RESUMO
The global rise in urbanization and industrial activity has led to the production and incorporation of foreign contaminant molecules into ecosystems, distorting them and impacting human and animal health. Physical, chemical, and biological strategies have been adopted to eliminate these contaminants from water bodies under anthropogenic stress. Biotechnological processes involving microorganisms and enzymes have been used for this purpose; specifically, laccases, which are broad spectrum biocatalysts, have been used to degrade several compounds, such as those that can be found in the effluents from industries and hospitals. Laccases have shown high potential in the biotransformation of diverse pollutants using crude enzyme extracts or free enzymes. However, their application in bioremediation and water treatment at a large scale is limited by the complex composition and high salt concentration and pH values of contaminated media that affect protein stability, recovery and recycling. These issues are also associated with operational problems and the necessity of large-scale production of laccase. Hence, more knowledge on the molecular characteristics of water bodies is required to identify and develop new laccases that can be used under complex conditions and to develop novel strategies and processes to achieve their efficient application in treating contaminated water. Recently, stability, efficiency, separation and reuse issues have been overcome by the immobilization of enzymes and development of novel biocatalytic materials. This review provides recent information on laccases from different sources, their structures and biochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and application in the bioremediation and biotransformation of contaminant molecules in water. Moreover, we discuss a series of improvements that have been attempted for better organic solvent tolerance, thermo-tolerance, and operational stability of laccases, as per process requirements.
Assuntos
Biocatálise , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Lacase , Biodegradação Ambiental , Ecossistema , Fungos/enzimologia , Lacase/química , Lacase/metabolismo , Plantas/enzimologia , Água/análise , Água/química , Purificação da ÁguaRESUMO
RESUMEN La trichinellosis es una enfermedad parasitaria zoonótica y cosmopolita, se debe al consumo de carne deficientemente cocida, principalmente proveniente del cerdo, diversos estudios avalan la eficacia de la administración de inmunoterapia. Se ha caracterizado un antígeno inmunodominante de 45 kDa y se plantea como objetivo evaluar la presencia de anticuerpos IgA, IgM e IgG antti-Trichinella spiralis a lo largo de la infección, así como el comportamiento en la administración de la inmunización de 45 kDa de Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) administrado por vía sublingual y vía parenteral. Se utilizaron 36 murinos (Long Evans), seis para la infección y purificación del antígeno de 45 kDa, 30 para formar los grupos de trabajo, control sano (cinco murinos), control infectado (cinco murinos), y 20 para los grupos experimentales, se inmunizaron dos grupos con cuatro dosis (0, 7, 14 y 21 días) del inmunógeno de 45 KDa de T. spiralis, uno por vía sublingual y otro por vía parenteral y se retaron con 500 larvas infectantes (LI) de T. spiralis siete días después de la ultima inmunización y dos grupos más se infectaron con 500 LI y se inmunizaron a las cuatro semanas postinfección por ambas vías. La respuesta se evaluó por inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) por microscopia confocal para determinar la respuesta humoral con anticuerpos de clase IgG, IgM e IgA.
ABSTRACT Trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease produced mainly by the consumption of poorly cooked swine meat. Several studies have probed the efficiency of immunotherapy as a method for the treatment of trichinellosis. In this work, a 45 kDa immunodominant antigen was characterized, and the presence of IgA, IgM and IgG antti-Trichinella spiralis antibodies was evaluated during the course of the infection. In addition, the differences between sublingual and parenteral administration of the 45 kDa T. spiralis antigen were determined. Long Evans rats were used both to purify the 45 kDa antigen and to evaluate the immune response produced in six different groups: healthy and infected controls; two groups of immunized murines (sublingually and parenterally) with four doses of the 45 kDa T. spiralis immunogen administered at days 0, 7, 14 and 21 and challenged with 500 T. spiralis infective larvae (IL) 7 days after the last immunization; and finally, two groups of murines infected with 500 IL ofT. spiralis, immunized at week 4 post infection by the same two routes. The humoral response was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence by confocal microscopyin order to determine the presence of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies.