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This work covers a systematic review of literature about the genus Cecropia from 1978 to 2020, emphasizing the analysis of 10 of the most relevant species and their associated biological activities. Cecropia is a neotropical genus, which comprises about 61 native species in the American continent where it is known to be part of the traditional medicine of numerous countries. Secondary metabolites described for this genus showed an elevated structural and functional diversity, where polyphenols have been the most abundant. Based on this diversity, Cecropia phytochemicals represent an important source of potential therapeutic agents yet to be exploited. This review also highlights the effectiveness of combining chemometrics and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as a novel approach to successfully single out Cecropia species phytochemicals. While the medicinal use of Cecropia species is officially recognized in National Pharmacopoeias and Formularies of several Latin American countries, it is important to recognize that these phytomedicines are complex mixtures requiring a thorough understanding of their chemical composition and their correlation with biological activities to guarantee their quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Cecropia , Extratos Vegetais , Medicina Tradicional , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , PolifenóisRESUMO
Context: Since there is still a great need to search for plant species with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, Diploptropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff (Fabaceae) is studied for the first time. Objective: This evaluates the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the stem methanol extract of Diplotropis purpurea (MEDP). Material and methods: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of MEDP of D. purpurea were evaluated in vivo. The antinociceptive activity was assessed in CD1 male mice were treated by oral gavage with 500 mg/kg of MEDP 30 min before submitting to acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot-plate, and formalin tests. Paws oedema induced by carrageenan, histamine or serotonin were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats to determinate the anti-inflammatory activity. Results: Oral administration of MEDP produced significant antinociceptive effects on the inflammatory phase in the formalin test [12.0 s versus 72.5 s in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) control group]. MEDP produced an analgesic effect in the hot-plate model, although the effect was modest compared to tramadol (40 and 60%, respectively). The oral administration of MEDP in a dose of 500 mg/kg showed maximum inhibition (75.1%) after 0.5 h in carrageenan-induced oedema, but it did not modify histamine or serotonin-induced oedemas. Discussion and conclusion: In the peripheral nociception model, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, the MEDP did not show a protective effect, but its analgesic effects were evident in the inflammatory phase of the formalin test and in the hot-plate model. These results show that the anti-inflammatory effect was accompanied by a reduction in the perception of painful stimuli.
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Analgésicos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Fabaceae/química , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Metanol/química , Camundongos , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Medição da Dor , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Benznidazole and nifurtimox, the only drugs available for the treatment of Chagas disease, have limited efficacy and have been associated with severe adverse side effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new biotargets for the identification of novel bioactive compounds against the parasite and with low toxicity. Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) enzymes, or sirtuins, have emerged as attractive targets for the development of novel antitrypanosomatid agents. In the present work, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of natural compounds isolated from cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale, L. Anacardiaceae) against the target enzymes TcSir2rp1 and TcSir2rp3 as well as the parasite. Two derivates of cardol (1, 2), cardanol (3, 4), and anacardic acid (5, 6) were investigated. The two anacardic acids (5, 6) inhibited both TcSir2rp1 and TcSir2rp3, while the cardol compound (2) inhibited only TcSir2rp1. The most potent sirtuin inhibitor active against the parasite was the cardol compound (2), with an EC50 value of 12.25 µM, similar to that of benznidazole. Additionally, compounds (1, 4), which were inactive against the sirtuin targets, presented anti-T. cruzi effects. In conclusion, our results showed the potential of Anacardium occidentale compounds for the development of potential sirtuin inhibitors and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents.
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Anacardium/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sirtuínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Tripanossomicidas/química , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzimologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
We report relative bioactivities of extracts prepared from a large collection of plants from three national parks in Panama. Over 181 plants were collected, taxonomically identified and their detannified dichloromethane (DCM)-methanolic extracts were used for profiling selected bioactivities. Assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts for Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) induction, total non-enzymatic antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The high throughput analysis of 280 extracts resulted in identification of 57.5% of the extracts that could induce ARE at one or more concentrations tested, 93.5% that harbored total antioxidant capacity, and 2.1% of the extracts that showed lung cancer cell line-specific cytotoxicity. Data from our profiling experiments indicate that a large number of extracts could be a source for further isolation and chemical identification of compounds that could serve as leads for discovery of antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents to prevent or treat complex diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piperaceae is the fifth largest family of plants in Panama. This review focuses on the ethnomedical uses of the most prevalent Panamanian species and biological activities of their extracts and/or constituents both in Panama and worldwide. Many species have a plethora of ethnomedical uses such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-Helicobacter pylori, antiulcer, antiprotozoal, estrogenic, insecticidal, local anesthetic, diuretic, and for women's health conditions. AIM OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this review is to compile all ethnomedical uses of most prevalent species of Piper in Panama, and their extracts or phytoconstituents worldwide, through a complete literature search, so that it may allow selection of potential unexplored Piper species for future research and development of phytotherapeuticals for important ailments. METHODOLOGY: This review conducted a thorough search in books and databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci-Finder, Scopus, ACS publications, Science Direct, and Reaxys (Elsevier), until October of 2017. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers only in English. The key words used to search were: "Piper", "Piperaceae", "Panama", "Pharmacological activity", "Chemistry," "Toxicity," and "Clinical studies". Scientific names of the plants were validated through www.tropicos.org. Potential full-texts of eligible papers, irrespective of database, were identified. Study selection and data extraction were conducted by one author (AIS) and confirmed by others (MPG, ADA). The extracted data were summarized in tabular form and a narrative description was used to provide a summary of updated information. RESULTS: The ethnomedical uses of most prevalent 23 Panamanian species of Piper both in Panama as well in the world are provided. Of these species only Piper arboreum, Piper auritum, Piper cordulatum, Piper hispidum, Piper dariense, Piper multiplinervium and Piper umbellatum have ethnomedical uses in Panama. Some of the uses are by native Amerindians of Panama. These include ailments such as liver pains, common colds, skin infections, insecticidal, as a bath to alleviate colds, snakebites, different types of pains, skin ailments, wound healing, rheumatism, women's health, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. Other Panamanian species are widely used in many countries of the world. Of all the Piper species, P. aduncum has the most ethnomedical uses. Panamanian uses are different from the ones in other countries. A total of 61 compounds present in Piper species reported in this review have shown a variety of biological activities in vitro. These compounds belong to different chemical types, such as chromenes, amides, alkaloids, benzopyrans, benzoates, essential oils, pyrrolidines, flavokaines, chalcones, methylenedioxy propiophenones, cinnamates, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phenols, among others. From this review it is evident that extracts and pure compounds isolated from Piper species have shown a wide array of mainly in vitro activity and some ethnomedical uses may be correlated with their activities reported. CONCLUSIONS: Plants of this genus have provided bioactive species, both from crude extracts and pure compounds thus substantiating their efficacy in traditional medicine. In vivo and toxicological studies are still limited, but the results of different activities of Piper reported point out the great potential of these species for obtaining bioactive principles that may be useful in treating diseases. However, a thorough investigation of Piper species relating to chemistry, in vivo pharmacological activities, with emphasis on their mechanism of action, safety and efficacy and toxicity is warranted.
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Etnofarmacologia , Medicina Tradicional , Piper/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Características Culturais , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Humanos , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/psicologia , Panamá , Fitoterapia , Piper/efeitos adversos , Piper/classificação , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas MedicinaisRESUMO
In this work, we discuss the characterization and diversity analysis of 354 natural products (NPs) from Panama, systematically analyzed for the first time. The in-house database was compared to NPs from Brazil, compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine, natural and semisynthetic collections used in high-throughput screening, and compounds from ChEMBL. An analysis of the "global diversity" was conducted using molecular properties of pharmaceutical interest, three molecular fingerprints of different design, molecular scaffolds, and molecular complexity. The global diversity was visualized using consensus diversity plots that revealed that the secondary metabolites in the Panamanian flora have a large scaffold diversity as compared to other composite databases and also have several unique scaffolds. The large scaffold diversity is in agreement with the broad range of biological activities that this collection of NPs from Panama has shown. This study also provided further quantitative evidence of the large structural complexity of NPs. The results obtained in this study support that NPs from Panama are promising candidates to identify selective molecules and are suitable sources of compounds for virtual screening campaigns.
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Produtos Biológicos/química , Descoberta de Drogas , Informática , Biodiversidade , Panamá , Plantas/química , Plantas/classificaçãoRESUMO
Introducción: la familia Leguminosae es rica en isoflavonoides y puede tener efecto anticáncer. Las especies panameñas de esta familia no han sido estudiadas para explorar su potencial en los cánceres de mamas y próstata, dos principales causas de mortalidad en la población adulta panameña. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto antiproliferativo contra cáncer de mamas estrógeno dependiente (RE+) y cáncer de próstata andrógeno dependiente (RA+) en extractos metanólicos de la familia Leguminosae. Materiales: las 69 especies de plantas de esta familia fueron recolectadas en las provincias de Veraguas y Darién, República de Panamá. Para la preparación de los extractos, el material vegetal desecado y pulverizado de diversas partes de las plantas fue macerado con metanol por 24 h con agitación, luego filtrado y concentrado en un rotavapor a < 40 °C y posteriormente liofilizado. Los extractos crudos así obtenidos fueron evaluados en las líneas celulares de cáncer de mamas: MCF-7(RE+) y MCF-7(RE-), y cáncer de próstata (CaP (RA+)), utilizando el ensayo antiproliferativo con sulforodamida (SRB) y tretazolio (MTT). Resultados: los extractos más activos contra cáncer de mama estrógeno-dependiente (ER+) fueron Neptunia pubescens (fruto), Zygia latifolia (tallo) y Albizia adinocephala (corteza) con valores de GI50 entre 1,1 a 5,9 µg/ml, mientras que contra cáncer de próstata-andrógeno-dependiente (AR+) corresponden a Zygia latifolia (hoja), Pithecellobium dulce (hojas) y Acosmium panamense (tallo), que mostraron una GI50 entre 1,2 a 5,1 µg/ml. Además, el extracto de Albizia adinocephala (corteza) fue activo contra cáncer de mamas que expresa el receptor HER-2, mostrando una IC50 de 4,8 µg/ml. Conclusiones: los extractos crudos de las especies promisorias podrían ser útiles como fuentes potenciales para la obtención de sustancias con actividad antiproliferativa contra cánceres receptores dependientes (RE+), (RA+) y (HER-2+(AU)
Introduction: the Leguminosae family is rich in isoflavonoids potentially effective against cancer. No studies have been conducted of Panamanian species from this family to explore their possible use in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer, two main causes of mortality among the adult population in Panama. Objective: evaluate the antiproliferative effect of methanolic extracts from the Leguminosae family against estrogen-dependent breast cancer (ER+) and androgen-dependent prostate cancer (AR+). Materials: all 69 species of plants from this family were collected from the provinces of Veraguas and Darién in the Republic of Panama. Dried, pulverized material from various parts of the plants was macerated in methanol for 24 h with stirring. The material obtained was filtered, concentrated in a rotary evaporator at < 40°C, and lyophilized. The crude extracts obtained were evaluated for breast cancer cell lines MCF-7(ER+) and MCF-7(ER-), and prostate cancer cell lines (CaP (AR+)), using the antiproliferative assay with sulphorhodamine (SRB) and tetrazolium (MTT). Results: the most active extracts against estrogen-dependent breast cancer (ER+) were obtained from Neptunia pubescens (fruit), Zygia latifolia (stem) and Albizia adinocephala (bark) with GI50 values of 1.1 to 5.9 µg/ml, whereas the most active extracts against androgen-dependent prostate cancer (AR+) were obtained from Zygia latifolia (leaves), Pithecellobium dulce (leaves) and Acosmium panamense (stem), with GI50 values of 1.2 to 5.1 µg/ml. Additionally, extract from Albizia adinocephala (bark) was active against breast cancer expressing receptor HER-2, with an CI50 of 4.8 µg/ml. (AU)Conclusions: crude extracts from promising species could be useful as potential sources of substances with antiproliferative activity against receptor-dependent cancers (ER+), (AR+) and (HER-2+(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Fabaceae , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , PanamáRESUMO
The chemical composition of leaf essential oils from 11 species of Piper from Panama was analyzed by a combination GC-FID and GC-MS procedures. Six of them had sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as major constituents, three were characterized by monoterpene hydrocarbons, one by a diterpene, and one by a phenylpropanoid, dillapiole. The main components identified in each species were: cembratrienol (25.4â%) in Piper augustum; ß-pinene (26.6â%) in Piper corrugatum; α-pinene (19.4â%) in Piper curtispicum; trans-ß-farnesene (63.7â%) in Piper darienense; p-cymene (43.9â%) in Piper grande; dillapiole (57.7â%) in Piper hispidum; linalool (14.5â%), α-phellandrene (13.8â%), and limonene (12.2â%) in Piper jacquemontianum; ß-caryophyllene (45.2â%) in Piper longispicum; linalool (16.5â%), α-phellandrene (11.8â%), limonene (11.4â%), and p-cymene (9.0â%) in Piper multiplinervium; ß-selinene (19.0â%), ß-elemene (16.1â%), and α-selinene (15.5â%) in Piper reticulatum; and germacrene D (19.7â%) in Piper trigonum. The essential oils of P. hispidum and P. longispicum at a concentration of 250 µg/mL showed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, while the oils from P. curtispicum, P. multiplinervium, P. reticulatum, and P. trigonum were inactive (LC100 ≥ 500 µg/mL). The essential oils of P. grande, P. jacquemontianum, and P. multiplinervium showed no significant antifungal activity (MIC > 250 µg/mL) against several yeasts and filamentous fungal strains.
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Óleos Voláteis/química , Piper/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/isolamento & purificação , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Panamá , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A dichloromethane extract of the roots from the Panamanian plant Swartzia simplex exhibited a strong antifungal activity in a bioautography assay against a genetically modified hypersusceptible strain of Candida albicans. At-line HPLC activity based profiling of the crude extract enabled a precise localization of the antifungal compounds, and dereplication by UHPLC-HRESIMS indicated the presence of potentially new metabolites. Transposition of the HPLC reversed-phase analytical conditions to medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) allowed an efficient isolation of the major constituents. Minor compounds of interest were isolated from the MPLC fractions using semipreparative HPLC. Using this strategy, 14 diterpenes (1-14) were isolated, with seven (5-10, 14) being new antifungal natural products. The new structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS analysis. The absolute configurations of some of the compounds were elucidated by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. The antifungal properties of these compounds were evaluated as their minimum inhibitory concentrations in a dilution assay against both hypersusceptible and wild-type strains of C. albicans and by assessment of their antibiofilm activities. The potential cytological effects on the ultrastructure of C. albicans of the antifungal compounds isolated were evaluated on thin sections by transmission electron microscopy.
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Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Diterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Fabaceae/química , Antifúngicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Diterpenos/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Panamá , Casca de Planta/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plinia cerrocampanensis is an endemic plant of Panama. The leaf essential oil of this plant has shown antibacterial activity. However, anti-malarial activity and chemical profiling by HS-SPME-GC-MS of this essential oil have not been reported before. METHODS: Anti-malarial activity of the essential oil (EO) was evaluated in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive HB3 and chloroquine-resistant W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Synergistic effect of chloroquine and the EO on parasite growth was evaluated by calculating the combination index. A methodology involving headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was developed to investigate the composition of Plinia cerrocampanensis EO. RESULTS: Plinia cerrocampanensis EO showed a high anti-malarial activity and a synergistic interaction with chloroquine. The Plinia cerrocampanensis EO inhibited P. falciparum growth in vitro at an IC50 of 7.3 µg/mL. Chloroquine together with the EO decreased the IC50 of chloroquine from 0.1 µg/mL to 0.05 µg/mL, and of the EO from 7.3 µg/mL to 1.1 µg/mL. The measured combination index was 0.58, which clearly indicates that the EO acts synergistically with chloroquine. Since the EO maintained its inhibitory activity on the chloroquine-sensitive strain of the parasite, it could be acting by a different mechanism of action than chloroquine. The best HS-SPME-GC-MS analytical conditions were obtained when the temperature of extraction was 49°C, incubation time 14 min, and the time of extraction 10 min. This method allowed for the identification of 53 volatile constituents in the EO, including new compounds not reported earlier. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-malarial activity exhibited by the Plinia cerrocampanensis EO may lend support for its possible use as an alternative for anti-malarial therapy.
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Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Myrtaceae/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Microextração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Antimaláricos/análise , Cloroquina/análise , Óleos Voláteis/química , PanamáRESUMO
From the methanol root extract of Godmania aesculifolia, a species selected in a multinational OAS program aimed at discovering antifungal compounds from Latin American plants, a new chavicol diglycoside (1), the known 3,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (2), and lapachol (3) were isolated and characterized by 1D and 2D NMR and MS techniques. Only 3 exhibited fairly good activity against a panel of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC50 between 7.8 and 31.2 µg/mL) and moderate activities against Candida spp. and non-albicans Candida spp.
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Anisóis/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Bignoniaceae/química , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Naftoquinonas/isolamento & purificação , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Anisóis/química , Anisóis/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microsporum/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Naftoquinonas/química , Naftoquinonas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Trichophyton/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors have been used for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eleven whole plants from Panama belonging to the Lycopodiaceae family have been screened for their anticholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities by a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography method. Of these, only Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum showed strong AChE inhibition. Seven plant extracts showed moderate inhibition, two of them, Huperzia cf chamaeleon and Huperzia reflexa, also possessed an antioxidant activity. This is the first report of anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities in these two native plants. Additionally, alkaloid extracts of the Lycopodiaceae plants were also analysed by TLC and LC-MS to identify the well-known AchE inhibitor, huperzine A. Two plants, H. cf chamaeleon and H. reflexa var. minor, showed the presence of huperzine.
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Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Lycopodiaceae/química , Alcaloides/química , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Lycopodium/química , Espectrometria de Massas , Panamá , Extratos Vegetais/química , Sesquiterpenos/químicaRESUMO
Diverse α-naphthylamine derivatives were easily prepared from corresponding aldimines derived from commercially available α-naphthaldehyde and anilines or isomeric pyridinecarboxyaldehydes and α-naphthylamine. The secondary amines obtained were tested as possible antifungal and cytotoxic agents. The diverse N-aryl-N-[1-(1-naphthyl)but-3-enyl]amines obtained were active (IC(50) < 10 µg/mL) against breast (MCF-7), non-small cell lung (H-460), and central nervous system (SF-268) human cancer cell lines, while N-(pyridinylmethyl)-naphthalen-1-amines resulted in activity against (MIC 25-32 µg/mL) some human opportunistic pathogenic fungi including yeasts, hialohyphomycetes, and dermatophytes.
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CONTEXT: Malaria is still a major public health problem. The biodiversity of the tropics is extremely rich and represents an invaluable source of novel bioactive molecules. For screening of this diversity more sensitive and economical in vitro methods are needed, Flora of Panama has been studied based on ethnomedical uses for discovering antimalarial compounds. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to provide an overview of in vitro screening methodologies for antimalarial drug discovery and to present results of this effort in Panama during the last quarter century. METHODS: A literature search in SciFinder and PubMed and original publications of Panamanian scientists was performed to gather all the information on antimalarial drug discovery from the Panamanian flora and in vitro screening methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A variety of colorimetric, staining, fluorometric, and mass spectrometry and radioactivity-based methods have been provided. The advantages and limitations of these methods are also discussed. Plants used in ethnomedicine for symptoms of malaria by three native Panamanian groups of Amerindians, Kuna, Ngöbe Buglé and Teribes are provided. Seven most active plants with IC(50) values < 10 µg/mL were identified Talisia nervosa Radlk. (Sapindaceae), Topobea parasitica Aubl.(Melastomataceae), Monochaetum myrtoideum Naudin (Melastomataceae), Bourreria spathulata (Miers) Hemsl.(Boraginaceae), Polygonum acuminatum Kunth (Polygonaceae), Clematis campestris A. St.-Hil. (Ranunculaceae) and Terminalia triflora (Griseb.) Lillo (Combretaceae). Thirty bioactive compounds belonging to a variety of chemical classes such as spermine and isoquinoline alkaloids, glycosylflavones, phenylethanoid glycosides, ecdysteroids, quercetin arabinofuranosides, clerodane-type diterpenoids, sipandinolid, galloylquercetin derivatives, gallates, oleamide and mangiferin derivatives.
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Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Antimaláricos/administração & dosagem , Antimaláricos/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Malária/parasitologia , Medicina Tradicional , Panamá , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
The essential oils from two native species from Guatemala were studied for their chemical composition and the dichloromethane and methanol extracts for their biological activity. A GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from Piper jacquemontianum Kunth, Piperaceae, showed 34 constituents, consisting mainly of linalool (69.4 percent), while Piper variabile C. DC. essential oil had 36 constituents, camphor (28.4 percent), camphene (16.6 percent) and limonene (13.9 percent) being the major components. Dichloromethane extracts of both species were cytotoxic against MCF-7, H-460 and SF-268 cell lines (<7 µg/mL). Dichloromethane extract of P. jacquemontianum was slightly active against bacteria (0.5 mg/mL), was active against promastigotes of Leishmania (20.4-61.0 µg/mL), and epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (51.9 µg/mL). The methanol extract of P. variabile showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum F32 (4.5 µg/mL), and the dichloromethane extract against Leishmania (55.8-76.3 µg/mL) and T. cruzi (45.8 µg/mL). None of the extracts from the two species was active against Aedes aegypti larvae and Artemia salina nauplii.
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Panama is a unique terrestrial bridge of extreme biological importance. It is one of the "hot spots" and occupies the fourth place among the 25 most plant-rich countries in the world, with 13.4â% endemic species. Panamanian plants have been screened for a wide range of biological activities: as cytotoxic, brine shrimp-toxic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunosuppressive, and antihypertensive agents. This review concentrates on ethnopharmacological uses of medicinal plants employed by three Amerindian groups of Panama and on selected plants with novel structures and/or interesting bioactive compounds. During the last quarter century, a total of approximately 390 compounds from 86 plants have been isolated, of which 160 are new to the literature. Most of the work reported here has been the result of many international collaborative efforts with scientists worldwide. From the results presented, it is immediately obvious that the Panamanian flora is still an untapped source of new bioactive compounds.
Assuntos
Farmacognosia , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Acetogeninas/química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Etnicidade , Etnofarmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Humanos , Indígenas Centro-Americanos , Magnoliopsida/química , Panamá , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Preparações de Plantas/química , Raízes de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic infections caused by slow growing environmental fungi. Latin American plants are used in folk medicine to treat these afflictions. Moreover, the potential of the rich Latin American biodiversity for this purpose has not been fully explored. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to screen Latin American plant extracts against two species of subcutaneous fungi: Sporothrix schenckii and Fonsecaea pedrosoi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred ninety-five organic extracts from 151 Latin American plants were screened against two subcutaneous fungi by the agar dilution method at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of active extracts were determined. Positive (amphothericin B) and negative (50% ethanol) controls were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Twenty eight extracts showed activity at ≤100 µg/mL. Of these, four extracts from Gnaphalium gaudichaudianum DC (Asteraceae), Plumeria rubra L (Apocynaceae), Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth. (Bignoniaceae), and Trichostigma octandum (L.), H. Walter showed activity against F. pedrosoi at MIC 12.5 µg/mL; and, four extracts from Bourreria huanita (Lex.) Hemsl. (Boraginaceae), Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth (Phytolaccaceae), Monnina xalapensis Kunth (Polygalaceae) and Crataegus pubescens (C. Presl) C. Presl (Rosaceae) against S. schenckii. This is the first report on antifungal activity of the Latin American plants against these two subcutaneous fungi. CONCLUSION: S. schenkii and F. pedrosoi were inhibited by B. huanita (MIC: 12.5 and 25 µg/mL), G. gaudichaudianum (MIC: 50 and 12.5 µg/mL) and T. triflora (MIC: 25 µg/mL).
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Ascomicetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sporothrix/efeitos dos fármacos , Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/análise , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Etanol/farmacologia , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , América Latina , Medicina Tradicional , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fungos Mitospóricos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Terminalia/química , Terminalia/metabolismoRESUMO
Our current research on applications of mass spectrometry to natural product drug discovery against malaria aims to screen plant extracts for new ligands to Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR) followed by their identification and structure elucidation. PfTrxR is involved in the antioxidant defense and redox regulation of the parasite and is validated as a promising target for therapeutic intervention against malaria. In the present study, detannified methanol extracts from Guatteria recurvisepala, Licania kallunkiae, and Topobea watsonii were screened for ligands to PfTrxR using ultrafiltration and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based binding experiments. The PfTrxR ligand identified in the extract of Guatteria recurvisepala displayed a relative binding affinity of 3.5-fold when incubated with 1 µM PfTrxR. The ligand corresponding to the protonated molecule m/z 282.2792 [M+ H]+ was eluted at a retention time of 17.95 min in a 20-min gradient of 95% B consisting of (A) 0.1%formic acid in 95% H2O-5% ACN, and (B) 0.1% formic acid in 95% ACN-5% H2O in an LC-QTOF-MS.Tandem MS of the protonated molecule m/z 282.2792 [M + H]+, C18H36NO (DBE: 2; error: 1.13 ppm) resulted in two daughter ions m/z 265.2516[M + H-NH3]+ (DBE: 3; error: 0.35 ppm) and m/z 247.2405 [M + H-NH3-H2O] +, (DBE: 4; error:2.26 ppm). The PfTrxR ligand was identified as oleamide and confirmed by comparison of the retention time, molecular formula, accurate mass,and double bond equivalence with the standard oleamide. This is the first report on the identification of oleamide as a PfTrxR ligand from Guatteria recurvisepala R. E. Fr. and the corresponding in vitro activity against P. falciparum strain K1 (IC50 4.29 µg/mL).
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/química , Guatteria/química , Ácidos Oleicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimologia , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase/metabolismo , Animais , Antimaláricos/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Cromatografia Líquida , Chrysobalanaceae/química , Descoberta de Drogas , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Ligantes , Espectrometria de Massas , Melastomataceae/química , Ácidos Oleicos/isolamento & purificação , Panamá , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ratos , Padrões de Referência , UltrafiltraçãoRESUMO
CONTEXT: This is the first comprehensive study of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of species of the family Amaryllidaceae and 13 related families from Panama. OBJECTIVE: Exploration of the potential sources of AChE inhibitors with radical scavenging activity from Amaryllidaceae and 13 related families from Panama. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The studied plants were screened with anti-acetylcholinesterase bioautographic and DPPH free radical scavenging assays. RESULTS: From the 57 plants studied, eight (14%) showed strong inhibition of AChE, and 29 (51%) plants showed moderate inhibition of AChE. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Sagittaria lancifolia L. (Alismataceae), Crinum jagus (Thomps.) (Amaryllidaceae), Crinum x amabile Donn (Amaryllidaceae), Crinum zeylanicum (L.) L. (Amaryllidaceae), Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (Lemoine ex Anonymous) N.E. Br. (Iridaceae), Sisyrinchium tinctorium Kunth (Iridaceae), Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis (F.M. Leight.) F.M. Leight. (Liliaceae), and Xyris jupicai Rich. (Xyridaceae) were the most active plants, inhibiting AChE at 100 microg on the TLC bioautographic method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Out of the eight most active plants, two plants, Crinum zeylanicum (L.) L. and Xyris jupicai Rich., showed antioxidant activity.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Descoberta de Drogas , Liliaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Alismataceae/química , Alcaloides/análise , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Iridaceae/química , PanamáRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cecropia obtusifolia (Cecropiaceae) and Psychotria poeppigiana (Synonym: Cephaelis elata, Rubiaceae) are two Latin American plants broadly used in traditional Amerindian medicine. The former, together with many other species of the genus Cecropia, share the folk reputation of curing heart failure, cough, asthma and bronchitis. The latter is used in Panama by Kuna and Ngäbe Buglé (Guaymies) native Indians for the treatment of dyspnea. AIM OF THE STUDY: Based on screening of selected medicinal Panamanian plants by radioligand-binding techniques by Caballero-George et al. (2001), the present study was carried out in order to investigate the vasoactive effects of different fractions from both P. poeppigiana and C. obtusifolia on rat thoracic aorta and identify active fractions and their chemical constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both acid and neutral methanol fractions (P-AMeOH and P-NMeOH) and acid and neutral dichlorometane fractions (P-ADCM and P-NDCM) were obtained from P. poeppigiana crude methanolic and dichlorometane extracts, respectively. Identical fractionation was carried out for C. obtusifolia (C-AMeOH, C-NMeOH, C-ADCM and C-NDCM. Vasorelaxant effect of all fractions, and their inhibition of contractile responses to angiotensin II were evaluated in isolated aortic rings. RESULTS: P-AMeOH, P-NMeOH and P-ADCM fractions induced a concentration-dependent relaxation (43.9+/-1.8%, 35.3+/-4.7% and 52.9+/-3.5%, respectively) in the endothelium-intact aorta precontracted by phenylephrine (PE, 10(-6)M). The relaxation produced by C-AMeOH and C-NMeOH (57.3+/-2.5% and 53.3+/-3.3%, respectively) was greater than the effect produced by C-ADCM and C-NDCM (42.2+/-3.4% and 21.8+/-0.8%, respectively). Only the incubation of the aortic rings with P-AMeOH reduced the maximum contraction induced by angiotensin II at 20.08+/-0.55%. CONCLUSIONS: The direct vasorelaxation effect observed could explain in part the ethnomedical use of these plants in Amerindian traditional medicine. The most active fractions contain phenolic and aromatic acid compounds. Furthermore, P-AMeOH, the only fraction that showed both vasorelaxant effect and inhibition of contractile responses to angiotensin II, is the most rich in aromatic acids compounds and the only one that contains scopoletin.