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BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections in humans, affecting women in more proportion. The bladder was considered sterile, but it has a urinary microbiome. Moreover, intracellular bacteria (IB) were observed in uroepithelial cells from children and women with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we evaluated the presence of IB in urine from healthy people and patients with UTI symptoms. METHODS: Midstream urine was self-collected from 141 donors, 77 females and 64 males; 72 belonged to the asymptomatic group and 69 were symptomatic. IB was characterized by a culture-dependent technique and visualized by confocal microscopy. Urine was also subjected to the classical uroculture and isolated bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF. RESULTS: One-hundred and fifteen uroculture were positive. A significant association was observed between the presence of symptoms and IB (P = 0.007). Moreover, a significant association between the presence of IB, symptoms and being female was observed (P = 0.03). From the cases with IB, Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism identified (34.7%), followed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (14.2%), Staphylococcus spp (14.2%), and Enterococcus faecalis (10.7%). Intracellular E. coli was associated with the symptomatic group (P = 0.02). Most of the intracellular Staphylococcus spp. were recovered from the asymptomatic group (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular bacteria are present in patients with UTI but also in asymptomatic people. Here, we report for the first time, the presence of S. maltophilia, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterobacter cloacae as intracellular bacteria in uroepithelial cells. These findings open new insights into the comprehension of urinary tract infections, urinary microbiome and future therapies. Uroculture as the gold standard could not be enough for an accurate diagnosis in recurrent or complicated cases.

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Bacterial biofilms form when bacteria attach to surfaces and generate an extracellular matrix that embeds and stabilizes a growing community. Detailed visualization and quantitative analysis of biofilm architecture by optical microscopy are limited by the law of diffraction. Expansion Microscopy (ExM) is a novel Super-Resolution technique where specimens are physically enlarged by a factor of ∼4, prior to observation by conventional fluorescence microscopy. ExM requires homogenization of rigid constituents of biological components by enzymatic digestion. We developed an ExM approach capable of expanding 48-h old Proteus mirabilis biofilms 4.3-fold (termed PmbExM), close to the theoretic maximum expansion factor without gross shape distortions. Our protocol, based on lytic and glycoside-hydrolase enzymatic treatments, degrades rigid components in bacteria and extracellular matrix. Our results prove PmbExM to be a versatile and easy-to-use Super-Resolution approach for enabling studies of P. mirabilis biofilm architecture, assembly, and even intracellular features, such as DNA organization.

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Staphylococcus aureus-(SA) is widespread among healthcare-associated-(HA) and the community-associated-(CA) infections. However, the contributions of MRSA and MSSA to the SA overall burden remain unclear. In a nationally-representative-survey conducted in Argentina, 668 SA clinical isolates from 61 hospitals were examined in a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study in April 2015. The study aimed to analyze MRSA molecular epidemiology, estimate overall SA infection incidence (MSSA, MRSA, and genotypes) in community-onset (CO: HACO, Healthcare-Associated-CO and CACO, Community-Associated-CO) and healthcare-onset (HO: HAHO, Healthcare-associated-HO) infections, stratified by age groups. Additionally temporal evolution was estimated by comparing this study's (2015) incidence values with a previous study (2009) in the same region. Erythromycin-resistant-MSSA and all MRSA strains were genetically typed. The SA total-infections (TI) overall-incidence was 49.1/100,000 monthly-visits, 25.1 and 24.0 for MRSA and MSSA respectively (P = 0.5889), in April 2015. In adults with invasive-infections (INVI), MSSA was 15.7 and MRSA was 11.8 (P = 0.0288), 1.3-fold higher. HA SA infections, both MSSA and MRSA, surpassed CA infections by over threefold. During 2009-2015, there was a significant 23.4 % increase in the SA infections overall-incidence, mainly driven by MSSA, notably a 54.2 % increase in INVI among adults, while MRSA infection rates remained stable. The MSSA rise was accompanied by increased antimicrobial resistance, particularly to erythromycin, linked to MSSA-CC398-t1451-ermT + -IEC+-pvl- emergence. The SA-infections rise was primarily attributed to community-onset-infections (37.3 % and 62.4 % increase for TI and INVI, respectively), particularly HACO-MSSA and HACO-MRSA in adults, as well as CACO-MSSA. The main CA-MRSA-PFGE-typeN-ST30-SCCmecIVc-PVL+/- clone along with other clones (USA300-ST8-IV-LV-PVL+/-, PFGE-typeDD-ST97-IV- PVL-) added to rather than replaced CA-MRSA-PFGE-typeI-ST5-SCCmecIVa-PVL+/- clone in HA invasive-infections. They also displaced clone HA-MRSA-PFGE-typeA-ST5-SCCmecI, mainly in HAHO infections. The overall-burden of SA infections is rising in Argentina, driven primarily by community-onset MSSA, particularly in adults, linked to increased erythromycin-resistance and MSSA-CC398-t1451-ermT + -IEC+-pvl- emergence. Novel knowledge and transmission-control strategies are required for MSSA.

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Wine lees, an important by-product of the wine industry, pose a major environmental problem due to the enormous quantities of solid-liquid waste that are discarded annually without defined applications. In this study, the optimization of a method based on a Box-Behnken design with surface response has been carried out to obtain extracts with high anthocyanin content and potent antioxidant activity. Six variables have been considered: %EtOH, temperature, amplitude, cycle, pH, and ratio. The developed method exhibited important repeatability properties and intermediate precision, with less than 5% CV being achieved. Furthermore, these novel methods were successfully applied to diverse wine lees samples sourced from Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah varieties (Vitis vinifera), resulting in extracts enriched with significant anthocyanin content and noteworthy antioxidant activity. Additionally, this study evaluated the influence of grape variety, fermentation type (alcoholic or malolactic), and sample treatment on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity, providing valuable insights for further research and application in various sectors. The potential applications of these high-quality extracts extend beyond the winemaking industry, holding promise for fields like medicine, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, thus promoting a circular economy and mitigating environmental contamination.

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Abstract Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is a common etiological agent of urinary tract infec-tions, particularly those associated with catheterization. P. mirabilis efficiently forms biofilms on different surfaces and shows a multicellular behavior called 'swarming', mediated by flagella. To date, the role of flagella in P. mirabilis biofilm formation has been under debate. In this study, we assessed the role of P. mirabilis flagella in biofilm formation using an isogenic allelic replacement mutant unable to express flagellin. Different approaches were used, such as the evaluation of cell surface hydrophobicity, bacterial motility and migration across catheter sections, measurements of biofilm biomass and biofilm dynamics by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in static and flow models. Our findings indicate that P. mirabilis flagella play a role in biofilm formation, although their lack does not completely avoid biofilm genera-tion. Our data suggest that impairment of flagellar function can contribute to biofilm prevention in the context of strategies focused on particular bacterial targets.

Resumen Proteus mirabilis (P mirabilis) es un agente etiológico común de infecciones del tracto urinario, en particular de aquellas asociadas con cateterización. P. mirabilis forma biofilms eficientemente en diferentes superficies y muestra un comportamiento multicelular llamado swarming, mediado por flagelos. Hasta el momento, el papel de los flagelos en la formación de biofilms de P. mirabilis ha estado en discusión. En este estudio, se evaluó el papel de los flagelos de P. mirabilis en la formación de biofilms, utilizando una mutante isogénica generada por reemplazo alélico, incapaz de expresar flagelina. Se utilizaron diferentes enfoques, como la evaluación de la hidrofobicidad de la superficie celular, de la movilidad y la migración bacteriana sobre secciones de catéteres y medidas de biomasa y de la dinámica del biofilm mediante inmunofluorescencia y microscopia confocal, tanto en modelos estáticos como de flujo. Nuestros hallazgos indican que los flagelos de P. mirabilis desempeñan un papel en la formación de biofilms, aunque su falta no suprime por completo su generación. Asimismo, evidencian que la interferencia de la función flagelar puede contribuir a evitar la formación de biofilms en el contexto de estrategias centradas en blancos bacterianos particulares.

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Microascus spp, teleomorfo de Scopulariopsis, es un hongo saprofito encontrado normalmente en suelo, alimentos, vegetales e incluso en ambientes interiores. Considerado un contaminante ambiental, se caracteriza por la resistencia intrínseca a los antifúngicos disponibles. Existen escasas referencias de infecciones por Microascus gracilis, asociándose como causa de eumicetoma o enfermedad diseminada en pacientes sometidos a trasplante pulmonar. Presentamos un caso de otomicosis por M. gracilis con el fin de considerar la búsqueda de hongos en los cultivos óticos y poner de relevancia el poder patógeno y colonizador de este agente.

Microascus spp, a teleomorph of Scopulariopsis, is a saprophytic fungus normally found in soil, food, vegetables, and even indoors. Considered an environmental pollutant, it is characterized by its intrinsic resistance to available antifungals. There are few references to infections by Microascus gracilis, associating it as a cause of eumycetoma or disseminated disease in lung transplant recipients. We present a case of otomycosis caused by M. gracilis, to consider the search for fungi in ear cultures and highlight the pathogenic and colonizing power of this agent.

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Aim: This work aimed to synthesize magnesium-doped zinc oxide, silver and gold nanoparticles (Nps) and to evaluate their potential to prevent and eradicate Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Materials & methods: The Nps were synthesized by precipitation and metallic reduction techniques. Physicochemical and biological characterization of Nps was performed. Results: All the Nps tested were able to inhibit the formation of E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus and A. baumannii biofilms. The effects on the eradication of preformed biofilms were variable, although all the Nps tested were able to eradicate A. baumannii biofilms. Conclusion: The observed effects make the Nps suitable for coating surfaces and/or antibiotic carriers with medical interest.

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Proteus mirabilis(P. mirabilis) is a common etiological agent of urinary tract infections, particularly those associated with catheterization. P. mirabilis efficiently forms biofilms on different surfaces and shows a multicellular behavior called 'swarming', mediated by flagella. To date, the role of flagella in P. mirabilis biofilm formation has been under debate. In this study, we assessed the role of P. mirabilis flagella in biofilm formation using an isogenic allelic replacement mutant unable to express flagellin. Different approaches were used, such as the evaluation of cell surface hydrophobicity, bacterial motility and migration across catheter sections, measurements of biofilm biomass and biofilm dynamics by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in static and flow models. Our findings indicate that P. mirabilis flagella play a role in biofilm formation, although their lack does not completely avoid biofilm generation. Our data suggest that impairment of flagellar function can contribute to biofilm prevention in the context of strategies focused on particular bacterial targets.

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The influence of the addition of bentonite nanoparticles on the tensile and flexural strength of a thermosetting polymer matrix composite material reinforced with hemp fibers was de-terminated. All composites were manufactured with 5% of bentonite in the polymer mass-weight ratios and 10 to 45 wt% of fibers with a step of 5%. For mechanical characterization, tensile and flexural tests were performed: scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses were carried out. The tensile strength of the samples containing bentonite compared to the polymer samples with the fiber addition was affected for all fiber addition percentages, except for 35% while the flexural resistance improved with the addition of bentonite in the percentages of 20, 30, 35, and 45% of fiber addition. With the addition of bentonite, the maximum values of tensile and flexural strength were both obtained for the 35% addition of fibers, with values of 34.28 MPa and 98.04 MPa, respectively. The presence of bentonite favored the rigidity of the material to traction and bending, which was reflected through an increase in the elastic modulus compared to the composite that only had fiber. The maximum values obtained were 9065 MPa in tension and 8453 MPa in flexion for the 40% and 35% of addition of fiber, respectively. Microscopy showed a good distribution of fibers in the matrix, the absence of internal porosities, and a good interaction between matrix and reinforcement.

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Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes adultos mayores con diagnóstico de infecciones por Clostridium difficile en un hospital geriátrico en Costa Rica con el propósito de contribuir a mejorar su manejo y llevar a una reducción de la morbimortalidad y costos asociados a su atención. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo con información demográfica y clínica de 141 pacientes admitidos en el Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología Dr. Raúl Blanco Cervantes de Costa Rica del 2015 al 2018, quienes presentaron una prueba inmunocromatográfica de detección de antígeno y/o toxinas de C. difficile positiva en heces diarreicas. Las variables continuas se compararon mediante una prueba de ANOVA, mientras que las categóricas, por una prueba exacta de Fisher. Los factores de riesgo para cada uno de los grupos se evaluaron por análisis univariante. Los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos con un 95% de confianza. Resultados: Se estudiaron 141 pacientes con diarrea asociada a C. difficile. Los pacientes tenían una edad promedio de 83 años y 57% eran mujeres. Un 35% de los casos eran de origen comunitario y 27% fueron severos. El consumo de antimicrobianos fue dado principalmente por cefalosporinas y fluoroquinolonas. El tratamiento más utilizado fue el metronidazol (81%) y la mortalidad relacionada con la infección por C. difficile a los 30 días fue de un 35%. Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte epidemiológico de infección por C. difficile que describe a un grupo de pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados y sus factores de riesgo asociados, que pone en manifiesto un porcentaje importante de casos comunitarios y graves, lo que llama a establecer guías locales y grupos específicos para el tratamiento y prevención de dicha infección.

Aim: To describe the characteristics of elder patients diagnosed with Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in a geriatric hospital in Costa Rica. Methods: A retrospective observational study was done with demographic and clinical information from 141 patients admitted in the National Geriatric and Gerontology Hospital of Costa Rica from 2015 to 2018, who presented a positive immunochromatographic test for the detection of C. difficile antigen and/or toxins in diarrheic feces. Continuous variables were compared through one-way ANOVA test, while categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. The risk factors for each of the groups were evaluated by univariate analysis. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant with 95% confidence. Results: We studied 141 patients with diarrhea associated with C. difficile, the average age of the patients was 83 years and 75% were women. 35% of the cases were community acquired and 27% were severe cases. Antimicrobial consumption was given mainly by cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Metronidazol was the most used treatment (81%) and the C. difficile associated mortality 30 days post infection was 35%. Conclusion: This is the first epidemiological report of C. difficile infection in elderly hospitalized population. Also, it evidences an important percentage of community acquired and severe cases, calling for the establishment of local treatment and prevention guidelines for this infection.

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Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and adolescent pregnancy are public health problems. Among adolescents, there is little evidence concerning the relationship of DEB with gestational weight gain (GWG) and the birth weight and length of their offspring. We aimed to determine the association between DEB with GWG and the weight and length of adolescents' offspring. We conducted a study with 379 participants. To evaluate DEB, we applied a validated scale. We identified three factors from DEB by factorial analysis: restrictive, compensatory, and binge-purge behaviors. The main events were GWG and offspring's birth weight and length. We performed linear regression models. We found that 50% of adolescents have at least one DEB. Excessive and insufficient GWG were 37 and 34%, respectively. The median GWG was 13 kg; adolescents with restrictive behaviors had higher GWG (13 vs. 12 kg, p = 0.023). After adjusting for pregestational body mass index and other covariables, the restrictive (ß = 0.67, p = 0.039), compensatory (ß = 0.65, p = 0.044), and binge-purge behaviors (ß = 0.54, p = 0.013) were associated with higher GWG. We did not find an association between the birth weight and length of newborns with DEB, and suggest that DEB is associated with GWG but not with the birth weight or length of the offspring.

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La enfermedad COVID-19 fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud el 11 de marzo de 2020. El síndrome respiratorio agudo severo coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) es un virus transmitido de animales a seres humanos, altamente contagioso, cuyo periodo de incubación es de uno a 14 días. Los momentos por los que atraviesan la mayoría de los países debido a la pandemia declarada del COVID-19 han llevado a la proclamación de órdenes gubernamentales y/o recomendaciones en relación a la atención dental que debe dispensarse. En el momento actual, no se dispone de protocolos específicos oficiales, ni nacionales ni internacionales, que aborden de manera clara cómo debe proceder el odontólogo en su práctica diaria en la etapa posterior al confinamiento para trabajar con las mejores garantías de protección para los pacientes y el equipo humano de la consulta odontológica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar consideraciones para la atención de tratamientos endodóncicos en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Para lograr este objetivo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos, como: Google Scholar, Springer Link, Scopus, PubMed, para ello se emplearon estrategias de búsqueda, utilizando descriptores como: «endodontic¼, «recomendations¼, «odontology¼, «COVID-19¼, «pandemic¼ y operadores booleanos, con la finalidad de obtener información relevante y precisa. Contribuyendo a la práctica de la endodoncia con un protocolo general para el manejo de emergencias que muestre el fundamento del diagnóstico, los procedimientos clínicos y el uso de equipos de protección personal y barreras en el consultorio odontológico durante el brote de COVID-19 (AU)

The COVID-19 disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus transmitted from animals to humans, highly contagious, whose incubation period is one to 14 days. The times that most countries are going through due to the declared COVID-19 pandemic have led to the proclamation of government orders and/or recommendations regarding the dental care that should be provided. At the present time, there are no specific official national or international protocols that clearly address how the dentist should proceed, in their daily practice, in the post-confinement stage, to work with the best guarantees of protection for the patients and the human team of the dental practice. The objective of this study was to analyze considerations for the care of endodontic treatments in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve this objective, a bibliographic review was carried out in different databases, such as: Google Scholar, Springer Link, Scopus, PubMed, for this, search strategies were used, using descriptors such as: «endodontic¼, «recommendations¼, «odontology¼, «COVID-19¼, «pandemic¼ and Boolean operators, in order to obtain relevant and accurate information. Contributing to the practice of endodontics a general protocol for emergency management that shows the rationale for diagnosis, clinical procedures and the use of personal protective equipment and barriers in the dental office during the COVID-19 outbreak (AU)

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Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most frequent bacterial infections in humans, being Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common etiological agent. The ability of UPEC to invade urothelial cells and to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBC) has been described. Therefore, UPEC can persist in the urinary tract producing recurrent infections, resisting antibiotic activity. The objective of the present work was to analyze the ability of a collection of UPEC clinical isolates to invade bladder epithelial cells in vitro and the activity of different classes of antibiotics on intracellular bacteria. We selected 23 UPEC clinical isolates that had been previously detected intracellularly in desquamated bladder epithelial cells from patients' urine. A cellular invasion assay using the T24 bladder cell line was used. Intracellular bacteria was confirmed by laser confocal microscopy. All the strains were able to invade the cells with different percentages of intracellular bacterial survival (0.7 to 18%). However, no significant relationship was found between the percentage of in vitro infection and the presence of IBC in desquamated urine cells. In vitro, intracellular bacteria were confirmed in four representative strains by confocal laser microscopy. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and, azithromycin in vitro activity on intracellular bacteria were evaluated. Amikacin was used as a negative control. All the antibiotics tested, except amikacin, significantly decreased the number of intracellular bacteria. Ciprofloxacin was the antibiotic that induced the highest decrease percentage. Conclusions: All UPEC clinical isolates could invade bladder epithelial cells in vitro. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin can reduce the percentage of intracellular bacteria in vitro. In vivo studies are needed to confirm the utility of these antibiotics for intracellular bacteria reduction in UTI.

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Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli of healthy household dogs with an emphasis on extended-spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL), AmpC-type ß-lactamases and resistance to quinolones. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from 74 dogs without any clinical evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Samples were cultured on MacConkey agar plates and MacConkey supplemented with 2 µg/mL cefotaxime or 5 µg/mL ciprofloxacin. Isolates were identified with Vitek 2 Compact and susceptibility testing performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was done on isolates resistant to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. PCR amplification was performed to detect CTX-M and CMY-2. Isolates positive for CTX-M and/or CMY-2 were selected for whole-genome sequencing. Results: Multiresistance was detected in 56% of the isolates. A high percentage of resistance was detected for cefazolin (63%), ampicillin (54%), streptomycin (49%), nalidixic acid (42%) and tetracycline (38%). The MIC50 and MIC90 for isolates resistant to cefotaxime (24%) was determined as 16 and >250 µg/mL, respectively; for ciprofloxacin (18%), 125 and 250 µg/mL, respectively. ESBL (CTX-M type) and AmpC (CMY-2 type) were detected in 6 (7.1%) and 14 (19%) of the isolates, respectively. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed high genetic diversity in most of the isolates and a large variety of resistance mechanisms, including mobile genetic elements. Conclusion: The frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli is worrying, mainly because of the presence of many isolates producing ESBL and AmpC ß-lactamases. Based on the "One Health" concept, considering the relationships between animals, humans, and the environment, these data support the notion that companion animals are important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a relevant opportunistic pathogen, and one of the main microorganisms responsible for outbreaks in nosocomial infections worldwide. Its pathogenicity is mainly due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics and to its ability to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces. The objective of this study was to characterize the biofilm formation cycle of A. baumannii isolated from a patient in a hospital and compare its antibiotic resistance with the planktonic cells. To study biofilm formation, the classical microtiter assay was used, with crystal violet staining and optical density reading to classify the type of biofilm. Also, the effect of gentamicin and colistin on bacterial biofilm was studied with an extra step of antibiotic addition. For the characterization of the different biofilm formation stages, the strain was grown on a coverslip, and the stain was made with a mixture of fluorophores markers to visualize the biofilm with a confocal laser microscope. It was possible to differentiate the A. baumannii biofilm formation stages. Through these observations, it was possible to estimate the time elapsed between each stage. As the strain was susceptible to colistin and gentamicin, both antibiotics were evaluated after the biofilm was formed. Neither antibiotics showed an effect on the eradication of A. baumannii biofilm.

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De entre las emergencias pediátricas, la apendicitis aguda es la patología más frecuente, siendo importante observar su comportamiento en nuestro medio y por variables como la edad y diagnósticos diferenciales. Objetivo: determinar las características de los pacientes menores de 16 años ingresados al Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital José Ca-rrasco con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda entre enero 2012 y diciembre 2016.Métodos: estudio descriptivo basado en las historias clínicas de niños in-gresados a emergencia con dolor abdominal en el período enero 2012 a diciembre 2016 y diagnosticados de apendicitis. Los datos fueron analiza-dos y tabulados en Excel. Se tomaron en cuenta consideraciones éticas.Resultados: se analizaron 614 niños con dolor abdominal; 334 fueron diagnosticados de apendicitis aguda (246 niños) y peritonitis apendicular (88 niños), corresponden al sexo masculino 54.19%. La media de edad fue 9.9 años; la leucocitosis fue el hallazgo de laboratorio más frecuente encontrado en 82.93%. El estudio ecográfico resultó positivo para apendi-citis en 55.69%. Todos recibieron tratamiento laparoscópico por el mismo equipo quirúrgico, las complicaciones se presentaron en el 8.69%.Conclusiones: la apendicitis aguda es la principal causa de cirugía de emergencia en pacientes pediátricos, afecta más al género masculino, en-tre 6 y 11 años de edad (media 9.9 años), es requiere un diagnóstico y tratamiento inmediato para evitar complicaciones; el tratamiento laparos-cópico es un procedimiento seguro.(AU)

Among pediatric emergencies, acute appendicitis is the most frequent pathology, it is important to observe their behavior in our environment and variables such as age and differential diagnoses should be taken into account.Objective: to determine the characteristics of patients under 16 admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Service of the José Carrasco Hospital with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis between January 2012 and December 2016.Methods: It is a descriptive study based on the medical records of children admitted to the emergency department with abdominal pain in the period January 2012 to December 2016 and diagnosed with appendicitis. The data was analyzed and tabulated in the Excel program. All ethical considerations were taken into account.Results: 614 children with abdominal pain were analyzed; 334 were diagnosed with acute appendicitis (246 children) and appendicular peritonitis (88 children), 54.19% correspond to the male sex. The average age was 9.9 years; the leukocytosis was the most frequent laboratory finding in 82.93%. The ultrasound study was positive for appendicitis in 55.69%. All received laparoscopic treatment by the same surgical team, complications occurred in 8.69%.Conclusions: acute appendicitis is the main cause of emergency surgery in pediatric patients, it affects more to the male gender, between 6 and 11 years of age (average 9.9 years), immediate diagnosis and treatment is required to avoid complications; laparoscopic treatment is a safe procedure.(AU)

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Flagella are effective organelles of locomotion and one of several virulence factors in Proteus mirabilis. To study their properties and role in virulence, we describe a protocol to extract and purify the native flagellin of P. mirabilis. Purified flagellin can be visualized by SDS-PAGE or immunoblot and is suitable for downstream applications such as immunization.

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Bacterial adherence to eukaryotic cells is mediated by different adhesins that can act at different stages in bacteria-host interaction. Abundant evidence has suggested that adherence is critical for infection by bacterial pathogens. Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen which frequently infects the human urinary tract, particularly in patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Sequencing of the genome of this pathogen has revealed the existence of a remarkable amount of complete fimbrial operons. In this chapter, we describe in vitro adherence assays of P. mirabilis to uroepithelial cells, which can provide relevant results to assess virulence of uropathogenic strains.

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An overview about the presence of arsenic (As) in groundwaters of Argentina, made by a transdisciplinary group of experts is presented. In this second part, the conventional and emerging technologies for As removal, management of wastes, and the initial investment costs of the proposed technologies, with emphasis on developments of local groups are described. Successful examples of real application of conventional and emerging technologies for As removal in waters for human consumption, for medium, small and rural and periurban communities are reported. In the country, the two most applied technologies for arsenic removal at a real scale are reverse osmosis and coagulation-adsorption-filtration processes using iron or aluminum salts or polyelectrolytes as coagulants. A decision tree to evaluate the possible technologies to be applied, based on the population size, the quality of the water and its intended use, is presented, including preliminary and indicative investment costs. Finally, a section discussing the treatment and final disposal of the liquid, semiliquid and solid wastes, generated by the application of the most used technologies, is included. Conclusions and recommendations, especially for isolated rural and periurban regions, have been added.