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BACKGROUND: Hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation, preferably with a mechanical ventilator, is the most commonly used technique to prevent the adverse effects of open endotracheal suctioning on arterial oxygenation and pulmonary volume. However, limited data are available on the effects of oxygen concentrations < 100% and PEEP with zero end-expiratory pressure (0 PEEP) to improve oxygenation and to maintain adequate ventilation during open endotracheal suctioning. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of [Formula: see text] and end-tidal CO2 pressure ([Formula: see text]) in open endotracheal suctioning using the 0 PEEP technique with baseline [Formula: see text] (0 PEEP baseline [Formula: see text]) and 0 PEEP + hyperoxygenation of 20% above the baseline value (0 PEEP [Formula: see text] + 0.20) in critically ill subjects receiving mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, single-blind crossover study, for which 48 subjects with various clinical and surgical conditions were selected; of these, 38 subjects completed the study. The subjects were randomized for 2 interventions: 0 PEEP baseline [Formula: see text] and 0 PEEP [Formula: see text] + 0.20 during the open endotracheal suctioning procedure. Oxygenation was assessed via oxygen saturation as measured with pulse oximetry ([Formula: see text]), and changes in lung were monitored via [Formula: see text] using volumetric capnography. RESULTS: In the intragroup analysis with 0 PEEP baseline [Formula: see text], there was no significant increase after open endotracheal suctioning in either [Formula: see text] (P = .63) or [Formula: see text] (P = .11). With 0 PEEP [Formula: see text] + 0.20, there was a significant increase in [Formula: see text] (P < .001), with no significant changes in [Formula: see text] (P = .55). In the intergroup comparisons, there was a significant increase compared to the basal values only with the 0 PEEP + 0.20 method at 1 min after hyperoxygenation (P < .001), post-immediately (P < .001), at 1 min after (P < .001), and at 2 min after open endotracheal suctioning (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate indication of the hyperinflation strategy via mechanical ventilation using 0 PEEP with or without hyperoxygenation proved to be efficient to maintain [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] levels. These results suggest that the technique can minimize the loss of lung volume due to open endotracheal suctioning. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02440919).

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El razonamiento clínico como proceso cognitivo regulador del diagnóstico médico ha experimentado cambios apreciables a través de la historia. Con este artículo se pretende realizar una descripción histórica del razonamiento clínico, para contribuir a afianzar su relevancia como componente racional del método clínico, responsable, en gran medida, de la eficiencia del diagnóstico médico. El estudio abarcó las transformaciones del razonamiento clínico desde la Edad Antigua hasta la Edad Contemporánea, teniendo en cuenta las principales tendencias filosóficas vigentes en cada etapa. Se concluyó que la descripción de las corrientes de pensamiento relacionadas con el razonamiento a través del desarrollo histórico y fílosófico de la humanidad propicia enmarcar los postulados del razonamiento clínico en la práctica médica y en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las asignaturas clínicas dentro de las concepciones contemporáneas.

Clinical reasoning as cognitive process regulator of medical diagnosis has experienced considerable changes through the history. This work is intended to carried out a historical description of clinical reasoning, to contribute in the reinforcement of its relevance as rational component of the clinical method, responsible to a great extent, of the medical diagnosis efficiency. The study covered the transformations of the clinical reasoning from the Ancient times to the Contemporary Age, taking into account the main effective philosophical tendencies existing in each period. It was concluded that the description of the stream of consciousness related to the reasoning through the historical and philosophical development of humanity favors to keep the postulates of the clinical reasoning in line with the medical practice and the teaching-learning process of the clinical subjects in the contemporary conceptions.

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Introducción: Entre las enfermedades gastrointestinales más comunes se encuentran las gastritis. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a dicha afección. Método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, que incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años, atendidos en el Servicio de Medicina Familiar del Hospital del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social de Ambato, Ecuador, durante el 2016. Dichos pacientes fueron incluidos de forma aleatoria con una relación de 1:2 (100 casos por cada 200 controles). El análisis estadístico se basó en una estrategia multivariada, el odds ratio, el riesgo relativo, los intervalos de confianza al 95 % y la prueba de Ji al cuadrado con un nivel de significación estadística de P < 0,05. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron: infección por Helicobacter pylori, edad menor de 50 años, tabaquismo, alcoholismo y estrés. Conclusiones: Se deben detectar precozmente los factores de riesgo para disminuir la incidencia y prevalencia de gastritis.

Introduction: Among the most common gastrointestinal diseases there is the gastritis. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with this disorder. Method: A cases and controls study was carried out which included patients older than 18 years, assisted in the Family Medicine Service of the hospital from the Ecuadorian Institute of Social security in Ambato, during 2016. These patients were randomly included with a relationship of 1:2 (100 cases every 200 controls). The statistical analysis was based on a multivariate strategy, odds ratio, relative risk, the confidence intervals to 95 % and the Chi squared test with a level of statistical significance of P <0,05. Results: The most frequent risk factors were: infection due to Helicobacter pylori, age lower than 50 years, tabaquism, alcoholism and stress. Conclusions: Risk factors should be early detected to diminish the incidence and prevalence of gastritis.

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El desarrollo de las habilidades relacionadas con los problemas clínicos ocupa un lugar central en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la educación médica, por su especial significado en la actuación profesional del médico general. Debido a la ausencia de dicha habilidad en el currículo de la carrera de medicina, se realizó el presente estudio de reflexión con el objetivo de fundamentar la incorporación de esta al sistema de habilidades del método clínico en la educación médica cubana. Por otra parte, se definió la habilidad en cuestión y se determinaron sus invariantes funcionales, que al formar parte de un procedimiento metodológico, facilitan su integración al sistema de métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje a utilizar en las diferentes formas de organización de las asignaturas que integran la disciplina principal del plan de estudio D

The development of skills related to clinical problems occupies a central site in the teaching-learning process of medical education, due to its special meaning in the general doctor professional performance. Due to the absence of this skill in the curriculum of the medicine career, this reflection study was carried out with the objective of supporting its incorporation to the skills system of the clinical method in the Cuban medical education. On the other hand, the skill in question was defined and its functional invariants were determined; that when being part of a methodological procedure, facilitate their integration to the system of teaching-learning methods to be used in the different forms of organization of the subjects that integrate the main discipline of the study plan D

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BACKGROUND: To present a case of giant suprarenal carcinoma assisted by the Urology Service of the "Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán" General University Hospital of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. METHODS: 32-year-old male patient who attended the emergency urology consultation, presenting left flank pain and a thirty-pound loss of weight in a three-month period. The radiological studies showed a great tumoral mass with displacement and infiltration of neighbor structures. Pathological study confirmed the diagnosis of suprarenal carcinoma. RESULTS: The treatment applied was surgical excision surgery via thoracico-abdominal approach. The postoperative evolution was satisfactory. Several parameters of bad prognosis such as weight and elevated size, necrosis, pattern of diffuse growth and capsular invasion were present. Death took place 6 months after intervention due to the progression of the illness. CONCLUSIONS: The big dimensions of the tumor determined a wide excision surgery which didn't stop the progression of the disease and the death of the patient 6 months after being operated.

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