RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Substance addiction encompasses the incapacity to discontinue urgent drug use; many severely disabled patients might be considered appropriate candidates for surgery due to the high rates of relapse despite conservative treatment. A crucial finding in the brain of these patients is increased extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and safety of NAcc surgery for the treatment of substance dependence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review to identify all original studies in which NAcc surgery was performed to treat relapsing drug addiction with a minimum follow-up of six months. From database inception to April 10, 2020, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data. The main outcome was the relapse rate. The GRADE methods were applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. This study was registered with PROSPERO CRD42020177054. RESULTS: Fifteen studies involving 359 participants met inclusion criteria; eight (56%) included NAcc deep brain stimulation (DBS) in 13 patients with addiction for alcohol (N = 6, 46.1%), opioid (N = 4, 30.7%), and nicotine (N = 3, 15.3%); seven studies (N = 346, 44%) performed NAcc radiofrequency (RF) ablation for opioid (N = 334) and alcohol (N = 12) dependence. Relapse rates were 38.4% for DBS and 39% for RF ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Despite available studies reporting a benefit in the treatment of drug addictions with NAcc surgery, this systematic review stresses the need for carefully planned prospective studies in order to further address the efficacy and indications.
Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Estudos de Viabilidade , Humanos , Núcleo Accumbens/cirurgia , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gamma Knife ventral anterior capsulotomy is an effective option to treat refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although well tolerated, complications can develop years after radiosurgery. We describe a case in which abnormal complications induced by very high doses of radiation evolved. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 55-year-old man with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder was treated with Gamma Knife ventral anterior capsulotomy using a dose of 180 Gy. His obsessive-compulsive symptoms improved, but his condition evolved with a manic episode, cognitive memory changes, visual hallucinations, confabulation, and frontal lobe symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging showed brain edema in the left hemisphere and a 6-mm brain cyst in the right hemisphere at postoperative month 20. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows the consequences of affecting more fibers related to the anterior frontal region than intended with a radiosurgical procedure and illustrates the importance of careful clinical and imaging follow-up after Gamma Knife ventral anterior capsulotomy.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/etiologia , Cistos/etiologia , Cápsula Interna/cirurgia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Radiocirurgia/efeitos adversos , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Edema Encefálico/diagnóstico por imagem , Edema Encefálico/etiologia , Edema Encefálico/psicologia , Lobo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Lobo Frontal/lesões , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/psicologia , Doses de Radiação , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: Translating evidence into clinical practice in the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) is challenging, especially in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention on adherence to evidence-based therapies for care of patients with AIS and TIA. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This 2-arm cluster-randomized clinical trial assessed 45 hospitals and 2336 patients with AIS and TIA for eligibility before randomization. Eligible hospitals were able to provide care for patients with AIS and TIA in Brazil, Argentina, and Peru. Recruitment started September 12, 2016, and ended February 26, 2018; follow-up ended June 29, 2018. Data were analyzed using the intention-to-treat principle. INTERVENTIONS: The multifaceted quality improvement intervention included case management, reminders, a roadmap and checklist for the therapeutic plan, educational materials, and periodic audit and feedback reports to each intervention cluster. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was a composite adherence score for AIS and TIA performance measures. Secondary outcomes included an all-or-none composite end point of performance measures, the individual process measure components of the composite end points, and clinical outcomes at 90 days after admission (stroke recurrence, death, and disability measured by the modified Rankin scale). RESULTS: A total of 36 hospitals and 1624 patients underwent randomization. Nineteen hospitals were randomized to the quality improvement intervention and 17 to routine care. The overall mean (SD) age of patients enrolled in the study was 69.4 (13.5) years, and 913 (56.2%) were men. Overall mean (SD) composite adherence score for the 10 performance measures in the intervention group hospitals compared with control group hospitals was 85.3% (20.1%) vs 77.8% (18.4%) (mean difference, 4.2%; 95% CI, -3.8% to 12.2%). As a secondary end point, 402 of 817 patients (49.2%) at intervention hospitals received all the therapies that they were eligible for vs 203 of 807 (25.2%) in the control hospitals (odds ratio, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.22-5.53; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A multifaceted quality improvement intervention did not result in a significant increase in composite adherence score for evidence-based therapies in patients with AIS or TIA. However, when using an all-or-none approach, the intervention resulted in improved adherence to evidence-based therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02223273.
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BACKGROUND: More than 30% of major depressive disorder patients fail to respond to adequate trials of medications and psychotherapy. While modern neuromodulation approaches (ie, vagal nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation) are yet to prove their efficacy for such cases in large randomized controlled trials, trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) has emerged as an alternative with promising effects on mood disorders. OBJECTIVE: To assess efficacy, safety, tolerability, and placebo effect duration of continuous subcutaneous TNS (sTNS) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). METHODS: The TREND study is a single-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled, phase II clinical trial. Twenty unipolar TRD patients will receive V1 sTNS as adjuvant to medical therapy and randomized to active vs sham stimulation throughout a 24-wk period. An additional 24-wk open-label phase will follow. Data concerning efficacy, placebo response, relapse, and side effects related to surgery or electrical stimulation will be recorded. We will use the HDRS-17, BDI-SR, IDS_SR30, and UKU scales. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: The main outcome measure is improvement in depression scores using HAM-17 under continuous sTNS as adjuvant to antidepressants. Active stimulation is expected to significantly impact response and remission rates. Minor side effects are expected due to the surgical procedure and electrical stimulation. The open-label phase should further confirm efficacy and tolerability. DISCUSSION: This study protocol is designed to define efficacy of a novel adjuvant therapy for TRD. We must strive to develop safe, reproducible, predictable, and well-tolerated neuromodulation approaches for TRD patients impaired to manage their lives and contribute with society.
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Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Transtorno Depressivo Resistente a Tratamento/terapia , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Nervo Trigêmeo , Adulto , Doença Crônica/terapia , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos de Pesquisa , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
For more than half a century, stereotactic neurosurgical procedures have been available to treat patients with severe, debilitating symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that have proven refractory to extensive, appropriate pharmacological, and psychological treatment. Although reliable predictors of outcome remain elusive, the establishment of narrower selection criteria for neurosurgical candidacy, together with a better understanding of the functional neuroanatomy implicated in OCD, has resulted in improved clinical efficacy for an array of ablative and non-ablative intervention techniques targeting the cingulum, internal capsule, and other limbic regions. It was against this backdrop that gamma knife capsulotomy (GKC) for OCD was developed. In this paper, we review the history of this stereotactic radiosurgical procedure, from its inception to recent advances. We perform a systematic review of the existing literature and also provide a narrative account of the evolution of the procedure, detailing how the procedure has changed over time, and has been shaped by forces of evidence and innovation. As the procedure has evolved and adverse events have decreased considerably, favorable response rates have remained attainable for approximately one-half to two-thirds of individuals treated at experienced centers. A reduction in obsessive-compulsive symptom severity may result not only from direct modulation of OCD neural pathways but also from enhanced efficacy of pharmacological and psychological therapies working in a synergistic fashion with GKC. Possible complications include frontal lobe edema and even the rare formation of delayed radionecrotic cysts. These adverse events have become much less common with new radiation dose and targeting strategies. Detailed neuropsychological assessments from recent studies suggest that cognitive function is not impaired, and in some domains may even improve following treatment. We conclude this review with discussions covering topics essential for further progress of this therapy, including suggestions for future trial design given the unique features of GKC therapy, considerations for optimizing stereotactic targeting and dose planning using biophysical models, and the use of advanced imaging techniques to understand circuitry and predict response. GKC, and in particular its modern variant, gamma ventral capsulotomy, continues to be a reliable treatment option for selected cases of otherwise highly refractory OCD.
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Cápsula Interna/cirurgia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/cirurgia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/terapia , Lobo Frontal/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/fisiopatologia , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Translating evidence into clinical practice in the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) is challenging especially in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention on adherence to evidence-based therapies for AIS and TIA patients care. DESIGN: We designed a pragmatic, 2-arm cluster-randomized trial involving 36 clusters and 1624 patients from Brazil, Argentina, and Peru. Hospitals are randomized to receive a multifaceted quality improvement intervention (intervention group) or to routine care (control group). The BRIDGE Stroke multifaceted quality improvement intervention includes case management, reminders, health care providers' educational materials (including treatment algorithms), interactive workshops, and audit and feedback reports. Primary outcome is a composite adherence score to AIS and TIA performance measures. Secondary outcomes include an "all or none" composite end point to performance measures, the individual components of the composite end points, and clinical outcomes at 90â¯days following admission (stroke recurrence, death, and disability measured by the modified Rankin scale). SUMMARY: The BRIDGE Stroke Trial is an international pragmatic evaluation of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention. If effective, this intervention could be potentially extended widely to improve the quality of care and outcomes of patients with AIS or TIA.
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Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/terapia , Melhoria de Qualidade/organização & administração , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Doença Aguda , Comitês Consultivos/organização & administração , Algoritmos , Argentina , Brasil , Administração de Caso/organização & administração , Auditoria Clínica , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Retroalimentação , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Hospitais , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/prevenção & controle , Adesão à Medicação , Peru , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Sistemas de Alerta , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human morbid obesity is increasing worldwide in an alarming way. The hypothalamus is known to mediate its mechanisms. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be an alternative to treat patients refractory to standard medical and surgical therapies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety, identify possible side effects, and to optimize stimulation parameters of continuous VMH-DBS. Additionally, this study aims to determine if continuous VMH-DBS will lead to weight loss by causing changes in body composition, basal metabolism, or food intake control. METHODS: The BLESS study is a feasibility study, single-center open-label trial. Six patients (body mass index > 40) will undergo low-frequency VMH-DBS. Data concerning timing, duration, frequency, severity, causal relationships, and associated electrical stimulation patterns regarding side effects or weight changes will be recorded. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: We expect to demonstrate the safety, identify possible side effects, and to optimize electrophysiological parameters related to VMH-DBS. No clinical or behavioral adverse changes are expected. Weight loss ≥ 3% of the basal weight after 3 mo of electrical stimulation will be considered adequate. Changes in body composition and increase in basal metabolism are expected. The amount of food intake is likely to remain unchanged. DISCUSSION: The design of this study protocol is to define the safety of the procedure, the surgical parameters important for target localization, and additionally the safety of long-term stimulation of the VMH in morbidly obese patients. Novel neurosurgical approaches to treat metabolic and autonomic diseases can be developed based on the data made available by this investigation.
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Índice de Massa Corporal , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/métodos , Obesidade Mórbida/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Mórbida/terapia , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Ventromedial/fisiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Extremes of eating disorders (ED) have become prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Available therapies, though largely effective, fail in a substantial number of patients and carry considerable side effects. Morbid obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN) represent important causes of morbidity and mortality among young adults. Morbid obesity affects disproportionate numbers of children. AN is also important for its high mortality in young adults. The challenges of effectively treating AN are well recognized. In this article, important aspects of ED are reviewed in detail and novel approaches to the treatment of ED are proposed.
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Anorexia/terapia , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda , Obesidade/terapia , Humanos , Hipotálamo/fisiologiaRESUMO
Neurocysticercosis is the most frequently observed parasitosis of the central nervous system worldwide. The fourth ventricle is the most frequent site of intraventricular infestation, a location that carries a higher risk for CSF blockage and intracranial hypertension due to CSF blockage. A great number of patients become shunt dependent which carries a poorer prognosis. We report on a case of a patient with symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus due to cysticercus in the fourth ventricle where an endoscopic approach via a frontal burr hole was performed. Although there is no consensus in the literature for the optimal treatment of this disease, this method seemed adequate for treatment of fourth ventricle cysticercosis in patients with hydrocephalus, aqueductal and foramen of Monro dilatations.
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Endoscopia , Quarto Ventrículo/cirurgia , Neurocisticercose/cirurgia , Seguimentos , Quarto Ventrículo/parasitologia , Gadolínio , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico , Hidrocefalia/etiologia , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neurocisticercose/complicações , Neurocisticercose/diagnósticoRESUMO
Neurocysticercosis is the most frequently observed parasitosis of the central nervous system worldwide. The fourth ventricle is the most frequent site of intraventricular infestation, a location that carries a higher risk for CSF blockage and intracranial hypertension due to CSF blockage. A great number of patients become shunt dependent which carries a poorer prognosis. We report on a case of a patient with symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus due to cysticercus in the fourth ventricle where an endoscopic approach via a frontal burr hole was performed. Although there is no consensus in the literature for the optimal treatment of this disease, this method seemed adequate for treatment of fourth ventricle cysticercosis in patients with hydrocephalus, aqueductal and foramen of Monro dilatations
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Endoscopia , Quarto Ventrículo , Neurocisticercose , Seguimentos , Quarto Ventrículo , Gadolínio , Hidrocefalia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , NeurocisticercoseRESUMO
Os autores relatam um caso de granuloma de colesterol da ponta do rochedo, em um paciente do sexo feminino, de 74 anos, que se apresentou clinicamente com alteração de nervos cranianos (V, VI, VIII). O diagnóstico foi feito pela ressonância magnética de encéfalo, que identificou lesão com hipersinal em T1 e em T2, sem realce após administração de contraste paramagnético endovenoso. A via subtemporal extradural permitiu acesso direto à ponta do rochedo, com exerése total da lesão. A paciente evoluiu satisfatoriamente no pós-operatório, com melhora da sintomatologia.