RESUMO

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%-18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost.

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RESUMO

Resumo Uma variedade de comportamentos altruístas diferenciados tem sido evidenciada na infância. O presente artigo objetivou sistematizar estudos empíricos produzidos nos anos de 2010 a 2015 sobre o altruísmo infantil. Após a elaboração e aplicação de um protocolo sistematizado de seleção, foram encontrados 14 artigos, os quais foram analisados na íntegra. Os estudos contemplaram o altruísmo infantil (1 a 11 anos de idade) em associação a diferentes variáveis, tais como avaliação moral, custos de resposta, renda familiar, distância social, capacidade de abster-se de prêmios imediatos, eventos adversos, representações de apego, dominância social, composição genética, entre outras. Concluiu-se que crianças ainda muito jovens em contextos variados demonstram altruísmo por meio de ações topograficamente diversas à medida que encontram oportunidades para isso.

Abstract A variety of altruistic behaviors differentiated has been evidenced in childhood. This article aimed to systematize empirical studies produced in the years 2010 to 2015 about child altruism. After the elaboration and application of a systematic selection protocol, were found 14 articles were fully analyzed. The studies have examined the child altruism (1 to 11 years old) in association with different variables such as moral evaluation, response costs, family income, social distance, ability to abnegate immediate awards, adverse events, representations of attachment, social dominance, genetic composition, among others. It was concluded that children still very young and in different contexts demonstrate altruism through different topographic actions if they find opportunities for this.

RESUMO

The aim of the study was to verify the reliability of one maximum repetition (1-RM) in three different groups, according levels of physical fitness. The sample was composed for thirty subjects (aged 18 to 34 years old) divided in three groups with ten subjects each: sedentary (SG), physical active (PAG) and strength-trained (STG). The subjects were submitted to two familiarization sessions and two sessions of maximum strength test (1-RM1 and 1-RM2) at the following exercises: bench press and 45¨¬ leg press. The comparison between 1-RM values was made by two-way ANOVA (test and group) and association between both by intraclass coefficient correlation (p ¡Â 0.05). Data presented high correlation values between both tests (from 0.922 to 0.997; p < 0.001), however, significant differences (p < 0.05) was observed between 1-RM1 and 1-RM2 at bench press exercise in SG (56.40 ¡¾ 8.00 kg e 57.60 ¡¾ 7.89 kg, respectively), PAG (68,80 ¡¾ 9,26 kg e 69,40 ¡¾ 8,78 kg, respectively) and STG (87.20 ¡¾ 19.94 kg e 88.60 ¡¾ 19.86 kg, respectively), as well in the leg press in SG (222,5 ¡¾ 38,24 kg e 229,50 ¡¾ 38,55 kg, respectively), PAG (238.50 ¡¾ 26.25 kg e 244.00 ¡¾ 24.70, respectively) and STG (321.50 ¡¾ 46.19 kg e 336.40 ¡¾ 40.44 kg, respectively). It can be concluded that the subject¡¯s level of physical fitness does not appear to be a critical behavior at 1-RM reliability.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a reprodutibilidade do teste de 1-RM em três diferentes grupos, conforme seu histórico de prática de exercícios. A amostra foi composta por trinta sujeitos (entre 18 e 34 anos): sedentários (GSE, n = 10), fisicamente ativos (GFA, n = 10) e treinados em força (GTF, n = 10) e foram submetidos a duas sessões de familiarização e a duas sessões de testes de força máxima (1-RM1 e 1-RM2) nos exercícios supino reto e pressão de pernas 45¡Æ. Foi utilizado a ANOVA two-way (teste e grupo) e o teste de correlação intra-classe (p < 0,05). Verificaram-se altos valores de correlação entre os testes (de 0,922 a 0,997; p < 0,001), contudo, diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) foram encontradas entre 1-RM1 e 1-RM2 no exercício supino para o GSE (56,40 ¡¾ 8.00 kg e 57,60 ¡¾ 7,89 kg, respectivamente), GPA (68,80 ¡¾ 9,26 kg e 69,40 ¡¾ 8,78 kg, respectivamente) e GTF (87,20 ¡¾ 19,94 kg e 88,60 ¡¾ 19,86 kg, respectivamente), assim como no exercício pressão de pernas para o GSE (222,5 ¡¾ 38,24 kg e 229,50 ¡¾ 38,55 kg, respectivamente), GPA (238,50 ¡¾ 26,25 kg e 244,00 ¡¾ 24,70 kg, respectivamente) e GTF (321,50 ¡¾ 46,19 kg e 336,40 ¡¾ 40,44 kg, respectivamente). Logo, pode-se concluir que o perfil do histórico de prática de exercícios dos sujeitos parece não ser um fator decisivo no comportamento da reprodutibilidade dos testes de 1-RM.

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