RESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate multicenter repeatability and reproducibility of T1 and T2 maps generated using MR fingerprinting (MRF) in the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine/National Institute of Standards and Technology MRI system phantom and in prostatic tissues. METHODS: MRF experiments were performed on 5 different 3 Tesla MRI scanners at 3 different institutions: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (Cleveland, OH), Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) in the United States, and Diagnosticos da America (Rio de Janeiro, RJ) in Brazil. Raw MRF data were reconstructed using a Gadgetron-based MRF online reconstruction pipeline to yield quantitative T1 and T2 maps. The repeatability of T1 and T2 values over 6 measurements in the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine/National Institute of Standards and Technology MRI system phantom was assessed to demonstrate intrascanner variation. The reproducibility between the 4 clinical scanners was assessed to demonstrate interscanner variation. The same-day test-retest normal prostate mean T1 and T2 values from peripheral zone and transitional zone were also compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: The intrascanner variation of values measured using MRF was less than 2% for T1 and 4.7% for T2 for relaxation values, within the range of 307.7 to 2360 ms for T1 and 19.1 to 248.5 ms for T2 . Interscanner measurements showed that the T1 variation was less than 4.9%, and T2 variation was less than 8.1% between multicenter scanners. Both T1 and T2 values in in vivo prostatic tissue demonstrated high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.92) and strong linear correlation (R2 > 0.840). CONCLUSION: Prostate MRF measurements of T1 and T2 are repeatable and reproducible between MRI scanners at different centers on different continents for the above measurement ranges.
Assuntos
Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Próstata , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Masculino , Imagens de Fantasmas , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Background MR fingerprinting (MRF) provides rapid and simultaneous quantification of multiple tissue parameters in a single scan. Purpose To evaluate a rapid kidney MRF technique at 3.0 T in phantoms, healthy volunteers, and patients. Materials and Methods A 15-second kidney MRF acquisition was designed with 12 acquisition segments, a range of low flip angles (5°-12°), multiple magnetization preparation schema (T1, T2, and fat suppression), and an undersampled spiral trajectory. This technique was first validated in vitro using standardized T1 and T2 phantoms. Kidney T1 and T2 maps were then obtained for 10 healthy adult volunteers (mean age ± standard deviation, 35 years ± 13; six men) and three pediatric patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) (mean age, 10 years ± 3; two boys) between August 2019 and October 2020 to evaluate the method in vivo. Results Results in nine phantoms showed good agreement with spin-echo-based T1 and T2 values (R2 > 0.99). In vivo MRF kidney T1 and T2 assessments in healthy adult volunteers (cortex: T1, 1362 msec ± 5; T2, 64 msec ± 5; medulla: T1, 1827 msec ± 94; T2, 69 msec ± 3) were consistent with values in the literature but with improved precision in comparison with prior MRF implementations. In vivo MRF-based kidney T1 and T2 values with and without B1 correction were in good agreement (R2 > 0.96, P < .001), demonstrating limited sensitivity to B1 field inhomogeneities. Additional MRF reconstructions using the first nine segments of the MRF profiles (11-second acquisition time) were in good agreement with the reconstructions using 12 segments (15-second acquisition time) (R2 > 0.87, P < .001). Repeat kidney MRF scans for the three patients with ARPKD on successive days also demonstrated good reproducibility (T1 and T2: <3% difference). Conclusion A kidney MR fingerprinting method provided in vivo kidney T1 and T2 maps at 3.0 T in a single breath hold with improved precision and no need for B1 correction. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Laustsen in this issue.
Assuntos
Rim/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Rim Policístico Autossômico Recessivo/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Suspensão da Respiração , Criança , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Masculino , Imagens de FantasmasRESUMO
Monitoring retention of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the HIV care and treatment cascade is essential to guide program strategy and evaluate progress toward globally-endorsed 90-90-90 targets (i.e., 90% of PLHIV diagnosed, 81% on sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 73% virally suppressed). We describe national retention from diagnosis throughout the cascade for patients receiving HIV services in Haiti during 1985-2015, with a focus on those receiving HIV services during 2008-2015. Among the 266,256 newly diagnosed PLHIV during 1985-2015, 49% were linked-to-care, 30% started ART, and 18% were retained on ART by the time of database closure. Similarly, among the 192,187 newly diagnosed HIV-positive patients during 2008-2015, 50% were linked to care, 31% started ART, and 19% were retained on ART by the time of database closure. Most patients (90-92%) at all cascade steps were adults (≥ 15 years old), among whom the majority (60-61%) were female. During 2008-2015, outcomes varied significantly across 42 administrative districts (arrondissements) of residence; cumulative linkage-to-care ranged from 23% to 69%, cumulative ART initiation among care enrollees ranged from 2% to 80%, and cumulative ART retention among ART enrollees ranged from 30% to 88%. Compared with adults, children had lower cumulative incidence of ART initiation among care enrollees (64% versus 47%) and lower cumulative retention among ART enrollees (64% versus 50%). Cumulative linkage-to-care was low and should be prioritized for improvement. Variations in outcomes by arrondissement and between adults and children require further investigation and programmatic response.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Gerenciamento Clínico , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Haiti , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Cooperação do Paciente , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), one the most common causes of genital ulcers, appears to increase both the risk of HIV acquisition and HIV transmission. HSV-2/HIV co-infection among pregnant women may increase the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV. This study describes rates of HSV-2 among pregnant women in Haiti and HSV-2 test performance in this population. METHODS: Unlinked residual serum specimens from the 2012 National HIV and Syphilis Sentinel Surveillance Survey among pregnant women in Haiti were tested using two commercial kits (Focus HerpeSelect, Kalon) for HSV-2 antibodies. We evaluated rates of HSV-2 seropositivity and HSV-2/HIV co-infection, associations between HSV-2 and demographic characteristics using multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, and HSV-2 test performance in this population. RESULTS: Serum samples from 1000 pregnant women (all 164 HIV positive and 836 random HIV negative) were selected. The overall weighted prevalence of HSV-2 was 31.4% (95% CI: 27.7-35.4) and the prevalence of HIV-positivity among HSV-2 positive pregnant women was five times higher than the prevalence among HSV-2 negative women (4.8% [95% CI: 3.9-6.0] vs. 0.9% [95% CI: 0.6-1.3], respectively). Factors significantly associated with HSV-2 positivity were HIV-positivity (PR: 2.27 [95% CI: 1.94-2.65]) and older age (PRs: 1.41 [95% CI: 1.05-1.91] for 20-24 years, 1.71 [95% CI:1.13-2.60] for 30-34 years, and 1.55 [95% CI: 1.10-2.19] for 35 years or greater]), while rural residence was negatively associated with HSV-2 positivity (PR 0.83 [95% CI: 0.69-1.00]), after controlling for other covariables. For this study a conservative Focus index cutoff of 3.5 was used, but among samples with a Focus index value ≥2.5, 98.4% had positive Kalon tests. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HSV-2 is relatively high among pregnant women in Haiti. Public health interventions to increase access to HSV-2 screening in antenatal services are warranted.
Assuntos
Herpes Genital/epidemiologia , Herpes Simples/epidemiologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Coinfecção , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/patogenicidade , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Gestantes , Prevalência , População Rural , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Monitoring prevalence of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease (i.e., CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/µL) among persons starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) is important to understand ART program outcomes, inform HIV prevention strategy, and forecast need for adjunctive therapies.*,,§ To assess trends in prevalence of advanced disease at ART initiation in 10 high-burden countries during 2004-2015, records of 694,138 ART enrollees aged ≥15 years from 797 ART facilities were analyzed. Availability of national electronic medical record systems allowed up-to-date evaluation of trends in Haiti (2004-2015), Mozambique (2004-2014), and Namibia (2004-2012), where prevalence of advanced disease at ART initiation declined from 75% to 34% (p<0.001), 73% to 37% (p<0.001), and 80% to 41% (p<0.001), respectively. Significant declines in prevalence of advanced disease during 2004-2011 were observed in Nigeria, Swaziland, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe. The encouraging declines in prevalence of advanced disease at ART enrollment are likely due to scale-up of testing and treatment services and ART-eligibility guidelines encouraging earlier ART initiation. However, in 2015, approximately a third of new ART patients still initiated ART with advanced HIV disease. To reduce prevalence of advanced disease at ART initiation, adoption of World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended "treat-all" guidelines and strategies to facilitate earlier HIV testing and treatment are needed to reduce HIV-related mortality and HIV incidence.
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Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , África/epidemiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Prevalência , Vietnã/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Valid deduplication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) case reports is critical to the utility of these data to inform HIV programs. The Haitian Ministry of Health (MSPP) and partners operate a case-based, national HIV/AIDS surveillance system (HASS), using deterministic and probabilistic procedures to identify duplicate records. These procedures are described and validated based on expert classifications. METHODS: Two samples of HASS records identified as duplicates were selected: 100 pairs from deterministic and 100 pairs from probabilistic matching procedures (total: 200 pairs, 400 case reports). Clinical data from the national electronic medical record (iSanté) were reviewed and consensus gold-standard determinations on the status of duplications were made. False positive rates (FPR) were estimated by reviewing these records, while false negative rates were calculated (FNR) by using LinkPlus™ probabilistic linkage software. The effect of deduplication on total HIV case counts was demonstrated. RESULTS: Review of deterministic matches yielded 99 true positives and 1 false positive (FPR, 1 per 100; 95% CI, 0.71-5.4). Review of probabilistic matches yielded a FPR of 6 per 100 (95% CI, 2.7-12.4). LinkPlus identified 1,491 probable matches among 68,393 records, representing a FNR of 2 per 100 (95% CI, 0.55-7.0). After adjustment, the estimated unique count of reported HIV patients in HASS was 211,885 (95% CI, 207, 293-213, 232) as of December 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Based on application of the established procedures, HASS conforms to the duplication performance standard recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for HIV surveillance.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros/normas , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Vigilância da População , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B vaccine administered shortly after birth is highly effective in preventing mother to child transmission (MTCT) of infection. While hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in Haiti as part of a combined pentavalent vaccine in 2012, a birth dose is not yet included in the immunization schedule. OBJECTIVES: Determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among pregnant women to evaluate the risk of MTCT. STUDY DESIGN: We selected 1364 residual serum specimens collected during a 2012 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sentinel serosurvey among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics. Haiti was stratified into two regions: West, which includes metropolitan Port-au-Prince, and non-West, which includes all other departments. We evaluated the association between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and HIV infection with HBV infection. RESULTS: Of 1364 selected specimens, 1307 (96%) were available for testing. A total of 422 specimens (32.7%) tested positive for total anti-HBc (38.2% in West vs. 27% in non-West, p<0.001), and 33 specimens (2.5%) were HBsAg positive (2.1% in West vs. 3% in non-West, p=0.4). Of HBsAg positive specimens, 79% had detectable HBV DNA. Women aged 30 and older had more than double the odds of positive total anti-HBc than women aged 15-19 years (p<0.001). Women with secondary (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.54; 95% CI: 0.36-0.81) and post-secondary education (aOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.19-0.79) had lower odds of total anti-HBc positivity compared with women with no education. HIV-status was not associated with HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Haiti has an intermediate endemicity of chronic HBV infection with high prevalence of positive HBV DNA among chronically infected women. Introduction of a universal birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine might help prevent perinatal HBV transmission.
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DNA Viral/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Hepatite B/transmissão , Hepatite B/virologia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/administração & dosagem , Hepatite B Crônica/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/transmissão , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Equitable access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for men and women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a principle endorsed by most countries and funding bodies, including the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Relief (PEPFAR) (1). To evaluate gender equity in ART access among adults (defined for this report as persons aged ≥15 years), 765,087 adult ART patient medical records from 12 countries in five geographic regions* were analyzed to estimate the ratio of women to men among new ART enrollees for each calendar year during 2002-2013. This annual ratio was compared with estimates from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)() of the ratio of HIV-infected adult women to men in the general population. In all 10 African countries and Haiti, the most recent estimates of the ratio of adult women to men among new ART enrollees significantly exceeded the UNAIDS estimates for the female-to-male ratio among HIV-infected adults by 23%-83%. In six African countries and Haiti, the ratio of women to men among new adult ART enrollees increased more sharply over time than the estimated UNAIDS female-to-male ratio among adults with HIV in the general population. Increased ART coverage among men is needed to decrease their morbidity and mortality and to reduce HIV incidence among their sexual partners. Reaching more men with HIV testing and linkage-to-care services and adoption of test-and-treat ART eligibility guidelines (i.e., regular testing of adults, and offering treatment to all infected persons with ART, regardless of CD4 cell test results) could reduce gender inequity in ART coverage.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , África , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , VietnãRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of improving perceived acoustic comfort for a standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging protocol via gradient wave form optimization and validate parallel imaging as a means to achieve a further reduction of acoustic noise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gradient wave forms of a standard T2 axial turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence in head examinations were modified for acoustic performance while attempting to keep the total acquisition and inter-echo spacing the same. Parallel imaging was then used to double the inter-echo spacing and allow further wave form optimization. Along with comparative acoustic noise measurements, a statistical analysis of radiologist scoring was conducted on volumes from standard and modified sequences acquired from 10 patients after informed consent was obtained. RESULTS: Compared with TSE, significant improvement of acoustic comfort was measured for modified-sequences quiet TSE and quiet TSE with generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (P = 0.0034 and P = 0.0003, respectively), and no statistically significant difference in diagnostic quality was observed without the use of parallel imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Standard clinical magnetic resonance imaging protocols can be made quieter through adequate gradient wave form optimization. In scans with high signal-to-noise ratio, parallel imaging can be used to further reduce acoustic noise.
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Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Razão Sinal-Ruído , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Haiti had set a national goal to eliminate measles and rubella, as well as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2010. A 2007-2008 nationwide measles and rubella vaccination campaign targeting 1-19 years, however, reached only 79% of the target population. To assess whether population immunity was adequate to support elimination, we conducted a national serosurvey. METHODS: We systematically selected 740 serum specimens collected from pregnant women in a 2012 national antenatal HIV sentinel serosurvey across four age strata: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29 and 30-39 years. Sera were tested for measles and rubella specific immunoglobulin G antibodies (IgG) using commercial immunoassays. We classified sera as seropositive, seronegative or indeterminate per manufacturer's instructions, and analyzed seroprevalence according to age strata, and rural or urban residence. We assessed immunity by estimating antibody concentrations in international units per milliliter (IU/mL) for seropositive and indeterminate sera. Measles IgG concentrations >0.12 IU/mL and rubella IgG concentrations >10 IU/mL were considered clinically protective. RESULTS: Of 740 sera, 696 (94.1%) were seropositive and 20 (2.7%) were indeterminate for measles IgG; overall 716 (96.8%) sera had IgG concentrations >0.12 IU/mL. For rubella IgG, 691 (93.4%) sera were seropositive and 1 (0.1%) was indeterminate; a total of 687 (92.8%) had IgG concentrations >10 IU/mL. Measles seropositivity varied across age strata (p=0.003); seropositivity increased from 88.6% among 15-19 year olds to 98.4% among 30-39 year olds (Cochran-Armitage trend tes t ≤ 0.0001). Rubella seropositivity did not differ across age strata. There were no statistically significant differences in measles or rubella seropositivity by urban versus rural residence. CONCLUSION: Despite previous low vaccination coverage for measles, results from this serosurvey indicate high levels of measles and rubella seropositivity in pregnant women, and contribute to the evidence for measles, rubella and CRS elimination from Haiti by the target date.
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Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Sarampo/imunologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Feminino , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola/imunologia , Gravidez , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We report rates and risk factors for attrition in the first cohort of patients followed through all stages from HIV testing to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. DESIGN: Cohort study of all patients diagnosed with HIV between January and June 2009. METHODS: We calculated the proportion of patients who completed CD4 cell counts and initiated ART or remained in pre-ART care during 2 years of follow-up and assessed predictors of attrition. RESULTS: Of 1427 patients newly diagnosed with HIV, 680 (48%) either initiated ART or were retained in pre-ART care for the subsequent 2 years. One thousand eighty-three patients (76%) received a CD4 cell count, and 973 (90%) returned for result; 297 (31%) had CD4 cell count <200 cells per microliter, and of these, 256 (86%) initiated ART. Among 429 patients with CD4 >350 cells per microliter, 215 (50%) started ART or were retained in pre-ART care. Active tuberculosis was associated with not only lower odds of attrition before CD4 cell count [odds ratio (OR): 0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 0.25] but also higher odds of attrition before ART initiation (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.29 to 4.71). Lower annual income (≤US $125) was associated with higher odds of attrition before CD4 cell count (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.19) and before ART initiation among those with CD4 cell count >350 cells per microliter (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.52). After tracking patients through a national database, the retention rate increased to only 57%. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than half of patients newly diagnosed with HIV initiate ART or remain in pre-ART care for 2 years in a clinic providing comprehensive services. Additional efforts to improve retention in pre-ART are critically needed.