RESUMO
PURPOSE: evaluate whether manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) or active exercise (AE) is associated with shoulder range of motion (ROM), wound complication and changes in the lymphatic parameters after breast cancer (BC) surgery and whether these parameters have an association with lymphedema formation in the long run. METHODS: Clinical trial with 106 women undergoing radical BC surgery, in the Women's Integrated Healthcare Center-University of Campinas. Women were matched for staging, age and body mass index and were allocated to performed AE or MLD, 2 weekly sessions during one month after surgery. The wound was evaluated 2 months after surgery. ROM, upper limb circumference measurement and upper limb lymphoscintigraphy were performed before surgery, and 2 and 30 months after surgery. RESULTS: The incidence of seroma, dehiscence and infection did not differ between groups. Both groups showed ROM deficit of flexion and abduction in the second month postoperative and partial recovery after 30 months. Cumulative incidence of lymphedema was 23.8% and did not differ between groups (p = 0.29). Concerning the lymphoscintigraphy parameters, there was a significant convergent trend between baseline degree uptake (p = 0.003) and velocity visualization of axillary lymph nodes (p = 0.001) with lymphedema formation. A reduced marker uptake before or after surgery predicted lymphedema formation in the long run (>2 years). None of the lymphoscintigraphy parameters were shown to be associated with the study group. Age ≤39 years was the factor with the greatest association with lymphedema (p = 0.009). In women with age ≤39 years, BMI >24Kg/m2 was significantly associated with lymphedema (p = 0.017). In women over 39 years old, women treated with MLD were at a significantly higher risk of developing lymphedema (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Lymphatic abnormalities precede lymphedema formation in BC patients. In younger women, obesity seems to be the major player in lymphedema development and, in older women, improving muscle strength through AE can prevent lymphedema. In essence, MLD is as safe and effective as AE in rehabilitation after breast cancer surgery.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Linfedema/etiologia , Drenagem Linfática Manual , Mastectomia/efeitos adversos , Mastectomia/reabilitação , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Neoplasias da Mama/reabilitação , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Linfedema/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfedema/prevenção & controle , Linfocintigrafia , Drenagem Linfática Manual/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Ombro , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate by lymphoscintigraphy the lymphatic function in the preoperative period up to 2 months after surgery for breast cancer, and the relationship between the lymphatic function with clinical features and physical complications. METHODS: One hundred and five women were studied before and 2 months after surgery to treat breast cancer. On each occasion, inspection and palpation of surgical wound, upper limb circumference, and lymphoscintigraphy were performed. Lymphatic function analysis consisted of velocity of axillary lymph node (LN) visualization; intensity of LN uptake; collateral circulation; dermal backflow; and hepatic uptake. RESULTS: In the postoperative period, there was a significant worsening of the degree of LN uptake (p = 0.0003) and in the velocity of LN visualization (p = 0.01). No significant differences in dermal backflow (p = 0.4) and collateral circulation (p = 0,07) were observed. There was a significant increase in liver absorption (p = 0.0002). 37.1% of the patients developed seroma, 11.2% dehiscence, and 25.8% infection. No relationship was found between lymphoscintigraphy changes and postoperative complications or clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION: Lymphoscintigraphy, performed 60 days post surgery for breast cancer, can detect a worsening in lymphatic drainage and some sign of lymphatic changes. These changes are not related to clinical characteristics and physical complications.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Sistema Linfático/fisiopatologia , Vasos Linfáticos/fisiopatologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Circulação Colateral , Feminino , Humanos , Linfonodos/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfonodos/patologia , Metástase Linfática , Sistema Linfático/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasos Linfáticos/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfocintigrafia/métodos , Mastectomia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Período Pós-Operatório , Período Pré-Operatório , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Tempo , Extremidade Superior/irrigação sanguínea , Extremidade Superior/diagnóstico por imagem , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Lymphedema secondary to breast cancer causes physical and psychological morbidity and compromises quality of life. The objective of this literature review was to study lymphatic compensation after surgery for breast cancer and the factors that influence this process, with a view to understanding the etiopathogenesis of lymphedema. Articles indexed on Pubmed published from 1985 to 2012 were reviewed. According to the literature, lymphangiogenesis reduces damage to lymph vessels; there is little evidence that Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is elevated in women with lymphedema; lymphovenous communications can be observed 60 days after surgery; women without lymphedema have acquired alternative mechanisms for removal of proteins from the interstitial space; and active exercise stimulates lymphatic and venous pumping. Health professionals should teach these patients about the risk factors for lymphedema. The effects of lymphangiogenesis, proteolysis and lymphovenous communications on development of lymphedema should be studied, since these events are intimately related.
Linfedema secundário ao câncer de mama resulta em morbidade física e psicológica, e compromete a qualidade de vida. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi estudar as compensações linfáticas após cirurgia para câncer de mama e os fatores que interferem neste processo, visando a compreender a etiopatogenia do linfedema. Foram incluídos artigos publicados de 1985 a 2012, da base de dados Pubmed. Segundo a literatura, a linfangiogênese reduz danos nos vasos linfáticos; há pouca evidência de que o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial linfático é aumentado nas mulheres com linfedema; anastomoses linfovenosas são observadas 60 dias após a cirurgia; mulheres sem linfedema adquiriram mecanismos alternativos para remoção das proteínas do interstício, e exercício ativo estimula bombeamento linfático e venoso. Orientações dos fatores de risco para linfedema devem ser empregadas por profissionais da saúde. O efeito de linfangiogênese, proteólise e anastomoses linfovenosas sobre o desenvolvimento do linfedema deve ser estudado, pois são eventos intimamente relacionados.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Sistema Linfático , Linfedema/etiologia , Linfedema/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Mulheres , Artéria Axilar , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/métodos , Pessoal de Saúde , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of active exercise and manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on postoperative wound healing complications, shoulder range of motion (ROM) and upper limb (UL) perimetry in women undergoing radical mastectomy for breast cancer. METHODS: Controlled non-randomized clinical trial with 89 women undergoing breast cancer surgery with axillary lymph node dissection (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: 906). Women were matched for staging, age and body mass index, with 46 women allocated to the exercise group and 43 in the MLD group, receiving 2 weekly sessions during one month. Assessments were performed in the preoperative and 60 d after surgery, including inspection, palpation, goniometry and perimetry. RESULTS: No significant difference existed between groups relative to individual and clinical surgical characteristics. The incidence of seroma, number of punctures performed, dehiscence and infection was similar in both groups. A comparison of shoulder ROM and UL perimetry between groups, obtained in the preoperative and postoperative period, did not show any significant difference. CONCLUSION: The performance of active exercise or MLD did not demonstrate difference in wound healing complications, shoulder ROM and UL perimetry at 60 d after surgery, suggesting that these techniques may be employed, according to the complaints or symptoms of each woman and physical therapist experience.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Linfedema/reabilitação , Mastectomia/efeitos adversos , Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas/métodos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/reabilitação , Adulto , Idoso , Axila , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Drenagem/métodos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Excisão de Linfonodo/efeitos adversos , Excisão de Linfonodo/métodos , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfedema/etiologia , Mastectomia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios/métodos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Medição de Risco , Articulação do Ombro/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Extremidade Superior , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Individual differences in cytochrome P-450 efficiency partly explain their variations in resistance to tamoxifen and estrogen metabolism. Two polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 gene-A4889G and T6235C-are known to affect activation of estrone and estradiol and to deregulate concentration of highly active tamoxifen metabolites. However, the clinicopathologic implications of these findings have not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate whether T6235C and A4889G gene polymorphisms are related to pathological presentations and clinical outcomes of ER+/PR+ breast cancer (BC) in women using tamoxifen. METHODS: We included 405 women with ER+/PR+ tumors, who used tamoxifen as their primary therapy, and for whom 5-year follow-up data were available. We evaluated associations within clinicopathologic features, including overall 5-year survival, with CYP1A1 gene status. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that a slightly higher proportion of women with AG/GG genotypes were of European descent (P = 0.05) and that TC/CC genotype was significantly associated with premenopausal status (P = 0.01); however, no significant association remained after multivariate adjustment. Women with CYP1A1 genotypes other than AA and TT were more prone to develop low-grade tumors; 85.9 % of tumors in AA and TT genotype groups were grade III, but only 76.1 % of tumors in carriers of the polymorphisms were grade III (adjusted P = 0.02; OR 0.51 for grade III disease; 95 % CI 0.28-0.93). After 60 months of follow-up, ~75 % of the women were alive. There was no significant difference in survival related to the CYP1A1 gene status. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer patients carrying CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms developed less aggressive tumors, but showed no evidence of better prognoses.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Tamoxifeno/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Feminino , Seguimentos , Genótipo , Humanos , Análise Multivariada , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Pré-Menopausa , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein and also an adipokine, which has been associated with the development and prognosis of breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the association between obesity and SAA in postmenopausal women with breast cancer and its relationship with clinicopathologic characteristics of tumors. Patients were grouped as nonobese or overweight/obese based on body mass index (BMI) plus waist circumference measurement. Serum SAA concentrations were determined by high-sensitivity micro-latex agglutination tests, detected by nephelometry. Serum SAA concentrations were higher in overweight/obese (P = 0.008) patients and this condition was dependent on obesity (BMI and waist circumference), as further shown by multivariate linear regression analysis done for SAA (P = 0.01). Concentrations of SAA were also higher in patients with estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) tumors than in those with estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+); P = 0.033). Our results suggest a possible role for SAA in the development and prognosis of obesity-related breast cancer. A follow-up study of this population to assess overall and disease-free survival is in course and should bring contribution to evaluate the clinical role of SAA in breast cancer in the context of obesity.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Obesidade/sangue , Pós-Menopausa , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/patologia , Prognóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) associated with upper limb (UL) exercises in women with impaired shoulder range of motion (ROM) after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for breast cancer. A randomized, prospective, blinded clinical trial with 131 women with a ROM <- 100° for shoulder flexion and/or abduction on the first day postoperatively were evaluated. Sixty-six women were allocated to group exercises and 65 underwent the exercises followed by MT. Shoulder ROM was measured by goniometry, and function was evaluated by the Modified-University of California at Los Angeles Shoulder Rating Scale--the UCLA Scale, in the 1st, 6th, 12th, and 18th month after surgery. The chi-square test was used for the relationship between clinical characteristics and oncological treatment between groups, and ANOVA for repeat measures was used. No difference in recovery of shoulder ROM as well as UL function was observed between groups. Improvement in ROM was gradual from the 1st to the 18th month, and the function achieving a good classification at 18th month. MT associated with exercises did not enhance the results obtained with exercises alone for shoulder ROM and ipsilateral UL function.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Terapia por Exercício , Excisão de Linfonodo/efeitos adversos , Manipulações Musculoesqueléticas , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/reabilitação , Articulação do Ombro/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Artrometria Articular , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Brasil , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/fisiopatologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the preoperative upper limb lymphoscintigraphic pattern in women with breast cancer. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing lymphoscintigraphy within 30 days of surgery were investigated. Lymphoscintigraphic studies of 37 upper limbs ipsilateral to surgery and 32 contralateral upper limbs were performed. The examination protocol consisted in obtaining static images of the upper limb in semi-flexion after 10 minutes, and 1 and 2 hours after subcutaneous injection of 1 mCi (37 MBq) of Tc-99m-dextran in the dorsum of the hand. The velocity of axillary lymph node visualization (I, visible at 10 minutes; II, 1 hour; III, 2 hours; and IV, invisible) and degree (intensity) of nodal uptake (a, marked; b, moderate; c,mild; and d, absent) were analyzed. RESULTS: Optimal lymphatic functional pattern (Ia) was observed in four (11%) patients, in the ipsilateral upper limb, and six (19%), in the contralateral upper limb. Worse condition was observed in three (8%) patients (IVd) in the ipsilateral upper limb and two (6%) patients in the contralateral upper limb. The remaining patients showed intermediate states of velocity and uptake intensity. CONCLUSION: This study found relevant changes in preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, demonstrating preexisting functional differences in the lymphatic system.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Sistema Linfático/fisiopatologia , Extremidade Superior , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Dextranos , Feminino , Humanos , Linfedema/prevenção & controle , Linfocintigrafia/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Compostos de Organotecnécio , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Compostos RadiofarmacêuticosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Descrever o padrão linfocintilográfico do membro superior em mulheres no pré-operatório de câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 37 pacientes que realizaram a linfocintilografia até 30 dias antes da cirurgia, sendo 37 estudos linfocintilográficos de membros superiores ipsilaterais à cirurgia e 32 contralaterais. O protocolo de exame consistiu na realização de imagens estáticas do membro superior em semiflexão após 10 minutos, 1 e 2 horas da injeção subcutânea de 1 mCi (37 MBq) de dextran-99mTc no dorso da mão. Foram feitas análises da velocidade de aparecimento dos linfonodos axilares (I, visíveis aos 10 minutos; II, 1 hora; III, 2 horas e IV, não visíveis) e do grau (intensidade) de captação dos mesmos (a, acentuada; b, moderada; c , discreta e d, ausente). RESULTADOS: Quatro (11 por cento) pacientes apresentaram o padrão de estado da funcionalidade linfática considerado ideal (Ia) no membro superior ipsilateral, enquanto seis (19 por cento) apresentaram no contralateral. Três (8 por cento) apresentaram a pior classificação (IVd) no membro superior ipsilateral e duas (6 por cento) no contralateral. As demais pacientes apresentaram estados intermediários de velocidade e intensidade de captação. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo encontrou relevantes alterações na linfocintilografia pré-operatória, demonstrando a preexistência de diferenças funcionais do sistema linfático.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the preoperative upper limb lymphoscintigraphic pattern in women with breast cancer. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing lymphoscintigraphy within 30 days of surgery were investigated. Lymphoscintigraphic studies of 37 upper limbs ipsilateral to surgery and 32 contralateral upper limbs were performed. The examination protocol consisted in obtaining static images of the upper limb in semi-flexion after 10 minutes, and 1 and 2 hours after subcutaneous injection of 1 mCi (37 MBq) of Tc-99m-dextran in the dorsum of the hand. The velocity of axillary lymph node visualization (I, visible at 10 minutes; II, 1 hour; III, 2 hours; and IV, invisible) and degree (intensity) of nodal uptake (a, marked; b, moderate; c,mild; and d, absent) were analyzed. RESULTS: Optimal lymphatic functional pattern (Ia) was observed in four (11 percent) patients, in the ipsilateral upper limb, and six (19 percent), in the contralateral upper limb. Worse condition was observed in three (8 percent) patients (IVd) in the ipsilateral upper limb and two (6 percent) patients in the contralateral upper limb. The remaining patients showed intermediate states of velocity and uptake intensity. CONCLUSION: This study found relevant changes in preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, demonstrating preexisting functional differences in the lymphatic system.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Sistema Linfático/fisiopatologia , Extremidade Superior , Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Dextranos , Linfedema/prevenção & controle , Linfocintigrafia/métodos , Compostos de Organotecnécio , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Compostos RadiofarmacêuticosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postoperative lymphatic compensation in the upper limb after mastectomy with axillary dissection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients who underwent lymphoscintigraphy before and 60 days after surgery were enrolled from September 2006 to June 2007, in Campinas, Brazil. Protocol examination consisted in static imaging of each upper limb in semi-flexion and thoracic imaging after 10 min and 1 and 2 hr after subcutaneous injection of 1 mCi (37 MBq) of 99mTc dextran into the dorsum of the hand. A comparative analysis was made of hepatic uptake of the radiopharmaceutical, velocity of axillary lymph node visualization (I, visible at 10 min; II, at 1 hr; III, at 2 hr; IV, not visible) and degree (intensity) of uptake (a, marked; b, moderate; c, mild; d, absent) before and 60 days after surgery. RESULTS: In the preoperative period, 3 (13%) patients were considered to have an optimal pattern (Ia) and 2 (9%) showed total involvement (IVd). Compared to velocity in the postoperative period, 9 (39%) patients showed no difference, 5 (22%) improved, 9 (39%) became worse, and one was considerably worse. Regarding the degree, 10 (43%) patients showed no difference, 9 (39%) became worse, and 4 (17%) improved. Regarding classification, 2 (9%) patients had an optimal lymphatic pattern (Ia) and 3 (13%) had total involvement (IVd). No patient presented decreased hepatic uptake after surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The study found relevant changes in preoperative and postoperative lymphoscintigraphy, demonstrating the existence of functional differences in the lymphatic system of the upper limb. Alterations in lymphatic drainage pattern may already be perceived 60 days postoperatively, as can signs of lymphovenous anastomoses.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Excisão de Linfonodo/efeitos adversos , Sistema Linfático/fisiopatologia , Mastectomia/métodos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Extremidade Superior , Adulto , Idoso , Axila , Brasil , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Sistema Linfático/cirurgia , Vasos Linfáticos/fisiopatologia , Linfedema/etiologia , Linfedema/fisiopatologia , Linfocintigrafia , Mastectomia/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Extremidade Superior/diagnóstico por imagem , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: to assess compliance with the recommendations for opportunistic breast cancer screening by mammography. METHODS: 460 women from the town of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, were followed-up prospectively after the index mammography, 327 of them attended by the public health system and 133 by the private system. We evaluated the prevalence of mammography repetition, the adherence rates and predictive factors associated with the current recommendations of mammographic screening. The association of the outcomes with the independent variables was studied by obtaining the risk rates (RR) and the respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The adjusted prevalence rates were calculated by the COX regression model. RESULTS: although more than 90% of the studied women repeated the mammography at least once, the rate of correct compliance with the recommendations of mammographic screening, with repetition of the procedure every 24 months, was low (about 30% of the study sample). The preditive factors associated with compliance with mammographic screening were related to the unequal access to public or private healthcare services (RR=1.77; 95%CI=1.26-2.48) and to previous screening (RR=3.07; 95%CI=1.86-5.08). CONCLUSION: we concluded that compliance with the recommendations of opportunistic mammographic screening for breast cancer was low in both studied population segments.
Assuntos
Mamografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Setor Privado , Estudos Prospectivos , Setor Público , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the influence of physiotherapy performed during radiotherapy (RT) on the quality of life (QL) of women under treatment for breast cancer. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial conducted on 55 women under RT treatment, 28 of whom were assigned to a group submitted to physiotherapy (PG) and 27 to the control group receiving no PG (CG). The physiotherapy technique used for PG was kinesiotherapy for the upper limbs using 19 exercises actively performed, with a series of ten rhythmic repetitions or stretching movements involving flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external shoulder rotation, separate or combined. QL was evaluated using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), at the beginning and at the end of RT and six months after the end of RT. The physiotherapy sessions were started concomitantly with RT, 90 days after surgery, on average. RESULTS: There was no difference between subgroups regarding the following subscales: physical well-being (p=0.8), social/family well-being (p=0.3), functional well-being (p=0.2) and breast subscale (p=0.2) at the three time points assessed. A comparison of the emotional subscale applied at the three evaluations demonstrated a better behavior of PG as compared to CG (p=0.01), with both groups presenting improvement on the breast subscale between the beginning and the end of RT (PG p=0.0004 and CG p=0.003). There was improvement in FACT-B scores at the end of RT in both groups (PG p=0.0006 and CG p=0.003). However, at the sixth month after RT, this improvement was maintained only in PG (p=0,005). QL assessed along time by the FACT B (p=0.004) and the Trial Outcome Index (TOI) (sums of the physical and functional well-being subscales and of the breast subscale) was better for PG (p=0.006). There was no evidence of negative effects associated with the exercises. CONCLUSIONS: The execution of exercises for the upper limbs was beneficial for QL during and six months after RT.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Terapia por Exercício , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Braço , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJETIVO: avaliar a adesão às recomendações para o rastreamento mamográfico oportunístico do câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo que acompanhou 460 mulheres na cidade de Taubaté, São Paulo, Brasil, das quais 327 foram atendidas em serviços de saúde públicos e 133 em Serviços privados, durante período de cinco anos após a realização de mamografia índice. Analisamos a prevalência de repetição da mamografia, as taxas de adesão e os fatores preditivos associados ao rastreamento mamográfico vigente. As associações dos desfechos com as variáveis independentes foram estudadas pela obtenção dos riscos relativos (RR) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC95 por cento). O cálculo das razões de prevalência ajustadas foi realizado pela técnica de regressão de COX. RESULTADOS: apesar de mais de 90 por cento das entrevistadas terem repetido pelo menos uma vez o exame de mamografia, a adesão correta às recomendações do rastreamento mamográfico, com a repetição do procedimento a cada 24 meses, revelou taxas muito baixas (ao redor de 30 por cento) na amostra estudada. Os fatores preditivos associados à adesão ao rastreamento mamográfico relacionaram-se com o acesso diferenciado aos serviços de saúde, públicos ou privados (RR=1,77; IC95 por cento=1,26-2,48) e com a presença de rastreio prévio (RR=3,07; IC95 por cento=1,86-5,08). CONCLUSÕES: ocorreu baixa adesão às recomendações do rastreamento mamográfico oportunístico do câncer de mama em ambos os segmentos populacionais estudados.
PURPOSE: to assess compliance with the recommendations for opportunistic breast cancer screening by mammography. METHODS: 460 women from the town of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, were followed-up prospectively after the index mammography, 327 of them attended by the public health system and 133 by the private system. We evaluated the prevalence of mammography repetition, the adherence rates and predictive factors associated with the current recommendations of mammographic screening. The association of the outcomes with the independent variables was studied by obtaining the risk rates (RR) and the respective 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percentCI). The adjusted prevalence rates were calculated by the COX regression model. RESULTS: although more than 90 percent of the studied women repeated the mammography at least once, the rate of correct compliance with the recommendations of mammographic screening, with repetition of the procedure every 24 months, was low (about 30 percent of the study sample). The preditive factors associated with compliance with mammographic screening were related to the unequal access to public or private healthcare services (RR=1.77; 95 percentCI=1.26-2.48) and to previous screening (RR=3.07; 95 percentCI=1.86-5.08). CONCLUSION: we concluded that compliance with the recommendations of opportunistic mammographic screening for breast cancer was low in both studied population segments.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mamografia/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Setor Privado , Estudos Prospectivos , Setor Público , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Immediate breast reconstruction, depending on the surgical strategy, can result in anatomic modifications that may affect the shoulder apparatus. This study compares the recovery of shoulder range of motion (ROM), after mastectomy, in women with and without immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap (LDF). This was a prospective study with 87 women who underwent mastectomy (41 with LDF). Shoulder ROM was assessed with goniometry, with a universal full-circle manual goniometer, prior to surgery, and on a weekly basis during the first 4 weeks postoperatively. Reconstruction with LDF was not associated with a decrease in shoulder ROM (P = 0.84). By the end of the 4-week assessment program, women in both groups still had an average reduction of 30 degrees in their shoulder ROM compared with baseline. Factors significantly associated with a reduction in shoulder ROM during the recovery period were complete dissection of the axilla, current smoking behavior, and presence of painful axillary cords. It is likely that breast reconstruction with LDF has little or no effect on shoulder ROM in the immediate postoperative period. It is also possible that LDF effects (if any) are overridden by the major reduction (over 30% in the immediate postoperative period, subsiding partially during the first weeks postoperatively) in shoulder ROM caused by mastectomy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Artropatias/reabilitação , Mamoplastia , Articulação do Ombro , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Terapia por Exercício , Feminino , Humanos , Mastectomia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/transplante , Período Pós-Operatório , Estudos Prospectivos , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Objetivo: avaliar a influência da fisioterapia realizada durante a radioterapia (RT) sobre a qualidade de vida (QV) de mulheres em tratamento para câncer de mama. Métodos: ensaio clínico randomizado com 55 mulheres em tratamento radioterápico, sendo 28 alocadas no grupo submetido à fisioterapia (GF) e 27 no grupo controle sem fisioterapia (GC). A técnica fisioterápica utilizada para o GF foi a cinesioterapia para membros superiores, com emprego de 19 exercícios realizados ativamente, com uma série de dez repetições rítmicas ou alongamentos, englobando movimentos de flexão, extensão, abdução, adução, rotação interna e rotação externa dos ombros, isolados ou combinados. A QV foi avaliada por meio do Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) no início, no final da RT e seis meses após seu término. As sessões de fisioterapia começavam concomitantemente à RT, em média 90 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados: não houve diferença entre os grupos para as subescalas: bem-estar físico (p=0,8), bem-estar social/familiar (p=0,3), bem-estar funcional (p=0,2) e subescala de mama (p=0,2) nos três momentos avaliados. A comparação da subescala emocional obtida nas três avaliações demonstrou melhor comportamento do GF em relação ao GC (p=0,01). Ambos apresentaram melhora na subescala de mama entre o início e final da RT (GF p=0,0004 e GC p=0,003). Houve melhora dos escores do FACT-B ao final da RT em ambos os grupos (GF p=0,0006 e GC p=0,003). No entanto, seis meses após a RT, esta melhora manteve-se somente no GF (p=0,005). A qualidade de vida avaliada ao longo do tempo pelo FACT B (p=0,004) e Trial Outcome Index (TOI) (soma das subescalas bem-estar físico, funcional e subescala de mama) foi melhor no GF (p=0,006). Não houve evidência de efeitos negativos associados aos exercícios. Conclusões: a realização de exercícios para membros superiores beneficiou a qualidade de vida durante e seis meses após a RT.
Purpose: to assess the influence of physiotherapy performed during radiotherapy (RT) on the quality of life (QL) of women under treatment for breast cancer. Methods: this was a randomized clinical trial conducted on 55 women under RT treatment, 28 of whom were assigned to a group submitted to physiotherapy (PG) and 27 to the control group receiving no PG (CG). The physiotherapy technique used for PG was kinesiotherapy for the upper limbs using 19 exercises actively performed, with a series of ten rhythmic repetitions or stretching movements involving flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external shoulder rotation, separate or combined. QL was evaluated using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), at the beginning and at the end of RT and six months after the end of RT. The physiotherapy sessions were started concomitantly with RT, 90 days after surgery, on average. Results: there was no difference between subgroups regarding the following subscales: physical well-being (p=0.8), social/family well-being (p=0.3), functional well-being (p=0.2) and breast subscale (p=0.2) at the three time points assessed. A comparison of the emotional subscale applied at the three evaluations demonstrated a better behavior of PG as compared to CG (p=0.01), with both groups presenting improvement on the breast subscale between the beginning and the end of RT (PG p=0.0004 and CG p=0.003). There was improvement in FACT-B scores at the end of RT in both groups (PG p=0.0006 and CG p=0.003). However, at the sixth month after RT, this improvement was maintained only in PG (p=0,005). QL assessed along time by the FACT B (p=0.004) and the Trial Outcome Index (TOI) (sums of the physical and functional well-being subscales and of the breast subscale) was better for PG (p=0.006). There was no evidence of negative effects associated with the exercises. Conclusions: the execution of exercises for the upper limbs was beneficial for QL during...
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Terapia por Exercício , Qualidade de Vida , BraçoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of life and sexuality features of women with breast cancer, according to the type of surgery they underwent and their sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: Transversal study with 110 women treated for breast cancer, for at least one year in the Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher of UNICAMP. The quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire, and the issues on sexuality, by a specific questionnaire in which Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to validate the concordance of responses (alpha=0.72) and the technique of factor analysis, with the criterion of self value and variance maximum rotation, resulting in two components: intrinsic or intimacy ( how the woman sees herself sexually) and extrinsic or attractiveness (how the woman believes the others see her sexually). Sociodemographic variables have been assessed according to the WHO questionnaire, and the sexuality components, through the Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Mann-Whitney's test and Spearman correlation test. RESULTS: Age, schooling, type of surgery and lapse of time from the surgery did not influence the quality of life concerning physical, environmental, and psychological aspects, as well as the social relationships. Women with a stable marital relationship got higher scores in the psychological area (p=0.04) and in the area of social relationships (p=0.02). Higher socioeconomic level influenced the quality of life concerning physical appearance (p=0.01) and environment (p=0.002). Regarding the sexuality, age had influence in the extrinsic component (p=0.0158). Women with a stable marital relationship had higher scores of quality of life in both components of sexuality. Higher schooling influenced in a positive way the intrinsic factor. Women submitted to quadrantectomy or mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction showed higher scores relating to attractiveness in comparison to mastectomized women without reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Better socioeconomic level and better schooling, stable marital relationship and surgery with breast conservation are linked to better rates of quality of life, including sexuality.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Qualidade de Vida , Sexualidade , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJETIVO: avaliar a qualidade de vida e aspectos da sexualidade de mulheres com câncer de mama segundo o tipo de cirurgia e características sociodemográficas. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal com 110 mulheres tratadas há pelo menos um ano por câncer de mama no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher da UNICAMP. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do questionário WHOQOL-bref e as questões sobre sexualidade, por um questionário específico, no qual se utilizou o coeficiente alpha de Cronbach para verificar validade e concordância das respostas (alpha=0,72) e a técnica de análise fatorial com critério de autovalor e rotação máxima de variância, resultando em dois componentes assim denominados: intrínseco ou intimidade (como a mulher se vê sexualmente) e extrínseco ou atratividade (como a mulher acredita que os outros a veem sexualmente). As variáveis sociodemográficas foram avaliadas nos domínios do questionário da OMS e nos componentes de sexualidade por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e pela correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: idade, escolaridade, tipo de cirurgia e tempo desde a cirurgia não influenciaram a qualidade de vida nos domínios físico, meio ambiente, psicológico e relações sociais. Mulheres com relacionamento marital estável tiveram escores maiores nos domínios psíquico (p=0,04) e relações sociais (p=0,02). Maior nível socioeconômico influenciou a qualidade de vida nos domínios físico (p=0,01) e meio ambiente (p=0,002). Em relação à sexualidade, houve influência da idade no componente extrínseco (p=0,0158). Mulheres com relacionamento marital estável tiveram escores maiores de qualidade de vida em ambos os componentes de sexualidade. Maior escolaridade influenciou positivamente no fator intrínseco. Mulheres submetidas à quadrantectomia ou à mastectomia com reconstrução imediata apresentaram melhores escores em relação à atratividade quando comparadas às mastectomizadas...
PURPOSE: to evaluate the quality of life and sexuality features of women with breast cancer, according to the type of surgery they underwent and their sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: transversal study with 110 women treated for breast cancer, for at least one year in the Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher of UNICAMP. The quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire, and the issues on sexuality, by a specific questionnaire in which Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to validate the concordance of responses (alpha=0.72) and the technique of factor analysis, with the criterion of self value and variance maximum rotation, resulting in two components: intrinsic or intimacy ( how the woman sees herself sexually) and extrinsic or attractiveness (how the woman believes the others see her sexually). Sociodemographic variables have been assessed according to the WHO questionnaire, and the sexuality components, through the Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Mann-Whitney's test and Spearman correlation test. RESULTS: age, schooling, type of surgery and lapse of time from the surgery did not influence the quality of life concerning physical, environmental, and psychological aspects, as well as the social relationships. Women with a stable marital relationship got higher scores in the psychological area (p=0.04) and in the area of social relationships (p=0.02). Higher socioeconomic level influenced the quality of life concerning physical appearance (p=0.01) and environment (p=0.002). Regarding the sexuality, age had influence in the extrinsic component (p=0.0158). Women with a stable marital relationship had higher scores of quality of life in both components of sexuality. Higher schooling influenced in a positive way the intrinsic factor. Women submitted to quadrantectomy or mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction showed higher scores relating to attractiveness in comparison to mastectomized women without...
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Qualidade de Vida , Sexualidade , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
O sistema linfático é um componente do corpo humano intimamente relacionado ao sistema venoso. Entretanto, o conhecimento científico a seu respeito é limitado. A etiologia e os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do linfedema no pós-operatório de câncer de mama são multifatoriais e ainda não foram completamente esclarecidos. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi descrever o padrão linfocintilográfico e avaliar as compensações linfáticas do membro superior no pós-operatório de câncer de mama com dissecção axilar.
The lymphatic system is a component of the human body that is closely related to the venous system. However, scientific knowledge of this system is limited. The etiology and risk factors for the development of postoperative lymphedema in patients with breast cancer seem to be multifactorial and have not been fully understood yet. The objective of this review of the literature was to describe lymphoscintigraphic pattern and to evaluate upper limb lymphatic compensation following breast cancer surgery with axillary dissection.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Sistema Linfático , Linfedema/complicações , Neoplasias/cirurgia , Neoplasias/classificação , Neoplasias/complicações , Dissecação/métodos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of acupuncture on rehabilitation of motor function, reduction in lymphoedema and improvement in perceived heaviness and tightness in the arms of women who had undergone breast cancer surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty nine women who had had mastectomy or segmentectomy with axillary dissection, presenting with lymphoedema and/or a decrease in movement amplitude of the upper limb ipsilateral to surgery were studied. The patients underwent 24 acupuncture sessions once a week from February to December 2004. The movement amplitude of shoulder flexion and abduction and circumferential measurements of the arm, forearm and wrist were evaluated before and after one, three and six months of treatment. Statistical analysis was performed by Friedman's test. RESULTS: Significant improvements in range of movement of shoulder flexion and abduction (P<0.001), degree of lymphoedema (P=0.016), and sense of heaviness and tightening (P<0.001) in the affected limb after six months of therapy were observed. For circumferential measurements of the arm, forearm and wrist, no significant improvement between the different periods of treatment was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture in rehabilitation after breast cancer surgery was shown to be associated with improvements in movement amplitude of the shoulder, symptoms of heaviness and tightness in the arm, and the degree of lymphoedema. However, controlled trials should be performed to ascertain whether the results were due to the natural history of the complaint or the acupuncture treatment.
Assuntos
Acupuntura , Neoplasias da Mama/reabilitação , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Acupuntura/métodos , Idoso , Braço/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Movimento , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Ombro/fisiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Enzymes of the Glutathione S-transferase system (GST) modulate the effects of exposure to several cytotoxic and genotoxic agents. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are polymorphic in humans and their deletions have been associated to increased risk of many cancers, including breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence of homozygous deletions of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in women with sporadic breast cancer and in women without cancer and to compare breast cancer mammographic features between patients with and without these deletions. METHODS: The study evaluated 100 patients with sporadic breast cancer treated from September 2004 to June 2005 and 169 women without cancer, determining the frequency of the above-mentioned deletions by PCR and calculating the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Medical files and mammograms of 100 patients with breast cancer were evaluated and correlated with mammographic features such as density, mammographic findings and the BI-RADS classification. These findings were correlated with the genetic deletions by the PR (Prevalence-Ratio) with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The GSTM1 gene was deleted in 40% of the cancers and in 44.4% of controls (OR = 1.20; CI 95% 0.70 - 2.04; p=0.5659) while the GSTT1 gene was deleted in 20% and 19.5%, respectively (OR = 0.73; CI 95% 0.37-1.44; p=0.4124). High mammographic density had been associated with GSTM1 deletion (PR 2.43; CI 1.11 to 4.08). GST deletions were not associated with predominant mammographic findings and the BI-RADS classification. CONCLUSION: GSTM1 homozygous deletion was associated with high mammographic density.