RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Our group recently found higher levels of serum long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in patients with chronic periodontitis compared to controls. However, the effect of periodontal treatment on LC-PUFA serum levels has not been investigated. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of periodontal treatment on LC-PUFA serum levels. A secondary aim was to assess the effect of dietary ω-3 supplementation on clinical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The test group was composed of 10 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (mean age 44 ± 6.4 years) treated with scaling and root planing associated with 4 mo of ω-3 supplementation eicosapetaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 3 g/d. The placebo group was composed of 11 patients (47.9 ± 10.5 years) that received scaling and root planing plus placebo. The periodontal examination included probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and visible plaque index. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), EPA, DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) were detected using gas chromatograph. RESULTS: In the placebo group, all LC-PUFAs levels reduced significantly (DHA, DPA and AA, p = 0.004; EPA, p = 0.008). In the test group, only DPA and AA showed a significant reduction (p = 0.005). Moreover, a significant decrease in the ratios AA/EPA and AA/DHA (p = 0.005) was observed in the test group. CONCLUSION: Non-surgical periodontal treatment reduced significantly the serum levels of all analyzed LC-PUFAs except those presented in the supplementation. The ω-3 dietary supplementation had no effect on clinical outcome of treatment.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/sangue , Adulto , Ácido Araquidônico/sangue , Cromatografia Gasosa , Periodontite Crônica/sangue , Índice de Placa Dentária , Raspagem Dentária/métodos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/sangue , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/terapia , Índice Periodontal , Bolsa Periodontal/sangue , Bolsa Periodontal/terapia , Projetos Piloto , Placebos , Aplainamento Radicular/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Our goal was to examine differences in clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic responses to non-surgical mechanical therapy in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). METHODS: Twenty patients with GCP and 14 patients with GAgP were evaluated. Clinical data, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and subgingival plaque samples were collected at baseline and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Levels of 40 subgingival species were measured using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. GCF interleukin (IL)-1ß, -4, and -8 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were analyzed using a multiplexed bead immunoassay, and elastase activity was measured using an enzymatic assay. The significance of changes with time was examined using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Changes in clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic parameters after therapy were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: After periodontal therapy, we found significant improvements for all clinical parameters in both groups. We also observed significant reductions in elastase activity in shallow and deep sites from the GAgP group and in deep sites from the GCP group. Microbiologic data showed significant reductions in proportions of orange and red complexes and an increase in proportions of Actinomyces species in both clinical groups. When the clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic responses after therapy were compared between groups, only minor differences were found. CONCLUSION: This study fails to show any significant differences between severe forms of GCP and GAgP in response to non-surgical periodontal treatment.
Assuntos
Periodontite Agressiva/terapia , Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Raspagem Dentária/métodos , Aplainamento Radicular/métodos , Actinomyces/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Periodontite Agressiva/imunologia , Periodontite Agressiva/microbiologia , Bacteroides/isolamento & purificação , Periodontite Crônica/imunologia , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Placa Dentária/imunologia , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Eubacterium/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Fusobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Fusobacterium nucleatum/isolamento & purificação , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/imunologia , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/microbiologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/análise , Interleucina-1beta/análise , Interleucina-4/análise , Interleucina-8/análise , Elastase de Leucócito/análise , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peptostreptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/imunologia , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/microbiologia , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/terapia , Bolsa Periodontal/imunologia , Bolsa Periodontal/microbiologia , Bolsa Periodontal/terapia , Porphyromonas gingivalis/isolamento & purificação , Fumar , Resultado do Tratamento , Treponema denticola/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have reported an increased prevalence/severity of chronic periodontitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, the pathogenesis of periodontal lesions in such patients has not been characterized. The aim of this pilot study was to characterize the pattern of expression of cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid and serum from patients with untreated chronic periodontitis and Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and systemically healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with Crohn's disease, 15 patients with ulcerative colitis and 15 controls participated in the study. All subjects had been diagnosed with untreated chronic periodontitis. The clinical parameters evaluated were clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing and percentage of plaque. The gingival crevicular fluid was sampled from four shallow and four deep periodontal sites of each patient. The concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured using a commercially available Lincoplex kit and the concentration of IL-18 was measured using an ELISA. RESULTS: Multiple comparisons analysis showed that clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, percentage of plaque and volume of gingival crevicular fluid were similar across the groups. The concentration of IL-4 in the gingival crevicular fluid differed significantly between groups in shallow sites (p = 0.046), with higher values found for the controls. In serum, the concentration of IL-18 was also significantly different between groups, with lower values found for controls (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: This study showed a higher concentration of IL-18 in serum, but not in the gingival crevicular fluid, from periodontitis patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis compared with controls. The expression of cytokines was similar in the gingival crevicular fluid from patients with untreated chronic periodontitis who also had Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and in systemically healthy controls with untreated chronic periodontitis.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/complicações , Periodontite Crônica/metabolismo , Citocinas/biossíntese , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/complicações , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/metabolismo , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Citocinas/análise , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/química , Humanos , Interleucinas/biossíntese , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bolsa Periodontal/metabolismo , Projetos Piloto , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The temporal origin and diversification of orchids (family Orchidaceae) has been subject to intense debate in the last decade. The description of the first reliable fossil in 2007 enabled a direct calibration of the orchid phylogeny, but little attention has been paid to the potential influence of dating methodology in obtaining reliable age estimates. Moreover, two new orchid fossils described in 2009 have not yet been incorporated in a molecular dating analysis. Here we compare the ages of major orchid clades estimated under two widely used methods, a Bayesian relaxed clock implemented in BEAST and Penalized Likelihood implemented in r8s. We then perform a new family-level analysis by integrating all 3 available fossils and using BEAST. To evaluate how the newly estimated ages may influence the evolutionary interpretation of a species-level phylogeny, we assess divergence times for the South American genus Hoffmannseggella (subfam. Epidendroideae), for which we present an almost complete phylogeny (40 out of 41 species sampled). RESULTS: Our results provide additional support that all extant orchids shared a most recent common ancestor in the Late Cretaceous (approximately 77 million years ago, Ma). However, we estimate the crown age of the five orchid subfamilies to be generally (approximately1-8 Ma) younger than previously calculated under the Penalized Likelihood algorithm and using a single internal fossil calibration. The crown age of Hoffmannseggella is estimated here at approximately 11 Ma, some 3 Ma more recently than estimated under Penalized Likelihood. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to recent suggestions that orchid diversification began in a period of global warming, our results place the onset of diversification of the largest orchid subfamilies (Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae) in a period of global cooling subsequent to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. The diversification of Hoffmannseggella appears even more correlated to late Tertiary climatic fluctuations than previously suggested. With the incorporation of new fossils in the orchid phylogeny and the use of a method that is arguably more adequate given the present data, our results represent the most up-to-date estimate of divergence times in orchids.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Orchidaceae/classificação , Filogenia , Teorema de Bayes , DNA de Plantas/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Fósseis , Funções Verossimilhança , Orchidaceae/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do SulRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to measure the levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in inflamed shallow sites and inflamed deep sites in patients with periodontitis and to compare the data with results from inflamed shallow sites in patients with gingivitis. A secondary aim was to examine the composition of the subgingival microbiota in the sampled sites. METHODS: Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from five gingivitis sites and five periodontitis sites from 18 patients with chronic periodontitis, and from five gingivitis sites from 15 patients with gingivitis. Samples from each site category were pooled and IL-18 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The subgingival microbiota was analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS: All clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid volumes were higher in periodontitis sites compared with gingivitis sites from patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. The total amount of IL-18 was higher in periodontitis sites than gingivitis sites in both periodontitis (P = 0.018) and gingivitis (P = 0.002) patients and was higher in gingivitis sites from periodontitis patients than in those from gingivitis patients (P = 0.015). There were higher levels of Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola (red complex species) in periodontitis sites compared with gingivitis sites in both the periodontitis and gingivitis patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Levels of IL-18 were higher in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with patients with gingivitis, even at sites with similar pocket depths. The presence of similar levels of red complex species in gingivitis sites from periodontitis patients and from gingivitis patients suggested that the higher levels of IL-18 were not associated with a different microbial challenge.