RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the validity of maternal recall of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at 3 months obtained 12 months after childbirth. DESIGN: A population-based birth cohort study. The gold standard is maternal report of EBF at the age of 3 months (yes or no) and age of introduction of other foods in the infant's diet. EBF was considered when the mother reported that no liquid, semi-solid or solid food was introduced up to that moment. The variable to be validated was obtained at 12 months after childbirth when the mother was asked about the age of food introduction. The prevalence of EBF at 3 months, and sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and accuracy of 12-month recall with 95 % CI were calculated. SETTING: Pelotas, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 3700 mothers of participants of the Pelotas 2004 Birth Cohort. RESULTS: The prevalence of EBF at 3 months was 27·8 % (95 % CI 26·4, 29·3) and 49·0 % (95 % CI 47·4, 50·6) according to gold standard and maternal recall, respectively. The sensitivity of maternal recall at 12 months was 98·3 % (95 % CI 97·4, 99·0), specificity 70·0 % (95 % CI 68·2, 71·7), PPV 55·8 % (95 % CI 53·4, 58·1), NPV 99·1 % (95 % CI 98·6, 99·5) and accuracy 77·9 % (95 % CI 76·6, 79·2). When the analyses were stratified by maternal and infant characteristics, the sensitivity remained around 98 %, and the specificity ranged from 64·4 to 81·8 %. CONCLUSIONS: EBF recalled at the end of the first year of infant's life is a valid measure to be used in epidemiological investigations.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Rememoração Mental , Mães , Brasil , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , GravidezRESUMO
This work deals with the construction and performance of a measuring system capable of estimating temperature at sufficiently high speed (up to 1000 samples per sec). Due to its simple design and the utilization of standard materials, it could serve to recording the cooling profile of ultra-rapid procedures. An immersion device was also developed with the purpose of normalize the penetration speed of the sample in the LN2. The device allows also the comparative analysis of different cooling profiles. The system consists of an immersion device of the sample in the cooling agent, a temperature measurement system developed by Kleihans F and a laptop computer. To test the system, we recorded the cooling profiles of 10 uL of distilled water and 6 M glycerol solution, obtaining a cooling rate of 8732 C/min and 4441 C/min respectively. Also we determine a cooling rate of 204.012 C/min during the immersion of the thermocouple assembly in LN2. Although, the same device, with small technical modifications related to the handling of the sample, could be used to evaluate the recovery from LN2 temperature to room temperature (re-warming).
Assuntos
Termômetros , Temperatura Baixa , Desenho de Equipamento , Glicerol/química , Nitrogênio/química , Soluções , Fatores de Tempo , Água/químicaRESUMO
The prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) was determined using an Elisa method in sera of 60 patients with autoimmune diseases. ACA were correlated with clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome and other serological markers of autoimmunity. Sixty three percent of sera had ACA IgG (+) and 50% ACA IgM (+). Nine patients, five of them with systemic lupus erythematosus, had a history of arterial or venous thrombosis and all had positive ACA (IgG (+) in 7 and IgM (+) in 2). In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, no association was found between the presence of ACA and thrombosis. Patients with a history of spontaneous abortion had non significantly higher levels of ACA. There was a significant correlation between ACA levels and rheumatoid factor (ACA IgG r = 0.374, ACA IgM r = 0.676), no other association was found between ACA and other autoantibodies. It is concluded that ACA are found frequently in patients with autoimmune diseases and its clinical significance may be different in patients with lupus than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or other connective tissue diseases.