RESUMO
Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors â¼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vector-human and vector-parasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles-darlingi.
Assuntos
Anopheles/genética , Genoma de Inseto , Insetos Vetores/genética , Animais , Anopheles/classificação , Brasil , Cromossomos de Insetos/genética , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Variação Genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Malária/parasitologia , Masculino , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Sintenia , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Introdução - O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a precisão de dimensões lineares feitas de alguns pontos cefalométricos selecionados na telerradiografia convencional e na tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico tendo como base medidas feitas diretamente em crânios secos. Material e Métodos - O material deste estudo consistiu de 2 (dois) crânios secos nos quais selecionou-se 8 (oito) pontos cefalométricos e 10 (dez) medidas lineares ortodônticas. A análise dos dados foi realizada mediante um estudo comparativo entre as medidas obtidas na telerradiografia convencional e na tomografia computadorizada de feixe-cônico através do aparelho Newton 3G com auxílio do software NNT. Resultados - As medidas obtidas na tomografia computadorizada se mostraram mais próximas as medidas reais dos crânios, porém não podemos desconsiderar as medidas obtidas na telerradiografia que também se mostraram confiáveis. Conclusões - O uso da tomografia computadorizada de feixe-cônico associada a computação gráfica é uma nova tendência na Ortodontia. Os novos métodos de obtenção de imagens modificarão definitivamente a maneira com que visualizamos o complexo craniofacial, servindo de grande auxiliar no diagnóstico e no planejamento ortodôntico.
Introduction - The objective this study was to compare the precision of dimensons linears made of some points in cephalometric selected in telerradiography convencional and Cone Beam Computed Tomografy with base in measure made direct in cranium dry. Material and Methods - The material of this study constituted of 2 (two) cranium dry where was selected 8 (eigth) points cephalometric, and 10(ten) linears measure orthodontics. The analysis of data was designed means of study comparative between, measure obtained in telerradiography convencional and Cone Beam Computed Tomografy using a equipment Newton 3G with assistant of software NNT. Results - The measure obtained in tomography computerized showed reals measure of cranium, but have to consider the measures obtained in telerradiography that showed trustfull too. Conclusions - The use of tomography computerized of beam conical associated with computation graph is a new tendency of orthodontics. The news methods to obtain images with modify the form definitive that visualize the complex craniofacial thats large assistant in diagnosis and planning orthodontic.