RESUMO
Decreased physical activity (PA) has been associated with residents living in neighborhoods perceived as being disordered or having high crime levels. What is unknown are the characteristics of individuals who engage in moderate to vigorous levels of PA (MVPA) despite living in these vulnerable neighborhoods, or who may be referred to as positive deviants (PD). We examined the factors associated with PD for PA among Jamaicans. Between 2016 and 2017 the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey, a cross-sectional nationally representative survey (n = 2807), was conducted on individuals aged 15 years and older. Regression analyses were performed to identify associations with PD, defined using engagement in MVPA among persons living in vulnerable neighborhoods (N = 1710). Being female (odds ratio [OR]a = 0.64 (0.48, 0.86); p = 0.003), obese while living in an urban area (ORa = 0.39; 95 % CI = 0.26, 0.59; p < 0.0001), unemployed (ORa = 0.53; 95 % CI = 0.39, 0.73; p < 0.0001), or a student (ORa = 0.62; 95 % CI = 0.39, 0.98); p = 0.041) was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of PD, while having a personal medical history of at least one chronic disease significantly increased likelihood (ORa = 1.43; 95 % CI = 1.08, 1.90; p = 0.014). Taking a PD approach may be one angle to consider in trying to determine what is working and for whom, so that this may be harnessed in policy, prevention and intervention programming to increase PA.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: To identify staff and participants perspectives of best practices that facilitate achieving enrollment and retention targets in biomedical cohort studies in Caribbean populations. METHODS: Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with research stakeholders including research (i) nurses/study supervisors, (ii) field staff/data collectors, and (iii) rural and urban participants of the Third Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey (a national NCD risk factor survey with biospecimen collection) to capture qualitative data on experiences with recruitment, training, retention challenges and potential solutions or strategies for strengthening future efforts. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that trained, experienced study staff with good interpersonal communication skills enhanced the proficiency of field operations and attracted study participants. Targeted community and stakeholder engagement alongside strong support from the coordinating center increased the reach and efficiency of the data collectors. Timely participant feedback, gender-appropriate approaches, and socioeconomic balance enhanced equitable enrollment and retention of participants of cohort studies particularly the hard to reach groups. CONCLUSION: Well-functioning research teams using traditional and social media promotion, applying gender-appropriate and personalized approaches together with strategies for reaching the less accessible socioeconomic groups, are effective for recruiting and retaining members of a Caribbean cohort. These strategies may also enhance the recruitment of other Black populations in the Diaspora including the US and Caribbean into biomedical studies including cancer research.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/métodos , População Negra , População Rural , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Região do Caribe , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Jamaica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Percepção , Índias Ocidentais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This article discusses issues relevant to the examination of personality and personality disorder in contexts, such as the Caribbean, which are under-represented in this scholarship. The article argues that because normal personality is the standard against which definitions of non-normality (and at the extreme, disorder) are derived, a crucial first step in identifying personality disorder is clear and culturally relevant definitions of normal personality. Two key conceptual perspectives on personality development and manifestation are presented, followed by a brief exploration, using the etic traits approach, of the problematic nature of any one perspective on normal personality. The article argues for the need for combined emic-etic approaches to understanding normal and non-normal personality, particularly in under-represented contexts such as the Caribbean. It ends by offering concrete suggestions on developing, in the Caribbean, programmes of research committed to these tasks.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Personalidade/etnologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/epidemiologia , Inventário de Personalidade , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos de PesquisaRESUMO
This article discusses issues relevant to the examination of personality and personality disorder in contexts, such as the Caribbean, which are under-represented in this scholarship. The article argues that because normal personality is the standard against which definitions of non-normality (and at the extreme, disorder) are derived, a crucial first step in identifying personality disorder is clear and culturally relevant definitions of normal personality. Two key conceptual perspectives on personality development and manifestation are presented, followed by a brief exploration, using the etic traits approach, of the problematic nature of any one perspective on normal personality. The article argues for the need for combined emic-etic approaches to understanding normal and non-normal personality, particularly in under-represented contexts such as the Caribbean. It ends by offering concrete suggestions on developing, in the Caribbean, programmes of research committed to these tasks.
Este artículo aborda cuestiones pertinentes al examen de la personalidad y los trastornos de la personalidad en contextos, tales como el Caribe, que están insuficientemente representadas en esta área de estudios. El artículo argumenta que como la personalidad normal es el estándar frente el cual se derivan las definiciones de no normalidad (y trastorno, finalmente), un primer paso crucial en la identificación de los trastornos de la personalidad estriba en formular definiciones claras y culturalmente relevantes de la personalidad normal. Se presentan dos perspectivas conceptuales claves en el desarrollo y la manifestación de la personalidad, seguidos por una breve exploración que recurre al enfoque de rasgos éticos (etic), de la naturaleza problemática de cualquier perspectiva de una personalidad normal. El artículo argumenta la necesidad de combinar los enfoques émicos (emic) y éticos (etic) si se quiere comprender la personalidad normal y no normal, particularmente en contextos sub-representados como es el caso del Caribe. Se concluye brindando sugerencias concretas para desarrollar programas de investigación comprometida con estas tareas en el Caribe.