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Ganoderma species have been used in folk medicine against different illnesses and are characterized by producing a diversity of bioactive metabolites (triterpenoids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenols) with numerous medicinal effects (anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial). This work aims to evaluate ethanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma oerstedii, G. weberianum, and G. subincrustatum strains from the Sonoran Desert in the anti-proliferative activity by the MTT assay on cancer cell lines; anti-inflammatory effect by quantifying nitric oxide (NO) production; antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays; total phenolic and flavonoid content by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 method, respectively; antibacterial activity by the broth microdilution method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts showed anti-proliferative activity with IC50 < 100 µg/mL on the cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, A549, and HeLa, except G. subincrustatum extract with an IC50 > 100 µg/mL; anti-proliferative activity was not selective, being affected non-cancerous cell line ARPE-19. Extracts showed significant inhibition of NO release in cells stimulated by LPS, up to 60% with G. subincrustatum and G. oerstedii, and 47% with G. weberianum. All tested assays showed moderate antioxidant potential; the most active was G. lucium (control strain) with IC50 of 69 and 30 µg/mL by DPPH and ABTS respectively; and 271 µg Trolox equivalents/g by FRAP. Total phenols and flavonoids ranged from 38 to 56 mg GAE/g and 0.53 to 0.93 mg QE/g, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the antioxidant activities revealed by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP with total phenol and flavonoid contents. Antibacterial activity was weak against S. aureus (MIC50 > 10 mg/mL). These results demonstrate that tested Ganoderma mushrooms have medicinal potential such as anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative.

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Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia are common and potentially severe manifestations of viperid snakebite envenoming since they contribute to local and systemic hemorrhage. Therefore, the assessment of the efficacy of antivenoms to neutralize coagulopathic and thrombocytopenic toxins should be part of the preclinical evaluation of these drugs. To evaluate the efficacy of the polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom produced in Costa Rica, in this study we have used a mouse model of coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia induced by the venom of Bothrops asper, based on the bolus intravenous (i.v.) injection of venom. When venom and antivenom were incubated before injection, or when antivenom was administered i.v. immediately after venom injection, venom-induced hemostatic alterations were largely abrogated. We also studied the recovery rate of clotting parameters in conditions where antivenom was administered when mice were coagulopathic. Some parameters recovered more rapidly in antivenom-treated mice than in control envenomed animals, but others showed a spontaneous recovery without antivenom. This is due to a rapid clearance of plasma venom levels in these experimental conditions. This implies that models based on the bolus i.v. injection of venom have limitations for assessing the effect of antivenom in the recovery of clotting alterations once coagulopathy has developed. It is suggested that alternative models should be developed based on a slower systemic absorption of venom. Overall, our findings provide a protocol for the preclinical evaluation of antivenoms and demonstrate that the polyvalent antivenom is effective in neutralizing the toxins of B. asper venom responsible for coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia.

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Viperid snakebite envenoming is often characterized by a venom-induced consumption coagulopathy due to the procoagulant effect of venom components, resulting in the alteration of clotting laboratory tests. There is a growing trend to use rotational thromboelastometry in the assessment of clotting disturbances in a variety of pathologies, although its use in experimental models of envenoming has been limited. An in vivo murine model was implemented to assess the coagulopathy induced by three Central American viperid venoms which have different mechanisms of action on clotting factors, i.e., Bothrops asper, Crotalus simus and Bothriechis lateralis. Venom was injected by the intravenous route and blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 5 and 24 h after envenoming. Coagulopathy was assessed by standard clotting tests and by routine rotational thromboelastometric parameters. In addition, the changes in platelet number were followed. B. asper and C. simus venoms induced coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia 1 h after injection, followed by a slow recovery at 3, 5 and 24 h, although the majority of clotting parameters were still significantly affected by 3 and 5 h, and were corrected by 24 h. In general, a similar time-course of alterations was observed for standard clotting tests and most rotational thromboelastomeric assays. However, some thromboelastometric parameters, especially those related to Fibtem, showed more drastic alterations than standard tests and remained altered even at 24 h in some cases. This is likely related to the low fibrinogen concentration observed at most time intervals. B. lateralis venom did not induce a consumption coagulopathy, although it caused a marked thrombocytopenia.

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Here we demonstrate a simple method for the organic sonosynthesis of stable Iron Carbide@Iron Oxide core-shell nanoparticles (ICIONPs) stabilized by oleic acid surface modification. This robust synthesis route is based on the sonochemistry reaction of organometallic precursor like Fe(CO)5 in octanol using low intensity ultrasonic bath. As obtained, nanoparticles diameter sizes were measured around 6.38 nm ±â€¯1.34 with a hydrodynamic diameter around 25 nm and an estimated polydispersity of 0.27. Core-Shell structure of nanoparticles was confirmed using HR-TEM and XPS characterization tools in which a core made up of iron carbide (Fe3C) and a shell of magnetite (γ-Fe2O3) was found. The overall nanoparticle presented ferromagnetic behavior at 4 K by SQUID. With these characteristics, the ICIONPs can be potentially used in various applications such as theranostic agent due to their properties obtained from the iron oxides and iron carbide phases.

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El hipotiroidismo congénito es la enfermedad endocrina más frecuente en neonatos y puede ser de manifiesto clínico o subclínico. Es la principalcausa de retraso mental tratable y su pronóstico radica en el tamizajetemprano y la instauración oportuna del tratamiento, por lo cual en Colombia se considera necesaria la implementación de un esquema de tamizaje neonatal con una técnica apropiada y de cobertura nacional, equiparable al de otros países. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión y análisis de la literatura médica existente sobre el hipotiroidismo congénito centrado en la definición, epidemiología, factores etiológicos, tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento; mediante la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos PUBMED, EMBASE, REDALYC, OVID, MEDLINE,DYNAMED y CLINICAL KEY (acceso: mayo 2015). Además se realizó revisiónde los informes del Instituto Nacional de Salud en el año 2013 y 2014, de las guías europeas de la sociedad de endocrinología pediátrica 2014, de laguía mexicana de hipotiroidismo congénito neonatal 2008 y del consensocolombiano para el diagnóstico y manejo de enfermedades tiroideas...

Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disease innewborns and can be clinical or subclinical. It is the leading cause oftreatable mental retardation and its prognosis is in the early screening andtimely initiation of treatment; this is the reason why in Colombia theimplementation of a neonatal screening with appropriate nationalcoverage technique, comparable to those in other countries, is considerednecessary. The aim of this article is to review and analyse the literature oncongenital hypothyroidism focused on the definition, epidemiology,etiological factors, screening, diagnosis and treatment; by search inPubMed, EMBASE, REDALYC, OVID, MEDLINE, and CLINICAL KEY Dynameddata (access: May 2015). Besides reviewing the reports of the NationalInstitute of Health in 2013 and 2014, the European guidelines for pediatricendocrinology society of 2014, Mexico’s 2008 guide neonatal congenitalhypothyroidism and Colombian consensus for the diagnosis andmanagement of thyroid diseases...

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Recently, several studies have been published on the application of plasmid DNA (pDNA) in gene therapy and vaccine production. The bioprocess to obtain pDNA involves the steps of fermentation, primary recovery, secondary recovery and final purification. The pDNA primary recovery, which is the key step to the rest of the process, includes biomass separation, alkaline lysis and clarification of the lysate. In this work, the clarification by depth bed microfiltration of lysates of E. coli DH5α containing the plasmid pVAX1-NH36 was investigated. The studies were conducted using filter capsules with nominal 8.0 µm pore size using fluxes of 0.0027 and 0.004 cm(3)/(cm(2)-s). The results were compared with the conventional clarification by centrifugation. A fiber coating model was used to describe the behavior of the microfiltration system. A 99 % of solids elimination of the lysates was achieved with depth bed filtration method. The removed solids occupied 23 and 43 % (for 4 and 6 cm(3)/min, respectively) of the void volume of the depth bed microfiltration capsule since an early breakthrough curve is characteristic of these processes. The depth bed microfiltration process for removal of solids from the cell lysate showed competitive results compared to clarification by centrifugation.

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Los pólipos son poco frecuentes en niños. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico de un niño de un año dos meses que acude a la Clínica de Odontopediatría de la DEPeI UNAM con dos pólipos fibroepiteliales palatinos ubicados a ambos lados de la papila incisiva, 10 días posteriores a la excisión quirúrgica se observó la erupción de un diente supernumerario en el paladar, y 25 días después se observó la erupción de un segundo diente supernumerario. Ambos dientes fueron extraídos. El diagnóstico histológico de las lesiones en el paladar fue: fibroma de fibroblastos gigantes; sin embargo, no se encontró evidencia histológica que mostrara alguna posible relación entre la presencia de los pólipos palatinos y los dientes supernumerarios.

Polyps are rare in children. The present article reports the clinical case of a 14 month old male patient brought for treatment to the Pedodontics Clinic of the Graduate School, National School of Dentistry National University of Mexico. He presented two palatal fibro-epithelial polyps, located at both sides of the incisive papilla. 10 days after surgical excision, a supernumerary tooth erupted in the palate. 25 days later, eruption of a second supernumerary tooth was observed. Both teeth were extracted. Histological diagnosis of palatal lesions was giant fibroblast fibroma. Nevertheless, no histological evidence was found to show possible relationship between presence of palatal polyps and supernumerary teeth.

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A new bioprocess using mainly membrane operations to obtain purified plasmid DNA from Escherechia coli ferments was developed. The intermediate recovery and purification of the plasmid DNA in cell lysate was conducted using hollow-fiber tangential filtration and tandem anion-exchange membrane chromatography. The purity of the solutions of plasmid DNA obtained during each process stage was investigated. The results show that more than 97% of RNA in the lysate was removed during the process operations and that the plasmid DNA solution purity increased 28-fold. One of the main characteristics of the developed process is to avoid the use of large quantities of precipitating agents such as salts or alcohols. A better understanding of membrane-based technology for the purification of plasmid DNA from clarified E. coli lysate was developed in this research. The convenience of anion-exchange membranes, configured in ready-to-use devices can further simplify large-scale plasmid purification strategies.

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