RESUMO

El término violencia obstétrica tiene sus orígenes en Latinoamérica, se considera una expresión de violencia de género y de violencia institucional contra la mujer. Puede ser ejercida de dos maneras, física y psicológica, por lo que se pretende definir la violencia obstétrica, su origen, divisiones, relación con los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de la mujer, así como identificar sus consecuencias físicas y psicológicas. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medigraphic, SciELO y Google Académico, fueron incluidas únicamente las publicaciones que se encontraron a texto completo, en español, inglés y portugués durante los años 2014 al 2022. La violencia obstétrica provoca que los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres sean quebrantados, lo que hace imprescindible que todos los involucrados en la atención en salud conozcan las repercusiones físicas y psicológicas relacionadas que contribuyen a la morbimortalidad de la madre y el recién nacido, tales como: desgarros vaginales, problemas en la lactancia materna, síndrome de estrés postraumático y depresión posparto

The term obstetric violence has its origins in Latin America, it is considered an expression of gender violence and institutional violence against women. It can be exercised in two ways, physical and psychological, therefore, the aim is to define obstetric violence, its origin, divisions, and relation with women's sexual and reproductive rights, as well as to identify its physical and psychological consequences. A bibliographic search was conducted in Medigraphic, SciELO, and Google Scholar, including only publications that were found in full text, in Spanish, English, and Portuguese during the years 2014 to 2022. Obstetric violence causes the violation of women's sexual and reproductive rights, which makes it essential for all those involved in health care to be aware of the related physical and psychological repercussions that contribute to maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality, such as vaginal tears, breastfeeding problems, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and postpartum depression

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BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer screening is a cost-effective method responsible for reducing cervical cancer-related mortality by 70% in countries that have achieved high coverage through nationwide screening strategies. However, there are disparities in access to screening. In Ecuador, although cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women, only 58.4% of women of reproductive age have ever been screened for cervical cancer. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative study was performed to understand the current barriers to screening and to identify strategies that could increase uptake in Azuay province, Ecuador. Seven focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with under-screened women and health professionals (HPs). The FGDs were recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was done using the socio-ecological framework to categorize and analyse the data. RESULTS: Overall, 28 women and 27 HPs participated in the study. The two groups perceived different barriers to cervical cancer screening. The HPs considered barriers to be mainly at the policy level (lack of a structured screening plan; lack of health promotion) and the individual level (lack of risk perception; personal beliefs). The women identified barriers mainly at organizational level, such as long waiting times, lack of access to health centres, and inadequate patient-physician communication. Both groups mentioned facilitators at policy level, such as national campaigns promoting cervical cancer screening, and at community and individual level, including health literacy and women's empowerment. CONCLUSIONS: The women considered access to health services the main barrier to screening, while the HPs identified a lack of investment in screening programmes and cultural patterns at the community level as major obstacles. To take an integrated approach to cervical cancer prevention, the perspectives of both groups should be taken into account. Additionally, new strategies and technologies, such as self-administered human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and community participation, should be implemented to increase access to cervical cancer screening.

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