RESUMO
Tabernaemontana arborea (Apocynaceae) is a Mexican tree species known to contain ibogan type alkaloids. This study aimed at determining central nervous system-related activities of an alkaloid extract obtained from the root bark of T. arborea. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to describe the alkaloid profile of the extract. A wide dosing range (0.1 to 56.2 mg/kg) of this extract was evaluated in different murine models. Electrical brain activity was examined by electroencephalography (EEG). The extract's effects on motor coordination, ambulatory activity, and memory were analyzed based on the rotarod, open field (OFT), and object recognition tests (ORT), respectively. Antidepressant and antinociceptive activities were determined using the forced swimming test (FST) and the formalin assay, respectively. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (1 mg/kg) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) was included in the latter experiments. GC-MS analysis (µg/mg extract) confirmed the presence of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) voacangine (207.00), ibogaine (106.33), vobasine (72.81), coronaridine (30.72), and ibogamine (24.2) as principal constituents of the extract, which exhibited dose- and receptor-dependent antidepressant (0.1 to 1 mg/kg; 5-HT1A) and antinociceptive (30 and 56.2 mg/kg; opioid) effects, without altering motor coordination, ambulatory activity, and memory. EEG indicated CNS depressant activity at high doses (30 and 56.2 mg/kg). The root bark of T. arborea contains a mixture of alkaloids that may hold therapeutic value in pain relief and the treatment of psychiatric diseases without causing neurotoxic activity at effective doses.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Alcaloides de Triptamina e Secologanina , Tabernaemontana , Animais , Camundongos , Tabernaemontana/química , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Sistema Nervoso Central , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Transmissão SinápticaRESUMO
Purpose: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of N-salicyloyltryptamine (NST) in experimental models of carrageenan (Cg)-induced peritonitis in mice, and evaluation of the effects of NST on Cg-induced joint disability in rats. Methods: Female Swiss mice were submitted to Cg-induced peritonitis in mice or Cg-induced joint disability in rats after intraperitoneal injection of NST (100 or 200 mg/kg). Total leukocyte count, total protein concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and catalase (CAT) activities, and nitrite (NO2 -) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels were determined. Results: NST significantly decrease the migration of leukocytes to peritoneal exudate. Cg induces inflammatory responses mediated by expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results further showed that NST significantly decreased MPO and CAT activities, as well as reduced NO2 - and TBARS levels, compared with the vehicle group. Animals treated with NST significantly reduced paw elevation time (PET) on the first hour after induction of joint injury, and this effect was sustained throughout the analysis. Conclusion: NST presented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in experimental models of carrageenan-induced peritonitis and joint disability in mice and rats, respectively, which may be related to the modulation of neutrophils migration as well as the involvement of antioxidant mechanisms.
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El síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) es la principal causa de muerte, por esta razón, es fundamental reconocer sus características clínicas. Tradicionalmente ha sido descrito un cuadro denominado típico, consistente en dolor torácico retroesternal o en la región izquierda del tórax, explicado como una sensación de presión o pesadez, de duración superior a 20 minutos, que se puede irradiar a la extremidad superior izquierda o derecha, cuello o mandíbula, asociado a diaforesis y náuseas. Diversos grupos de pacientes como mujeres, diabéticos, ancianos y con antecedentes de falla cardiaca o accidente cerebrovascular presentan cuadros llamados atípicos, que en gran proporción no manifiestan dolor torácico. Varios estudios plantean que no hay síntomas suficientemente sensibles y específicos para ser considerados típicos en el contexto del SCA, por lo que el diagnóstico debe incluir además de la evaluación clínica, el electrocardiograma, los factores de riesgo y los biomarcadores. El uso de puntajes de riesgo como el HEART ha demostrado ser útil en este escenario.
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the main cause of mortality around the world; the-refore, it is essential to recognize the clinical characteristics that increase its diagnostic suspicion. Traditionally, it has been defined as a so-called typical condition, consisting of retrosternal chest pain or pain in the left region of the thorax. It is described as a feeling of pressure or heaviness, lasting more than 20 minutes, which can radiate to the left or right upper limb, neck or jaw, and can be associated with diaphoresis and nau-sea. Various groups of patients such as women, diabetics, the elderly, and those with a history of heart failure or cerebrovascular accident, have so-called atypical clinical sets of symptoms, which in a large proportion may not present chest pain. Various studies suggest that there are not sufficiently sensitive and specific symptoms to be considered typical in the context of ACS, thus, the approach must include the electrocardiogram, risk factors and biomarkers in addition to the clinical evaluation. The use of risk scores such as the HEART has proven very useful in this scenario.
A síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) é a principal causa de morte, por isso é fundamen-tal o reconhecimento de suas características clínicas. Tradicionalmente, é descrita uma condição dita típica, que consiste em dor torácica retroesternal ou na região esquerda do tórax, explicada como uma sensação de pressão ou peso, com duração superior a 20 minutos, que pode irradiar para a esquerda ou direita membro superior, pescoço ou mandíbula, associado a sudorese e náusea. Vários grupos de pacientes como mulheres, diabéticos, idosos e com história de insuficiência cardíaca ou acidente vascular cerebral apresentam condições atípicas, que em grande parte não manifestam dor no peito. Vários estudos sugerem que não existem sintomas suficientemente sensíveis e específicos para serem considerados típicos no contexto da SCA, de modo que o diagnóstico deve incluir, além da avaliação clínica, o eletrocardiograma, fatores de risco e biomarcadores. O uso de escores de risco, como o CORAÇÃO, tem se mostrado útil nesse cenário.
Assuntos
Humanos , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda , Dor no Peito , Coração , Insuficiência CardíacaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cirrhosis of the liver is a serious public health problem worldwide, with regional variations determined by cultural factors and economic development. AIM: To know the characteristics of the social, cultural, and economic factors of the patients with cirrhosis of the liver in Veracruz. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrolective, relational research study was conducted on patients with cirrhosis of the liver at five healthcare institutions in Veracruz. The variables analyzed were etiology, age, sex, civil status, educational level, occupation, and income. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized, and statistical significance was set at a P<.05. The Windows IBM-SPSS version 25.0 program was employed. RESULTS: A total of 182 case records of patients with cirrhosis of the liver were included. The etiologic factors were chronic alcohol consumption (47.8%), viral disease (28.5%), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (8.79%), autoimmune liver disease (4.4%), cholestasis (1.64%), and cryptogenic liver disease (8.8%). Mean patient age was 66.14±13.91, with a predominance of men (58.79%). In comparing the socioeconomic and cultural factors related to etiology, secondary and tertiary education and singleness were statistically significant in male alcoholics (P<.05), viral diseases and NAFLD were significantly associated with women with no income (P<.05), cryptogenic liver disease was significantly associated with women (P<.05), and cholestasis and autoimmune liver disease were not significantly associated with any of the factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study results revealed the influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors related to the different causes of cirrhosis of the liver in our environment.
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Introducción: Los cultivos de café, cacao y pasturas para la ganadería son actividades agropecuarias de interés económico en Colombia. Cuando estas actividades se desarrollan bajo sistemas agroforestales (SAF) promueven la conservación e incrementan la fijación de carbono y, por ende, la mitigación del cambio climático. Objetivo: El estudio estimó el almacenamiento de carbono en la biomasa aérea, necromasa y carbono orgánico del suelo bajo SAF con cacao (SAF cacao), SAF con café (café SAF), sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) y bosque en el municipio de Mesetas, Meta (Colombia). Métodos: Se establecieron 44 parcelas de muestreo, en donde se tomaron medidas dasométricas a individuos con un diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho (dap) ≥ 2.5 cm (latizales, fustales y fustales grandes), cuyos valores fueron transformados a carbono con modelos de biomasa y una fracción de carbono default. En los tres sistemas agropecuarios, se contó el número de árboles de cacao, café, plantas asociadas y se identificó el tipo de uso (maderable, alimento, combustión). Resultados: El almacenamiento de carbono presentó diferencias significativas (P < 0.0001) entre usos del suelo. La mayor acumulación se encontró en bosque, con 216.6 t C ha-1, superando en 59, 72 y 73 % a SAF cacao, SSP y SAF café, respectivamente. Fabaceae, Lauraceae y Primulaceae presentaron el mayor almacenamiento de carbono. En SAF cacao, la mayor acumulación de carbono fue encontrada en especies para alimento humano; en SAF café y SSP, el mayor almacenamiento fue presentado en las especies maderables. Conclusión: Estos resultados resaltan el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en los sistemas productivos de mayor importancia en el departamento del Meta, lo cual es importante para el diseño de estrategias que permitan integrar acciones de mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y promover la economía campesina local.
Introduction: Coffee, cocoa crops and pastures for livestock are agricultural activities of economic interest in Colombia. When these activities are developed under agroforestry systems (AFS), they promote conservation and increase carbon fixation and, therefore, climate change mitigation. Objective: The study estimated carbon storage in aboveground biomass, necromass and soil organic carbon under SAF with cocoa (SAF cocoa), SAF with coffee (SAF coffee), silvopastoral systems (SPS) and forest in Mesetas, Meta (Colombia). Methods: Forty-four sampling plots were established, where dasometric measurements were taken from individuals with a trunk diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 2.5 cm (saplings, trees and large trees), whose values were transformed to carbon with biomass models and a default carbon fraction. In the three agricultural systems, the number of cocoa and coffee trees and associated plants was counted, and the type of use (timber, food, combustion) was identified. Results: Carbon storage showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) among land uses. The highest accumulation was found in forest, with 216.6 t C ha-1, exceeding in 59, 72 and 73 % to SAF cocoa, SSP and SAF coffee, respectively. The botanical families Fabaceae, Lauraceae and Primulaceae presented the greatest carbon storage. In SAF cocoa, the greatest accumulation of carbon was found in species for human food; in SAF coffee and SSP, the greatest storage was presented by timber species. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential for carbon storage in the most important productive systems in the Meta department, which is important for designing strategies that allow for integrating actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and to promote the local peasant economy.
Assuntos
Carbono/análise , Agricultura Florestal , Ciclo do Carbono/fisiologia , Colômbia , Gases de Efeito Estufa/análise , Indústria Agropecuária/análiseRESUMO
Boron is an essential trace element in cellular metabolism; however, the molecular mechanism of boron in the heart is unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium tetraborate (as boron source) as a possible protective agent or competitive inhibitor of cardiac hypertrophy in an in vitro murine model. We evaluated different previously reported sodium tetraborate concentrations and it was found that 13⯵M improves viability without affecting the cellular structure. We demonstrated that cardiomyocytes pretreated with sodium tetraborate prevents cellular damage induced by isoproterenol (cardioprotective effect) by increasing proliferation rate and inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, the reduction of the expression of the α1AR and ß1AR adrenergic receptors as well as Erk1/2 was notable. Consequently, the expression of the early response genes c-myc, c-fos and c-jun was delayed. Also, the expression of GATA-4, NFAT, NKx2.5 and myogenin transcription factors involved in sarcomere synthesis declined. In contrast, cardiomyocytes, when treated simultaneously with sodium tetraborate and isoproterenol, did not increase their size (cytoplasmic gain), but an increase in apoptosis levels was observed; therefore, the proliferation rate was reduced. Although the mRNA levels of α1AR and ß1AR as well as Erk1/2 and Akt1 were low at 24â¯h, their expression increased to 48â¯h. Notably, the mRNA of expression levels of c-myc, c-fos and c-jun were lower than those determined in the control, while the transcription factors GATA-4, MEF2c, Nkx2.5, NFAT and CDk9 were determined in most cells. These results suggest that pretreatment with sodium tetraborate in cardiomyocytes inhibits the hypertrophic effect. However, sodium tetraborate attenuates isoproterenol induced hypertrophy damage in cardiomyocytes when these two compounds are added simultaneously.
Assuntos
Boratos/farmacologia , Cardiomegalia/induzido quimicamente , Cardiomegalia/metabolismo , Cardiotônicos/farmacologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Boratos/administração & dosagem , Boratos/efeitos adversos , Cardiotônicos/efeitos adversos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoproterenol/administração & dosagem , Isoproterenol/efeitos adversos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/genética , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Among all the hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, prolactinomas are the most frequently found in the clinic. Since dopamine is the primary inhibitor of lactotroph function, dopamine agonists represent the first-line therapy. However, a subset of patients exhibits resistance to these drugs, and therefore, alternative treatments are desired. As activins inhibit prolactin gene expression through the inhibition of Pit-1 involving the p38MAPK pathway, in the present work, we studied the local activin system as an alternative inhibitory system for lactotroph hyperplasia treatment. We used two different mouse models of prolactinoma: transgenic mice with overexpression of the human chorionic gonadotropin ß-subunit (hCGß) and mice lacking dopamine receptor type 2. In both models, females, but not males, develop lactotroph hyperplasia from the fourth month of life. We found reduced expression of pituitary activin subunits and activin receptors in hyperplastic pituitaries from both models compared with wild-type counterparts. Consequently, hyperplastic pituitaries presented a reduced activin-inhibitory action on prolactin secretion. Additionally, while female wild-type lactotrophs presented high levels of phospho-p38MAPK, it was lost in prolactinomas, concomitant with decreased activin expression, increased Pit-1 expression and tumour development. In contrast, male pituitaries express higher mRNA levels of activin subunits ßA and ßB, which would suggest a stronger activin inhibitory function on lactotrophs, protecting this sex from tumour development, despite genotype. The present results highlight the importance of the activin inhibitory action on lactotroph function and place the local activin system as a new target for the treatment of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas.
Assuntos
Ativinas/metabolismo , Lactotrofos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/genética , Prolactinoma/genética , Animais , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Hipófise/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/complicações , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/tratamento farmacológico , Prolactinoma/complicações , Prolactinoma/tratamento farmacológico , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Fatores Sexuais , Fator de Transcrição Pit-1/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite recent advances, current antidepressants have considerable limitations: late onset of action and the high profile of refractoriness. Biomedical research with natural products has gained growing interest in the last years, and had provide useful candidates for new antidepressants. Riparins are a group of natural alkamides obtained from Aniba riparia, which had marked neuroactive effects, mainly as antidepressant and antinociceptive agents. We made modifications of the basic structure of riparins, originating a synthetic alkamide, also known as riparin IV (RipIV). RipIV demonstrated a superior analgesic effect than its congeners and a marked antidepressant-like effect. However, the basic mechanism for the central effects of RipIV remains unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the participation of monoaminergic neurotransmission targets in the antidepressant-like effects of RipIV. To do this, we applied a combined approach of experimental (classical pharmacology and neurochemistry) and computer-aided techniques. Our results demonstrated that RipIV presented antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects without modifying locomotion and motor coordination of mice. Also, RipIV increased brain monoamines and their metabolite levels. At the higher dose (100â¯mg/kg), RipIV increased serotonin concentrations in all studied brain areas, while at the lower one (50â¯mg/kg), it increased mainly dopamine and noradrenaline levels. When tested with selective receptor antagonists, RipIV antidepressant effect showed dependence of the activation of multiple targets, including D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, 5-HT2A/2, 5-HT3 receptors and α2 adrenergic receptors. Molecular docking demonstrated favorable binding conformation and affinity of RipIV to monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), serotonin transporter (SERT), α1 receptor, D2 receptor, dopamine transporter (DAT) and at some extent GABA-A receptor. RipIV also presented a computationally predicted favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study demonstrated the involvement of monoaminergic targets in the mechanism of RipIV antidepressant-like action, and provide evidence of it as a promising new antidepressant.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Monoaminoxidase/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiramina/análogos & derivados , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Bupropiona/farmacologia , Dopamina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Imipramina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 5-HT2A de Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/metabolismo , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D1 , Receptores de Dopamina D2 , Receptores de GABA-A/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT2 de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores 5-HT2 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , Tiramina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Objective: The aim of this study is to contrast the genetics of neuropsychological tasks in individuals from nuclear families clustering ADHD in a Caribbean community. Method: We recruited and clinically characterized 408 individuals using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. The genetic variance underpinning these tasks was estimated by heritability. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. Results: We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in tasks of mental control, visuospatial ability, visuoverbal memory, phonological and verbal fluency, verbal and semantic fluency, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive ability. Among them, tasks of mental control, visuoverbal memory, phonological fluency, semantic verbal fluency, and intelligence had a significant heritability. A predictive model of ADHD diagnosis using these endophenotypes yields remarkable classification rate, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values (above 80%). Conclusion: We have dissected new cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD that can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Endofenótipos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Região do Caribe , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , SemânticaRESUMO
En la Universidad Mayor Real Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, los estudiantes universitarios son vulnerables a una mala nutrición, no desayunan, ayunan por largas horas, prefieren la comida rápida. Los hábitos poco saludables, provocan una serie de consecuencias que perjudican el estado de salud e influyen en su calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de hábitos alimenticios de los estudiantes. En este estudio se encuestaron por medio de un test por vía web a la población de la Universidad San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca tomando una muestra de 344 estudiantes de las distintas facultades. Se utilizó el método hipotético deductivo cualitativo, tomando en cuenta la variable hábitos alimenticios, la herramienta que se utilizó para el vaciado de datos fue Excel. Entre los resultados, se determinó que un 38.37% de estudiantes tienen malos hábitos alimenticios, un 25,58% tienen buenos hábitos alimenticios y un 36,05% tienen hábitos alimenticios regulares. Un porcentaje de estudiantes consideran que el sabor es el factor más importante a la hora de escoger alimentos con un 40,7%. El principal motivo por el cual evitan un alimento, es porque no les gusta y tan solo 12,50% no evitan ningún alimento. En conclusión, los inadecuados hábitos alimentarios hallados en este estudio están relacionados a los factores de que no desayunan y consumen alimentos que están a su alcance económico. Esta etapa es crítica en la adquisición de buenos hábitos alimenticios en la vida universitaria.
At the Universidad Mayor Real Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, university students are vulnerable to poor nutrition, they do not eat breakfast, they fast for long hours, they prefer fast food. Unhealthy habits cause a series of consequences that damage the state of health and influence their quality of life. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of eating habits of the students. In this study, the population of the San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca University were surveyed by means of a web test, taking a sample of 344 students from the different faculties. The hypothetical qualitative deductive method was used, taking into account the variable eating habits, the tool used to empty the data was Excel. Among the results, it was determined that 38.37% of students have bad eating habits, 25.58% have good eating habits and 36.05% have regular eating habits. A percentage of students consider that taste is the most important factor when choosing food with 40.7%. The main reason why they avoid a food is because they do not like it and only 12.50% do not avoid any food. In conclusion, the inadequate eating habits found in this study are related to the factors that they do not eat breakfast and consume foods that are within their economic reach. This stage is critical in the acquisition of good eating habits in university life-
Assuntos
Humanos , Nível de Saúde , Comportamento Alimentar , Hábitos , População , Universidades , MétodosRESUMO
Fecal pollution source tracking (FST) studies the origin of fecal contamination and promotes action to eliminate it to improve human health and environmental sustainability. This work presents the temporal and spatial relations of human mitochondrial DNA (HmtDNA), fecal coliforms (FC) and live microbial biomass (ATP) in seawater during a hepatitis A outbreak among a human coastal population. The study area is approximately 100â¯km along the coastline of the Biobío Region in the southeastern Pacific (Humboldt Current System, Chile). Total data from the swash zone from summer 2015 to autumn 2016 show there were significant positive log-log correlations between FC and HmtDNA (Râ¯=â¯0.32) and ATP (Râ¯=â¯0.31). These correlations were highest during the austral spring of 2015 (Râ¯=â¯0.53 and 0.58 respectively), when HmtDNA also correlated significantly with ATP (Râ¯=â¯0.86). Maximum average values of the parameters measured in this season showed a temporal-spatial concordance with the peak in the number of hepatitis A cases among the nearby coastal population. FC correlated significantly with HmtDNA (Râ¯=â¯0.98) in the water column of the coastal zone close to Concepción Bay during the austral summer of 2016 and in the swash zone of the bay (Râ¯=â¯0.68) throughout the study period. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has also been detected in organisms and seawater in Concepción Bay, which is consistent with the high incidence of hepatitis A among the coastal population. The concordance between human fecal pollution in the study area and a seasonal hepatitis A outbreak strongly suggests that HmtDNA and its relation with FC and ATP in the coastal zone of marine environments can be used as a proxy to evaluate the risk of outbreaks of thalassogenic diseases.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Poluição da Água/análise , Doenças Transmitidas pela Água/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , DNA Mitocondrial/análise , Surtos de Doenças , Fezes , Humanos , Água do Mar/química , Microbiologia da Água , Poluição da Água/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Las bebidas energizantes son productos que se consumen para reducir la sensación de cansancio y favorecer un estado activo, contienen principalmente cafeína, glucosa, glucoronolactona, taurina, guaraná vitaminas B1 (tiamina), vitamina B2 (riboflavina), vitamina B3 (niacina), vitamina B6 (piridoxina). El Objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia del consumo de las bebidas energizantes en los estudiantes de la Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca y describir los posibles efectos adversos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo realizado en 367 estudiantes universitarios de las áreas de Salud, Económicas - Financieras, Sociales Humanidades, Tecnológicas y Agrarias. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la encuesta. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que, del total de estudiantes encuestados, 69,21% si han consumido las bebidas energizantes, con una frecuencia de consumo de 2 a 3 veces por mes (39%), principalmente durante los parciales (18.80%) y después de realizar algún deporte (16.89%). Entre las marcas más consumidas de estas bebidas son red bull (30,25%) y power (14,99%).
Energy drinks are products that are consumed to reduce the feeling of tiredness and promote an active state, mainly contain caffeine, glucose, glucoronolactone, taurine, guarana B1 vitamins (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of the consumption of energy drinks in the students of the Universidad Mayor Real and Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca and describe the possible adverse effects. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted on 367 university students in the areas of health, economic - financial, social - humanities, technological and agricultural. The survey was applied to data collection. Among the results it was obtained that, of the total number of students surveyed, 69.21% if they have consumed the energy drinks, with a frequency of consumption of 2 to 3 times per month (39%), mainly during the partial ones (18.80%) and after performing some sport (16.89%). Among the most consumed brands of these drinks are red bull (30.25%) and power (14.99%).
Assuntos
Humanos , Riboflavina , Vitaminas , Cafeína , Vitamina B 6 , Bebidas Energéticas , Estudantes , Universidades , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
A fin de establecer la frecuencia de aislamiento de las diferentes especies de enterococos, su distribución de acuerdo al tipo de muestra y servicio de atención al paciente y determinar la resistencia antimicrobiana, se analizaron 1.624 cepas provenientes de cultivos bacteriológicos de pacientes atendidos en el Centro de Referencia Bacteriológica del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, durante el período Enero 2010 - Diciembre 2015. Las especies más frecuentes fueron E. faecalis (52,46%) y E. faecium (41,38%). El mayor número de cepas se obtuvo a partir de muestras de piel y tejidos blandos (54,92%), orina (23,15%) y sangre (17,27%). Los servicios con mayor frecuencia de aislamiento fueron: hospitalización de adultos (47,71%) y hospitalización pediátrica (16,38%). No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la especie de enterococos y el tipo de muestra o el servicio de atención al paciente (p>0,05). Se detectó más resistencia en E. faecium que en E. faecalis. Los enterococos están adquiriendo cada vez mayor resistencia antimicrobiana y, por lo tanto, se hace necesario mantener una vigilancia permanente sobre ellos, realizar su adecuada identificación y detectar oportunamente la resistencia, con el fin de aplicar medidas preventivas adecuadas antes de que estos microorganismos causen un mayor impacto intrahospitalario.
In order to establish the frequency of isolation of the different species of enterococci, their distribution according to the type of sample and patient care service and determine the antimicrobial resistance, 1,624 strains obtained from bacteriological cultures of patients attended in the Bacteriological Reference Center at the Autonomous Service University Hospital of Maracaibo, during the period January 2010 - December 2015, were analyzed. The most frequent species were E. faecalis (52.46%) and E. faecium (41.38%). The greatest number of strains was obtained from skin and soft tissues samples (54.92%), urine (23.15%) and blood (17.27%). Services with increased frequency of isolation were: hospitalization of adults (47.71%) and pediatric hospitalization (16.38%). It did not find statistically significant association between the specie of enterococci and sample type, or patient care service (p > 0.05). It was detected more resistance in E. faecium than in E. faecalis. The enterococci are acquiring ever greater antimicrobial resistance, and therefore, it is necessary to maintain permanent vigilance over them, perform their proper identification and timely detect resistance, in order to apply preventive measures before these microorganisms cause a greater intrahospital impact.
RESUMO
RESUMEN La Endotelina-1 (ET1) y Proteína C Reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus) como marcadores de disfunción endotelial (DE) e inflamación vascular en hipotiroidismo subclínico (HS) han mostrado resultados controvertidos. El rol del estrés oxidativo y defensa antioxidante (TRAP) es motivo de discusión. Objetivos Establecer si el HS y la autoinmunidad tiroidea (AIT), excluyendo otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, pueden causar DE e inflamación vascular, evaluadas a través de ET1 y PCRus, respectivamente. Establecer si TRAP juega algún rol. Evaluar cambios en ET1 y PCRus luego del tratamiento con levotiroxina (LT4). Material y métodos Se evaluaron prospectivamente 70 pacientes divididos en 3 grupos: HS: 41 pacientes (T4 normal,TSH >4,2 y <10 mUI/L), AIT: 10 pacientes eutiroideos (TSH <4,2 mUI/L) con aTPO y/o aTg (+) y Control: 19 pacientes eutiroideos sin AIT. Se excluyeron otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se midió basalmente ET1, PCRus y TRAP plasmáticos, y en HS bajo LT4 (n = 24): ET1 y PCRus. Resultados No hubo diferencias significativas en edad, IMC, perfil lipídico y TRAP. ET1 y PCRus fueron significativamente mayores en pacientes con HS (media ± DS 1,77 ± 0,85 pg/ml y 1,5 ± 0,6 mg/l vs. controles (0,8 ± 0,3 pg/ml y 0,5 ± 0,2 mg/l) p <0,0001 y <0,008 respectivamente. Del mismo modo en AIT (1,4 ± 0.4 pg/ml y 2,3 ± 1,3 mg/l) vs controles p <0,0001 y <0,034, respectivamente. La TSH fue mayor en el grupo AIT vs. Control 2,57 ± 0,88 vs. 1,64 ± 0,5 mUI/L; p = 0,002. En HS bajo LT4 (8,7 ± 3,8 meses) se observó descenso de ET1 (p <0,001). ET1 correlacionó con TSH (r = 0,5 p <0,0001). El punto de corte de ET1 mediante curva ROC fue 1,32 pg/ml (Sensibilidad 81,6%-Especificidad 75%). Conclusiones ET1 y PCRus resultaron marcadores útiles para evaluar DE e inflamación vascular asociadas a HS. La defensa antioxidante no ejercería un rol en estos mecanismos. El tratamiento con LT4 produjo una significativa caída de ET1, pudiendo necesitarse un período más largo de eutiroidismo para normalizarla. En AIT, niveles de TSH >2,5 mUI/L podrían sugerir un mínimo grado de hipotiroidismo justificando la elevación en ET1 y PCR, sin descartar el rol de la AIT "per se".
ABSTRACT The measurement of endothelin-1 (ET1) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) as markers of endothelial dysfunction (ED) and vascular inflammation in subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) has shown controversial results. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense (TRAP) is a matter of discussion. Objectives To establish if SH and thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), excluding other cardiovascular risk factors, may cause ED and vascular inflammation, evaluated through the measurement of ET1 and hsCRP respectively. To determine if TRAP could have some role. Additionally, changes in these parameters after treatment with levothyroxine (LT4) will be evaluated. Material and methods: 70 patients were prospectively evaluated. They were classified into: SH Group: 41 patients (normal T4, TSH> 4.2 and <10 mIU/L), TAI Group: 10 euthyroid patients (TSH <4.2 mUI/L) with positive aTPO and/or aTg and Control Group: 19 euthyroid patients without TAI. Other cardiovascular risk factors were excluded in patients and controls. Plasma ET1, hsCRP and TRAP were measured basally, and ET1 and hsCRP under LT4 therapy in the HS Group. Results There were no significant differences between the 3 groups in age, BMI, lipids and TRAP. ET1 and hsCRP were significantly higher in patients with SH (mean ± SD 1.77 ± 0.85 pg/ml and 1.5 ± 0.6 mg/l) vs. controls (0.8 ± 0.3 pg/ml y 0.5 ± 0.2 mg/l) p <0.0001 y <0.008 respectively. Similarly, in TAI patients (1.4 ± 0.4 pg/ml y 2.3 ± 1.3 mg/l) vs controls, p <0.0001 and <0.034, respectively. TSH was higher in the TAI patients versus control group (2.5 ± 0.88 versus 1.64 ± 0.5 mIU/L, p = 0.002). Twenty-four patients with SH showed a significant decrease in ET1 (p <0.001) under treatment with LT4 (8.7 ± 3.8 months). ET1 had a highly significant correlation (p <0.0001) with TSH (r = 0.5). The cut-off level of ET1 established by ROC curve was 1.32 pg/ml (Sensitivity 81.6%-Specificity 75%). Conclusions ET1 and hsCRP were useful markers to evaluate ED and vascular inflammation associated with SH. There were no differences in TRAP levels between patients and controls, so it does not appear that oxidative stress would have played any role. Treatment with LT4 produced a significant drop in ET1. Probably, a longer period of euthyroidism might be necessary to normalize ET1 levels. In TAI Group, TSH levels >2.5 mUI/L could suggest a "minimal degree" of hypothyroidism justifying the elevation in ET1 and hs CRP. The role of the TAI "per se" couldn't be completely ruled out.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Proteína C-Reativa/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotelina-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Tiroxina/uso terapêutico , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Autoimunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Endotelina-1/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismoRESUMO
The membrane progesterone receptors (mPRα, mPRß, mPRγ, mPRδ and mPRε) are known to mediate rapid nongenomic progesterone functions in different cell types. However, the functions of these receptors in the pituitary have not been reported to date. In the present study, we show that the expression of mPRα was the highest among the mPRs in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Immunostaining of mPRα was detected in somatotrophs, gonadotrophs and lactotrophs. Interestingly, 63% of mPRα-positive cells within the pituitary were lactotrophs, suggesting that mPRα is involved in controlling prolactin (PRL) secretion in the pituitary. To test this hypothesis, rat pituitaries were incubated (1 hour) with either progesterone (P4) or the mPRα-specific agonist Org OD 02-0. PRL secretion was then measured by radioimmunoassay. The results of this experiment revealed that both P4 and Org OD 02-0 decreased PRL secretion. Moreover, the results from the GH3 cell line (CCL-82.1) showed that P4 and Org OD 02-0 inhibited PRL release, although the nuclear PR agonist R5020 was ineffective. Our investigation of the cellular mechanisms behind mPRα activity indicated that both P4 and Org OD 02-0 decreased cAMP accumulation, whereas R5020 was ineffective. In addition, the Org OD 02-0-effect on PRL release was blocked by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Go/Gi proteins. Because transforming growth factor (TGF)ß1 is a potent inhibitor of PRL secretion in lactotrophs, we lastly evaluated whether TGFß1 was activated by progesterone and whether this effect was mediated by mPRα. Our results showed that P4 and Org OD 02-0, but not R5020, increased active TGFß1 levels. This effect was not observed when cells were transfected with mPRα-small interfering RNA. Taken together, these data provide new evidence suggesting that mPRα mediates the progesterone inhibitory effect on PRL secretion through both decreases in cAMP levels and activation of TGFß1 in the lactotroph population.
Assuntos
Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Progesterona/farmacologia , Prolactina/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Adeno-Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Progesterona/agonistasRESUMO
Mast cells (MCs) are important effectors in allergic reactions since they produce a number of pre-formed and de novo synthesized pro-inflammatory compounds in response to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) crosslinking. IgE/Antigen-dependent degranulation and cytokine synthesis in MCs have been recognized as relevant pharmacological targets for the control of deleterious inflammatory reactions. Despite the relevance of allergic diseases worldwide, efficient pharmacological control of mast cell degranulation has been elusive. In this work, the xanthone jacareubin was isolated from the heartwood of the tropical tree Callophyllum brasilense, and its tridimensional structure was determined for the first time by X-ray diffraction. Also, its effects on the main activation parameters of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were evaluated. Jacareubin inhibited IgE/Ag-induced degranulation in a dose-response manner with an IC50â¯=â¯46â¯nM. It also blocked extracellular calcium influx triggered by IgE/Ag complexes and by the SERCA ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (Thap). Inhibition of calcium entry correlated with a blockage on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Antioxidant capacity of jacareubin was higher than the showed by α-tocopherol and caffeic acid, but similar to trolox. Jacareubin shown inhibitory actions on xanthine oxidase, but not on NADPH oxidase (NOX) activities. In vivo, jacareubin inhibited passive anaphylactic reactions and TPA-induced edema in mice. Our data demonstrate that jacareubin is a potent natural compound able to inhibit anaphylactic degranualtion in mast cells by blunting FcεRI-induced calcium flux needed for secretion of granule content, and suggest that xanthones could be efficient anti-oxidant, antiallergic, and antiinflammatory molecules.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptores de IgE/antagonistas & inibidores , Xantonas/farmacologia , Animais , Degranulação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Degranulação Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Líquido Extracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Líquido Extracelular/metabolismo , Masculino , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Difração de Raios X , Xantonas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: La artritis reumatoide es la artritis inflamatoria más común a nivel mundial. El dolor crónico lleva a pacientes a usar terapias complementarias, entre las cuales se ha planteado la acupuntura MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resúmen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos siete revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 20 estudios primarios, todos correspondientes a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que el uso de acupuntura probablemente tiene un impacto mínimo o nulo en la artritis reumatoide.
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory arthritis worldwide. Chronic pain leads patients to use complementary therapies, including acupuncture. METHODS: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified 7 systematic reviews including 20 studies overall, all of them randomized trials. We concluded the use of acupuncture probably has little or no impact in rheumatoid arthritis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Artrite Reumatoide/terapia , Terapia por Acupuntura/métodos , Dor Crônica/terapia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Bases de Dados Factuais , Resultado do Tratamento , Dor Crônica/etiologiaRESUMO
AIM: The goal of this study was to increase knowledge about the antimicrobial activity of some synthetic Riparin-derived compounds, alone or in combination with fluoroquinolone antibiotics, against a strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to fluoroquinolone by way of overexpression of the NorA efflux pump. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microdilution tests showed that Riparins A and B did not show any significant antibacterial activity against Staph. aureus strains. On the other hand, the intrinsic antibacterial activity increased with increasing lipophilicity of the compounds, in the following order: Riparin-D (MIC 256 µg ml-1 ; Log P 2·95) < Riparin-C (MIC 102 µg ml-1 ; Log P 3·22) < Riparin-E (MIC 16 µg ml-1 ; Log P 3·57). The addition of all riparins to growth media at subinhibitory concentrations caused an increase in the antibacterial activity of antibiotics against the NorA-overexpressing test strain. Riparin-B, which has two methoxyl groups at the phenethyl moiety, showed the best modulatory effect. CONCLUSIONS: Riparin-E is a good anti-staphylococci agent, while Riparin-B functions as a NorA efflux pump inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our data suggest the possibility of using Riparin-B in combination with norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin for therapy of infections caused by multi-drug resistant Staph. aureus.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Proteínas Associadas à Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/antagonistas & inibidores , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/química , Benzamidas/química , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia is associated with abnormalities in the umbilical cord in several ways: morphological, biochemical and functional. Alteration in blood vessels of the placenta, decidua and circulatory system of the fetus might be related to factors that cause preeclampsia and may be associated with alterations of the umbilical cord. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between each type of umbilical cord abnormality and the different subtypes of hypertensive gestational disorders. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study on consecutive autopsies and its placentas, looking for abnormalities in the umbilical cord's features and their clinical associations. RESULTS: Umbilical cord abnormalities including length, diameter, insertion, entanglements, knots and coils were associated with maternal gestational hypertension. CONCLUSION: In women with gestational hypertension, umbilical cord abnormalities are associated with fetal and neonatal consequences.