionado forneceu o contraste necessario para discriminar a reacao positiva especifica...