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Pathological processes often change the mechanical properties of cells. Increased rigidity could be a marker of cellular malfunction. Erythrocytes are a type of cell that deforms to squeeze through tiny capillaries; changes in their rigidity can dramatically affect their functionality. Furthermore, differences in the homeostatic elasticity of the cell can be used as a tool for diagnosis and even for choosing the adequate treatment for some illnesses. More accurate types of equipment needed to study biomechanical phenomena at the single-cell level are very costly and thus out of reach for many laboratories around the world. This study presents a simple and low-cost technique to study the rigidity of red blood cells (RBCs) through the application of electric fields in a hand-made microfluidic chamber that uses a capacitor principle. As RBCs are deformed with the application of voltage, cells are observed under a light microscope. From mechanical force vs. deformation data, the elastic constant of the cells is determined. The results obtained with the capacitor-based method were compared with those obtained using optical tweezers, finding good agreement. In addition, P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes were tested with the electric field applicator. Our technique provides a simple means of testing the mechanical properties of individual cells.
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Maternal obesity predisposes offspring (F1) to cardiovascular disease. To evaluate basal heart function and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) responses in F1 males and females of obese mothers, female Wistar rats (F0) were fed chow or an obesogenic (MO) diet from weaning through pregnancy and lactation. Non-sibling F1 males and females were weaned to chow at postnatal day (PND) 21 and euthanized at PND 550. Offspring of MO mothers (MOF1) rarely survive beyond PND 650. Hearts were immediately isolated from euthanized F1s and subjected to 30 min ischemia with 20 min reperfusion. Retroperitoneal fat, serum triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance were measured. Baseline left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was lower in male and female MOF1 than in controls. After global ischemia, LVDP in control (C) male and female F1 recovered 78 and 83%, respectively, while recovery in MO male and female F1 was significantly lower at 28 and 52%, respectively. Following the IR challenge, MO hearts showed a higher functional susceptibility to reperfusion injury, resulting in lower cardiac reserve than controls in both sexes. Female hearts were more resistant to IR. Retroperitoneal fat was increased in male MOF1 vs. CF1. Circulating triglycerides and insulin resistance were increased in male and female MOF1 vs. CF1. These data show that MO programming reduces F1 cardiac reserve associated with age-related insulin resistance in a sex-specific manner.
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Resistência à Insulina , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Humanos , Ratos , Feminino , Gravidez , Masculino , Animais , Idoso , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Ratos Wistar , Obesidade , Insulina , Triglicerídeos , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Isquemia , ReperfusãoRESUMO
Introducción: para las universidades públicas, uno de los indicadores fundamentales es consolidar los grupos de investigación en Cuerpos Académicos (CA). Sin embargo, no existe una guía que apoye la transición. El propósito es exponer algunas recomendaciones para conformar un CA con éxito, con base en las experiencias de trabajo del Cuerpo Académico Intervenciones para el Cuidado de la Salud. Desarrollo: los CA están conformados por docentes-investigadores de tiempo completo que comparten y desarrollan una línea de investigación en temas disciplinares o multidisciplinares, enfocados en objetivos académicos comunes. La reflexión que plantea este manuscrito contribuye a identificar las fortalezas y áreas de oportunidad de los grupos de investigación, así mismo se describen algunas estrategias para transitar y consolidar un CA: 1. Selección de los integrantes, 2. Línea de investigación, 3. Proyectos, 4. Servicio a la sociedad, 5. Trabajo colegiado, 6. Redes de investigación, 7. Integración de estudiantes y 8. Liderazgo transformacional. Conclusión: la creación de CA es fundamental en el desarrollo de las instituciones de educación superior en México, para alcanzar este reto es necesario integrar estrategias innovador... (AU)
Abstract Introduction: For public universities, a fundamental indicator is to consolidate research groups in Academic Bodies (AB). However, there is no guide to support the transition. Purpose: to present some recommendations to form AB successfully based on the work experiences of the Academic Body Interventions for Health Care. Development: The academic bodies are made up of full-time professors-researchers who share and develop a line of research on disciplinary or multidisciplinary topics and which entail a set of common academic objectives and goals. The reflection proposed by this manuscript contributes to identifying the strengths and areas of opportunity of the research groups, as well as describing some strategies to consolidate as an academic body: 1. The selection of the members, 2. The line of research, 3. Projects, 4. Service to society, 5. Collegiate work, 6. Research networks, 7. Integration of students and 8. Transformational leadership. Conclusion: Creating Academic Bodies is essential in the development of higher education institutions in Mexico, to meet this challenge it is necessary to integrate innovative strategies to generate and disseminate knowledge and the disposition of the members for collegiate work.
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Humanos , Adulto , Academias e Institutos , Grupos de PesquisaRESUMO
We investigated whether maternal obesity affects the hepatic mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), sirtuins, and antioxidant enzymes in young (110 postnatal days (PND)) and old (650PND) male and female offspring in a sex- and age-related manner. Female Wistar rats ate a control (C) or high-fat (MO) diet from weaning, through pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, the offspring ate the C diet and were euthanized at 110 and 650PND. The livers were collected for RNA-seq and immunohistochemistry. Male offspring livers had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) down-regulated by both MO and natural aging than females. C-650PND vs. C-110PND and MO-110PND vs. C-110PND comparisons revealed 1477 DEGs in common for males (premature aging by MO) and 35 DEGs for females. Analysis to identify KEGG pathways enriched from genes in common showed changes in 511 and 3 KEGG pathways in the male and female livers, respectively. Mitochondrial function pathways showed ETC-related gene down-regulation. All ETC complexes, sirtuin2, sirtuin3, sod-1, and catalase, exhibited gene down-regulation and decreased protein expression at young and old ages in MO males vs. C males; meanwhile, MO females down-regulated only at 650PND. Conclusions: MO accelerates the age-associated down-regulation of ETC pathway gene expression in male offspring livers, thereby causing sex-dependent oxidative stress, premature aging, and metabolic dysfunction.
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Fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is consistently introduced into the environment due to its ongoing consumption and inadequate removal by wastewater treatment plants. As a result, the scientific community has displayed a keen interest in investigating the potential toxicological effects associated with this medication. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of available data regarding the impact of FLX on blood parameters. With this in mind, this study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicological consequences of FLX at environmentally significant concentrations (5, 16, and 40 ng/L) following a 96-hour acute exposure blood parameters in Danio rerio fish. Moreover, the investigation encompassed an assessment of oxidative stress parameters to determine whether the drug could induce disruptions in the REDOX status of the fish. The findings unveiled that FLX prompted the induction of oxidative stress in various organs of the fish, encompassing the liver, gut, brain, and gills. Notably, the gills and brain exhibited heightened susceptibility to the drug's effects compared to other organs. Furthermore, following acute exposure to FLX, there was an upregulation of antioxidant-related genes (sod, cat, gpx, nrf1, and nrf2), thereby providing additional evidence supporting the induction of oxidative stress in the organs of the fish. Lastly, FLX significantly impacted the customary values of various blood parameters, including glucose, blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Thus, it can be inferred that FLX harmed the overall health status of the fish, resulting in the development of liver disease, anemia, and other associated illnesses.
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Fluoxetina , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Fluoxetina/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/fisiologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Antioxidantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
We investigated whether excessive retroperitoneal adipose tissue (AT) expansion programmed by maternal obesity (MO) affects adipocyte size distribution and gene expression in relation to adipocyte proliferation and differentiation in male and female offspring (F1) from control (F1C) and obese (F1MO) mothers. Female Wistar rats (F0) ate a control or high-fat diet from weaning through pregnancy and lactation. F1 were weaned onto a control diet and euthanized at 110 postnatal days. Fat depots were weighed to estimate the total AT. Serum glucose, triglyceride, leptin, insulin, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were determined. Adipocyte size and adipogenic gene expression were examined in retroperitoneal fat. Body weight, retroperitoneal AT and adipogenesis differed between male and female F1Cs. Retroperitoneal AT, glucose, triglyceride, insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin were higher in male and female F1MO vs. F1C. Small adipocytes were reduced in F1MO females and absent in F1MO males; large adipocytes were increased in F1MO males and females vs. F1C. Wnt, PI3K-Akt, and insulin signaling pathways in F1MO males and Egr2 in F1MO females were downregulated vs. F1C. MO induced metabolic dysfunction in F1 through different sex dimorphism mechanisms, including the decreased expression of pro-adipogenic genes and reduced insulin signaling in males and lipid mobilization-related genes in females.
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Leptina , Obesidade Materna , Humanos , Ratos , Feminino , Animais , Masculino , Gravidez , Mães , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade Materna/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Insulina , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Triglicerídeos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismoRESUMO
The steroids corticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) perform multiple life course functions. Rodent life-course circulating corticosterone and DHEA trajectories are unknown. We studied life course basal corticosterone and DHEA in offspring of rats fed protein-restricted (10% protein, R) or control (20% protein, C), pregnancy diet first letter, and/or lactation second letter, producing four offspring groups-CC, RR, CR, and RC. We hypothesize that 1. maternal diet programs are sexually dimorphic, offspring life course steroid concentrations, and 2. an aging-related steroid will fall. Both changes differ with the plastic developmental period offspring experienced R, fetal life or postnatally, pre-weaning. Corticosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay and DHEA by ELISA. Steroid trajectories were evaluated by quadratic analysis. Female corticosterone was higher than male in all groups. Male and female corticosterone were highest in RR, peaked at 450 days, and fell thereafter. DHEA declined with aging in all-male groups. DHEA: corticosterone fell in three male groups but increased in all-female groups with age. In conclusion, life course and sexually dimorphic steroid developmental programming-aging interactions may explain differences in steroid studies at different life stages and between colonies experiencing different early-life programming. These data support our hypotheses of sex and programming influences and aging-related fall in rat life course serum steroids. Life course studies should address developmental programming-aging interactions.
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Corticosterona , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Gravidez , Ratos , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , DesidroepiandrosteronaRESUMO
Malaria, which infected more than 240 million people and killed around six hundred thousand only in 2021, has reclaimed territory after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Together with parasite resistance and a not-yet-optimal vaccine, the need for new approaches has become critical. While earlier, limited, studies have suggested that malaria parasites are affected by electromagnetic energy, the outcomes of this affectation vary and there has not been a study that looks into the mechanism of action behind these responses. In this study, through development and implementation of custom applicators for in vitro experimentation, conditions were generated in which microwave energy (MW) killed more than 90% of the parasites, not by a thermal effect but via a MW energy-induced programmed cell death that does not seem to affect mammalian cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy points to the involvement of the haemozoin-containing food vacuole, which becomes destroyed; while several other experimental approaches demonstrate the involvement of calcium signaling pathways in the resulting effects of exposure to MW. Furthermore, parasites were protected from the effects of MW by calcium channel blockers calmodulin and phosphoinositol. The findings presented here offer a molecular insight into the elusive interactions of oscillating electromagnetic fields with P. falciparum, prove that they are not related to temperature, and present an alternative technology to combat this devastating disease.
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COVID-19 , Malária Falciparum , Malária , Parasitos , Animais , Humanos , Micro-Ondas , SARS-CoV-2 , Malária Falciparum/parasitologia , Plasmodium falciparum , MamíferosRESUMO
Obese mothers' offspring develop obesity and metabolic alterations in adulthood. Poor postnatal dietary patterns also contribute to obesity and its comorbidities. We aimed to determine whether in obese mothers' offspring an adverse postnatal environment, such as high-fat diet (HFD) consumption (second hit) exacerbates body fat accumulation, metabolic alterations and adipocyte size distribution. Female Wistar rats ate chow (C-5 %-fat) or HFD (maternal obesity (MO)-25 %-fat) from weaning until the end of lactation. Male offspring were weaned on either control (C/C and MO/C, maternal diet/offspring diet) or HFD (C/HF and MO/HF) diet. At 110 postnatal days, offspring were killed. Fat depots were excised to estimate adiposity index (AI). Serum glucose, triglyceride, leptin, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), corticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were determined. Adipocyte size distribution was evaluated in retroperitoneal fat. Body weight was similar in C/C and MO/C but higher in C/HF and MO/HF. AI, leptin, insulin and HOMA-IR were higher in MO/C and C/HF v. C/C but lower than MO/HF. Glucose increased in MO/HF v. MO/C. C/HF and MO/C had higher triglyceride and corticosterone than C/C, but lower corticosterone than MO/HF. DHEA and the DHEA/corticosterone ratio were lower in C/HF and MO/C v. C/C, but higher than MO/HF. Small adipocyte proportion decreased while large adipocyte proportions increased in MO/C and C/HF v. C/C and exacerbated in MO/HF v. C/HF. Postnatal consumption of a HFD by the offspring of obese mothers exacerbates body fat accumulation as well as the decrease of small and the increase of large adipocytes, which leads to larger metabolic abnormalities.
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Leptina , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Humanos , Ratos , Feminino , Animais , Masculino , Gravidez , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Mães , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Glucose/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Hipertrofia/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Desidroepiandrosterona/metabolismoRESUMO
Herpes simplex virus 1 is one of the most prevalent pathogens worldwide. Resistant strains to current anti-viral treatment have been reported, requiring the search for novel anti-virals. Using a qPCR method to assess anti-herpetic activity from natural products, we analyzed 72 plant extracts from El Salvador and identified eighteen methanolic extracts with anti-viral activity of ≥ 75%. Anti-herpetic activity has not been previously reported in fourteen of the plants (Euphorbia lancifolia, Piper tuberculatum, Cordia alliodora, Tecoma stans, Taraxacum officinale, Hamelia patens, Witheringia solanacea, Emilia fosbergii, Gnaphalium viscosum, Citrus aurantium, Ambrosia peruviana, Carica papaya, Solanum hazenii and Melothria pendula). Four extracts were from species with previously reported anti-herpetic activity (Plantago major, Psidium guajava, Sida acuta and Bursera simaruba). These extracts effective anti-viral concentrations (EC50) were between 203 and 6.31 µg/mL, while the selectivity indexes (SI) were between 55.91 and 2.57. Euphorbia lancifolia showed the most effective anti-viral activity (EC50 = 6.31 µg/mL, SI = 51.82).
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Maternal obesity (MO) causes maternal and fetal oxidative stress (OS) and metabolic dysfunction. We investigated whether supplementing obese mothers with resveratrol improves maternal metabolic alterations and reduces OS in the placenta and maternal and fetal liver. From weaning through pregnancy female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating until 19 days' gestation (dG), half the rats received 20 mg resveratrol/kg/d orally (Cres and MOres). At 19dG, maternal body weight, retroperitoneal fat adipocyte size, metabolic parameters, and OS biomarkers in the placenta and liver were determined. MO mothers showed higher body weight, triglycerides and leptin serum concentrations, insulin resistance (IR), decreased small and increased large adipocytes, liver fat accumulation, and hepatic upregulation of genes related to IR and inflammatory processes. Placenta, maternal and fetal liver OS biomarkers were augmented in MO. MOres mothers showed more small and fewer large adipocytes, lower triglycerides serum concentrations, IR and liver fat accumulation, downregulation of genes related to IR and inflammatory processes, and lowered OS in mothers, placentas, and female fetal liver. Maternal resveratrol supplementation in obese rats improves maternal metabolism and reduces placental and liver OS of mothers and fetuses in a sex-dependent manner.
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Preterm neonates are at high risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases which require antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics influence neonatal gut microbiome development, and intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with delayed gastrointestinal transit. Neonates who take less time to pass meconium have a better tolerance to enteral feeding. We analyzed the effect of neonatal antibiotic treatment on the stool pattern and oral tolerance in 106 preterm infants < 33 weeks gestational age. Neonates were classified in 3 groups according to neonatal antibiotic (ABT) treatment days: no antibiotics, 3−7 d ABT, and ≥8 d ABT. Preterm infants from the ≥8 d ABT group took longer to pass meconium and to start green and yellow stools, took longer to reach 100 and 150 mL/kg/day, and reached reduced volumes in enteral feeds at day of life 14 and 28 than infants from no ABT and 3−7 d ABT groups. Multiple linear regression models showed that neonatal antibiotic treatment, birth weight, invasive mechanical ventilation, surfactant, enteral feeding start day, neonatal parenteral nutrition, and neonatal fasting days are associated with the stool pattern and oral tolerance in preterm infants.
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Introduction: COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths have raised the need of identifying prognostic factors for medical decision-making. Methods: Observational, retrospective study analyzing 191 COVID-19 patients' serum inflammatory biomarkers. Results: The median age was 48.7 ± 12.7 years, 75.9% being men. Overweight/obesity was the most common comorbidity in 83.8% of patients. 44.5% had moderate disease followed by 43.5% with severe disease. The mean percentage of pulmonary damage was 53.4% ± 28.7. Serum leukocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio >7.7, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >10, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥250 and nutritional index <362 all were independent mortality predictors for COVID-19. Conclusions: A leukocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio >7.7 as well as a nutritional index <362 at hospitalization were independently associated with an increased mortality.
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COVID-19 , Adulto , Biomarcadores , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the search for new molecules with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The entry of the virus into the cell is one of the main targets for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. Natural products are an important source of new therapeutic alternatives against diseases. Pseudotyped viruses allow the study of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry inhibitors, and due to their simplicity, they allow the screening of a large number of antiviral candidates in Biosafety Level 2 facilities. We used pseudotyped HIV-1 with the D614G SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to test its ability to infect ACE2-expressing HEK 293T cells in the presence of diverse natural products, including 21 plant extracts, 7 essential oils, and 13 compounds from plants and fungi. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was evaluated using the resazurin method. From these analyses, we determined the inhibitory activity of the extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis, which had a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 91.65 µg/mL, a CC50 of 693.5 µg/mL, and a selectivity index (SI) of 7.57, indicating its potential use as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Moreover, our work indicates the usefulness of the pseudotyped-virus system in the screening of SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors.
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Antivirais/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/química , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Actinobacteria/química , Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/metabolismo , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Produtos Biológicos/metabolismo , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/virologia , Células HEK293 , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Humanos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/antagonistas & inibidores , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane, containing nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, enzymes, and toxins. EVs participate in various bacterial physiological processes. Staphylococcus epidermidis interacts and communicates with the host skin. S. epidermidis' EVs may have an essential role in this communication mechanism, modulating the immunological environment. This work aimed to evaluate if S. epidermidis' EVs can modulate cytokine production by keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo using the imiquimod-induced psoriasis murine model. S. epidermidis' EVs were obtained from a commensal strain (ATC12228EVs) and a clinical isolated strain (983EVs). EVs from both origins induced IL-6 expression in HaCaT keratinocyte cultures; nevertheless, 983EVs promoted a higher expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines VEGF-A, LL37, IL-8, and IL-17F than ATCC12228EVs. Moreover, in vivo imiquimod-induced psoriatic skin treated with ATCC12228EVs reduced the characteristic psoriatic skin features, such as acanthosis and cellular infiltrate, as well as VEGF-A, IL-6, KC, IL-23, IL-17F, IL-36γ, and IL-36R expression in a more efficient manner than 983EVs; however, in contrast, Foxp3 expression did not significantly change, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) was found to be increased. Our findings showed a distinctive immunological profile induction that is dependent on the clinical or commensal EV origin in a mice model of skin-like psoriasis. Characteristically, proteomics analysis showed differences in the EVs protein content, dependent on origin of the isolated EVs. Specifically, in ATCC12228EVs, we found the proteins glutamate dehydrogenase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, arginine deiminase, carbamate kinase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, phenol-soluble ß1/ß2 modulin, and polyglycerol phosphate α-glucosyltransferase, which could be involved in the reduction of lesions in the murine imiquimod-induced psoriasis skin. Our results show that the commensal ATCC12228EVs have a greater protective/attenuating effect on the murine imiquimod-induced psoriasis by inducing IL-36Ra expression in comparison with EVs from a clinical isolate of S. epidermidis.
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Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Psoríase/terapia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/metabolismo , Animais , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Vesículas Extracelulares/química , Vesículas Extracelulares/transplante , Humanos , Imiquimode/toxicidade , Interleucina-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-1/genética , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Camundongos , Infiltração de Neutrófilos , Psoríase/induzido quimicamente , Psoríase/patologia , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/patologia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
We investigated if supplementing obese mothers (MO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) composition and offspring anxiety behavior. From weaning throughout pregnancy and lactation, female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating and through lactation, half the mothers received 400 mg DHA kg-1 d-1 orally (C+DHA or MO+DHA). Offspring ate C after weaning. Maternal weight, total body fat, milk hormones, and milk nutrient composition were determined. Pups' milk nutrient intake was evaluated, and behavioral anxiety tests were conducted. MO exhibited increased weight and total fat, and higher milk corticosterone, leptin, linoleic, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations, and less DHA content. MO male and female offspring had higher ω-6/ ω-3 milk consumption ratios. In the elevated plus maze, female but not male MO offspring exhibited more anxiety. MO+DHA mothers exhibited lower weight, total fat, milk leptin, and AA concentrations, and enhanced milk DHA. MO+DHA offspring had a lower ω-6/ω-3 milk intake ratio and reduced anxiety vs. MO. DHA content was greater in C+DHA milk vs. C. Supplementing MO mothers with DHA improves milk composition, especially LCPUFA content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio reducing offspring anxiety in a sex-dependent manner.
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Animais Recém-Nascidos/psicologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Leite/química , Animais , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Ingestão de Alimentos/psicologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Feminino , Lactação , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Resumen Antecedentes: La ventilación mecánica continúa siendo una herramienta esencial en el cuidado de los recién nacidos prematuros. Hay evidencia de que la ventilación limitada por volumen (VLV) tiene ventajas sobre ventilación limitada por presión (VLP). Objetivo: Determinar la evolución clínica y gasométrica en los recién nacidos pretérmino en VLV en comparación con VLP. Material y métodos: Fue una investigación observacional y analítica en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, donde se incluyeron 80 recién nacidos ≤ 32 semanas de gestación y ≤ 1,000 g al nacimiento divididos en dos grupos. Resultados: Se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en días de ventilación, favoreciendo a VLV (p = 0.002); en las variables hipoxemia e hipocarbia, que son directamente afectadas por el modo ventilatorio, se encontró menor grado de afectación en VLV pero sin diferencia estadística. Se encontró en el grupo de pacientes con VLV menor acidosis respiratoria (p = 0.05) y menor requerimiento de fracción inspirada de oxígeno (FIO2) (p = 0.04). Conclusión: Al igual que la literatura, nuestros resultados comprueban beneficios como disminución de días de ventilación, disminución de acidosis y necesidades menores de FIO2 con el uso de VLV.
Abstract Background: Mechanical ventilation continues to be an essential tool in the care of premature newborns, there is evidence that volume-limited ventilation (VLV) has advantages over pressure-limited ventilation (VLP). Objective: To determine the clinical and gasometric evolution in newborns I preterm VLV compared to VLP. Material and methods: It was an observational and analytical research in a neonatal intensive care unit, where 80 newborns were included ≤ 32 weeks of gestation and ≤ 1000 grams at birth divided into two groups. Results: Statistically significant difference was observed in ventilation days, favouring VLV (p=0.002); in hypoxemia and hypocarbia variables, which are directly affected by ventilatory mode, lower degree of affection was found in VLV but without statistical difference. It was found in the group of patients with VLV lower respiratory acidosis (p=0.05), and lower FIO2 requirements (p=0.04). Conclusion: Like literature, our results prove benefits such as decreased ventilation days, decreased acidosis and lower needs of FIO2 with the use of VLV.
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Resumen Introducción: La ventilación nasofaríngea no sincronizada (VNFns) y la presión positiva continua de la vía área nasal (CPAPn) son métodos de asistencia ventilatoria no invasiva. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de los dos métodos como estrategia de extubación y rescate. Material y métodos: Pacientes que hubiesen estado en alguna de ambas estrategias del 2008 al 2012, categorizándolos como extubación o rescate y midiendo el éxito o fracaso. Resultados: El éxito como estrategia de extubación fue del 83.3% para la VNFns contra el 68.7% de la CPAPn (OR: 2.26). Hubo diferencia para VNFns, en relación con los días de hospitalización, con una media de 38.6 contra 65.4 días (p = 0.0001). En cuanto a la displasia broncopulmonar, hubo disminución de riesgo (OR: 0.64; p = 0.01) para la VNFns. Hubo mayor número de complicaciones para la CPAPn, lesión de la columnela, neumomediastino, neumotórax y sangrado nasal. En la VNFns se presentó con mayor frecuencia la hipocarbia. Conclusión: La VNFns mostró ser una estrategia efectiva y segura, en comparación con la CPAPn.
Abstract Background: Non-synchronized nasopharyngeal ventilation (VNFns) and continuous positive pressure of the nasal airway (CPAPn) are methods of non-invasive ventilatory support. Objective: To compare the efficacy of the two methods as an extubation and rescue strategy. Material and methods: Patients who had been in one of both strategies from 2008 to 2012, categorizing them as extubation or rescue and measuring success or failure. Results: Success as an extubation strategy was 83.3% for VNFns against 68.7% for CPAPn (OR: 2.26). There was a difference for VNFns, in relation to hospitalization days, with a mean of 38.6 versus 65.4 days (p = 0.0001). Regarding bronchopulmonary dysplasia, there was a decreased risk (OR: 0.64; p = 0.01) for VNFns. There was a higher number of complications for CPAPn, columella injury, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and nasal bleeding. Hypocarbia was more frequent in VNFns. Conclusion: VNFns was shown to be an effective and safe strategy, compared to CPAPn.
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(1) Background: The relationship between enteral nutrition and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among premature neonates is still unclear. The present work was designed to assess the relationship between NEC and feeding strategies compared to control infants. (2) Methods: A retrospective case-control study of premature infants (<35 weeks' gestation) with or without NEC that examined feeding practices and clinical characteristics at birth and 3, 7, and 14-day hospitalization, with a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. (3) Results: A total of 100 newborns with NEC diagnosis and 92 neonates without the disease with similar demographic and clinical characteristics were included. The median day of NEC diagnosis was 15 days (Interquartile Range (IQR) 5-25 days). A significantly higher number of neonates that were fasting on days 7 and 14 developed NEC (p < 0.05). In the longitudinal analysis, generalized linear and mixed models were fit to evaluate NEC association with feeding strategies and showed that exclusive mother's own milk (MM) and fortified human milk (FHM) across time were significantly less likely associated with NEC (p < 0.001) and that enteral fasting was positively related with NEC. In the cross-sectional analysis, a binary logistic regression model was fit and predicted 80.7% of NEC cases. MM was also found to correlate with a reduced risk for NEC (OR 0.148, 95% CI 0.044-0.05, p = 0.02), and in particular, on day 14, several factors were related to a decreased odd for NEC, including birth weight, antenatal steroids, and the use of FHM (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: MM and FHM were associated with less NEC compared to fasting on days 7 and 14. Feeding practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) should promote exclusive MM across the two-week critical period as a potential guideline to improve NEC outcome.
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PURPOSE: Neonatal sepsis is an important public health concern worldwide due to its immediate lethality and long-term morbidity rates, Clinical evaluation and laboratory analyses are indispensable for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. However, assessing multiple biomarkers in neonates is difficult due to limited blood availability. The aim is to investigate if the neonatal sepsis in preterm could be identified by multiparameter analysis with flow cytometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of activation-related molecules was evaluated by flow cytometry in newborn with or without risk factors for sepsis. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that several markers could be useful for sepsis diagnosis, such as CD45RA, CD45RO, or CD71 on T cells; HLA-DR on NKT or classic monocytes, and TREM-1 on non-classic monocytes or neutrophils. However, ROC analysis shows that the expression of CD45RO on T lymphocytes is the only useful biomarker for diagnosis of neonatal late-onset sepsis. Also, decision tree analyses showed that CD45RO plus CD27 could help differentiate the preterm septic neonates from those with risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows a complementary and practical strategy for biomarker assessment in neonatal sepsis.