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Este libro tiene como origen las diversas reflexiones originadas por la ejecución de un trabajo de investigación en el área de la salud con comunidades indígenas de la Amazonia colombiana denominado: "Estrategia de Atención Primaria en Salud con enfoque intercultural e investigación Acción Participativa para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino en el resguardo indígena de El Paujil" (Colombia) y desarrollado por lideresas pertenecientes a la región e investigadores de las universidades Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, FUCS; Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, UDCA; y Universidad El Bosque, con la cofinanciación del Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia. Los avances del proyecto permitieron explorar las visiones sobre diversos temas de algunas comunidades indígenas de la Amazonia, en especial, los relacionados con la salud de las mujeres y sus roles en las familias y en las comunidades. El trabajo conjunto, mediante una metodología de investigación participativa alrededor de la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino, incluyó en primer lugar el análisis de la interculturalidad como un enfoque que coincide con los postulados de respeto por los valores culturales y las diferencias.

This book has as origin the diverse reflections originated by the execution of a research work in the area of health with indigenous communities of the Colombian Amazon called: "Primary Health Care Strategy with intercultural approach and Participatory Action Research for the prevention of cervical cancer in the indigenous reservation of El Paujil" (Colombia) and developed by leaders belonging to the region and researchers from the universities Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, FUCS; Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, UDCA; and Universidad El Bosque, with co-financing from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia. The progress of the project made it possible to explore the views on various topics of some indigenous communities in the Amazon, especially those related to women's health and their roles in the families and communities. The joint work, through a participatory research methodology on cervical cancer prevention, included first of all the analysis of interculturality as an approach that coincides with the postulates of respect for cultural values and differences.

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Alphaproteobacteria include organisms living in close association with plants or animals. This interaction relies partly on orthologous two-component regulatory systems (TCS), with sensor and regulator proteins modulating the expression of conserved genes related to symbiosis/virulence. We assessed the ability of the exoS+Sm gene, encoding a sensor protein from the plant endosymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to substitute its orthologous bvrS in the related animal/human pathogen Brucella abortus. ExoS phosphorylated the B. abortus regulator BvrR in vitro and in cultured bacteria, showing conserved biological function. Production of ExoS in a B. abortus bvrS mutant reestablished replication in host cells and the capacity to infect mice. Bacterial outer membrane properties, the production of the type IV secretion system VirB, and its transcriptional regulators VjbR and BvrR were restored as compared to parental B. abortus. These results indicate that conserved traits of orthologous TCS from bacteria living in and sensing different environments are sufficient to achieve phenotypic plasticity and support bacterial survival. The knowledge of bacterial genetic networks regulating host interactions allows for an understanding of the subtle differences between symbiosis and parasitism. Rewiring these networks could provide new alternatives to control and prevent bacterial infection.

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Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is a progressive lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the IDS gene, that leads to iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) enzyme deficiency. The enzyme catalyzes the first step of degradation of two glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). The consequences of MPSII are progressively harmful and can lead to death by cardiac failure. The aim of this study was to characterize the cardiovascular disease in MPSII mice. Thus, we evaluated the cardiovascular function of MPSII male mice at 6, 8, and 10 months of age, through functional, histological, and biochemical analyzes. Echocardiographic analyses showed a progressive loss in cardiac function, observed through parameters such as reduction in ejection fraction (46% in control versus 28% in MPS II at 10 months, P < .01) and fractional area change (31% versus 23%, P < .05). Similar results were found in parameters of vascular competence, obtained by echo Doppler. Both aortic dilatation and an increase in pulmonary resistance were observed at all time points in MPSII mice. The histological analyses showed an increase in the thickness of the heart valves (2-fold thicker than control values at 10 months). Biochemical analyzes confirmed GAG storage in these tissues, with a massive elevation of DS in the myocardium. Furthermore, an important increase in the activity of proteases such as cathepsin S and B (up to 5-fold control values) was found and could be related to the progressive loss of cardiac function observed in MPSII mice. In this work, we demonstrated that loss of cardiac function in MPSII mice started at 6 months of age, although its global cardiac capacity was still preserved at this time. Disease progressed at later time points leading to heart failure. The MPSII mice at later times reproduce many of the cardiovascular events found in patients with Hunter's disease.

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Genome editing has multiple applications in the biomedical field. They can be used to modify genomes at specific locations, being able to either delete, reduce, or even enhance gene transcription and protein expression. Here, we summarize applications of genome editing used in the field of lysosomal disorders. We focus on the development of cell lines for study of disease pathogenesis, drug discovery, and pathogenicity of specific variants. Furthermore, we highlight the main studies that use gene editing as a gene therapy platform for these disorders, both in preclinical and clinical studies. We conclude that gene editing has been able to change quickly the scenario of these disorders, allowing the development of new therapies and improving the knowledge on disease pathogenesis. Should they confirm their hype, the first gene editing-based products for lysosomal disorders could be available in the next years.

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Sr. Editor; recientemente leímos con interés el artículo publicado en la Revista Universidad y Salud en su volumen 22, número 2, denominado "Recomendaciones prácticas para evitar el desacondicionamiento físico durante el confinamiento por pandemia asociada a COVID-19."(1). Felicitamos a los autores por el gran valor y alta pertinencia del artículo en general, cuyos resultados contribuyen a elevar el nivel de conocimiento respecto a recomendaciones prácticas para evitar el sedentarismo asociado a las medidas de confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Sin embargo, con el fin de aportar mayor e importante información nos gustaría exponer algunas reflexiones centradas en las recomendaciones de actividad física (AF).

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Introduction The amputation of the upper limb, especially of the hand, is a serious trauma with significant functional and psychological impact. Treatment options include adaptation to the stump, use of prostheses, and composite tissue transplantation. Unfortunately, in Colombia, to date, there are no epidemiological data that characterize the sociodemographic and clinical variables of patients with upper limb amputation. Objective To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with upper limb amputation in two hospital institutions in the city of Medellín during the period 2018-2019 as a basis for developing a hand transplant program in Colombia. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out where a total of 443 medical records were reviewed, of which eight records that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Variables such as age, etiology of amputation, level of amputation, comorbidities, complications, and rehabilitation process were analyzed. The information was collected in the REDCap program, and a descriptive analysis was carried out with the data obtained. Results From a sample of 443 amputee patients, eight were selected that met the inclusion criteria. There were 7/8 men (87%) aged 43 years. A total of 75% came from rural areas. In 3/8 patients, there was amputation of the dominant limb. The most common mechanisms were shear trauma and crushing in the context of an occupational accident. A total of 50% had a complete extra-hospital amputation, and reimplantation was not attempted in any of the cases. The most frequent levels of amputation were the proximal and distal third of the forearm. The longest follow-up time was 12 months. Only two patients mentioned the possibility of using a prosthesis during rehabilitation. Conclusions Three young patients were identified, without comorbidities, with amputation of the dominant limb in the context of an occupational accident and without the possibility of rehabilitation with prostheses who benefit from a possible future hand transplant. However, it is necessary to implement a composite tissue transplantation program and public health policies that allow this procedure to be performed in Colombia.

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Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la osteoporosis en mujeres costarricenses posmenopáusicas, atendidas en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, y relacionar con características clínicas y de estilo de vida. Métodos. Estudio transversal. Se analizó un total de 923 estudios de densitometría ósea de mujeres con edad entre los 45 y 80 años, en etapa posmenopáusica; se registró un valor de T-score obtenido por densitometría ósea para columna lumbar y cadera; se documentó las variables como la edad, el índice de masa corporal, tabaquismo y otros reconocidos factores de riesgo; se estimó la prevalencia y se analizó la relación con los factores. Resultados. A partir de 923 estudios y los factores de riesgo comúnmente asociados con la enfermedad, fueron estadísticamente significativos los siguientes: la edad (p<0,001), la edad en la menarquia (p = 0,001), la cantidad de años transcurridos desde la menopausia (p<0,001) y el antecedente familiar de fractura de cadera (p = 0,01). Otros factores no resultaron significativos. Conclusiones. Para la población estudiada, se demostró una prevalencia de 47% para osteopenia y de 39% para osteoporosis en mujeres posmenopáusicas. No se logró establecer una relación en las variables de estilo de vida, tales como tabaquismo, alcoholismo, actividad física y consumo de lácteos. Se deben realizar otras investigaciones con un mayor control sobre estas variables para conocer su riesgo relacionado con la enfermedad.

Abstract Aim: To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Costa Rican women treated at the San Juan de Dios Hospital of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, and relate it to clinical and lifestyle characteristics. Methods. Transversal study. A total of 923 bone densitometry studies of postmenopausal women aged between 45 and 80 years were analyzed; A T-score value obtained by bone densitometry was recorded for the lumbar spine and hip; variables such as age, bodymass index, smoking, and other recognized risk factors were documented; the prevalence was estimated and the relationship with the factors was analyzed. Results. From 923 studies and risk factors commonly associated with the disease, the following were statistically significant: age (p<0.001), age at menarche (p = 0.001), number of years since menopause (p<0.001) and family history of hip fracture (p = 0.01). Other factors were not significant. Conclusions. For the population studied, a prevalence of 47% for osteopenia and 39% for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was demonstrated. It was not possible to establish a relationship in lifestyle variables, such as smoking, alcoholism, physical activity and dairy consumption. Other investigations with greater control over these variables should be carried out to know their risk related to the disease.

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Esta cartilla es parte de un proyecto que comenzó en el año 2019 en el Resguardo de Paujil con mujeres de los pueblos Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo y Piapoco. La idea surgió de nuestras propias lideresas, especialmente de Irene Rojas Acosta, quien logró motivar a investigadores de tres universidades en Bogotá para que se escribiera y se presentara un proyecto de salud para las mujeres indígenas ante el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Invitó a 5 lideresas representantes de cada etnia para que hicieran parte activa del proyecto y le dieran continuidad; escrita en lenguas ancestrales y en español, representa un paso adelante en el trabajo por uno de estos derechos, como es el de la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujeres. Con su lectura conoceremos cómo se entiende la enfermedad del cáncer de cuello uterino en la medicina occidental y cómo se puede evitar que las mujeres mueran por este motivo.

This booklet is part of a project that began in 2019 in the Paujil Reservation with women from the towns of Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo and Piapoco. The idea arose from our own leaders, especially Irene Rojas Acosta, who managed to motivate researchers from three universities in Bogotá to write and present a health project for indigenous women to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. She invited 5 female leaders representing each ethnic group to take an active part in the project and give it continuity; Written in ancestral languages ​​and in Spanish, it represents a step forward in the work for one of these rights, such as that of women's sexual and reproductive health. By reading it we will learn how the disease of cervical cancer is understood in Western medicine and how women can be prevented from dying from this reason.

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Esta cartilla es parte de un proyecto que comenzó en el año 2019 en el Resguardo de Paujil con mujeres de los pueblos Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo y Piapoco. La idea surgió de nuestras propias lideresas, especialmente de Irene Rojas Acosta, quien logró motivar a investigadores de tres universidades en Bogotá para que se escribiera y se presentara un proyecto de salud para las mujeres indígenas ante el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Invitó a 5 lideresas representantes de cada etnia para que hicieran parte activa del proyecto y le dieran continuidad; escrita en lenguas ancestrales y en español, representa un paso adelante en el trabajo por uno de estos derechos, como es el de la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujeres. Con su lectura conoceremos cómo se entiende la enfermedad del cáncer de cuello uterino en la medicina occidental y cómo se puede evitar que las mujeres mueran por este motivo

This booklet is part of a project that began in 2019 in the Paujil Reservation with women from the towns of Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo and Piapoco. The idea arose from our own leaders, especially Irene Rojas Acosta, who managed to motivate researchers from three universities in Bogotá to write and present a health project for indigenous women to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. She invited 5 female leaders representing each ethnic group to take an active part in the project and give it continuity; Written in ancestral languages ​​and in Spanish, it represents a step forward in the work for one of these rights, such as that of women's sexual and reproductive health. By reading it we will learn how the disease of cervical cancer is understood in Western medicine and how women can be prevented from dying from this reason

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Esta cartilla es parte de un proyecto que comenzó en el año 2019 en el Resguardo de Paujil con mujeres de los pueblos Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo y Piapoco. La idea surgió de nuestras propias lideresas, especialmente de Irene Rojas Acosta, quien logró motivar a investigadores de tres universidades en Bogotá para que se escribiera y se presentara un proyecto de salud para las mujeres indígenas ante el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Invitó a 5 lideresas representantes de cada etnia para que hicieran parte activa del proyecto y le dieran continuidad; escrita en lenguas ancestrales y en español, representa un paso adelante en el trabajo por uno de estos derechos, como es el de la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujeres. Con su lectura conoceremos cómo se entiende la enfermedad del cáncer de cuello uterino en la medicina occidental y cómo se puede evitar que las mujeres mueran por este motivo.

This booklet is part of a project that began in 2019 in the Paujil Reservation with women from the towns of Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo and Piapoco. The idea arose from our own leaders, especially Irene Rojas Acosta, who managed to motivate researchers from three universities in Bogotá to write and present a health project for indigenous women to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. She invited 5 female leaders representing each ethnic group to take an active part in the project and give it continuity; Written in ancestral languages ​​and in Spanish, it represents a step forward in the work for one of these rights, such as that of women's sexual and reproductive health. By reading it we will learn how the disease of cervical cancer is understood in Western medicine and how women can be prevented from dying from this reason.

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Esta cartilla es parte de un proyecto que comenzó en el año 2019 en el Resguardo de Paujil con mujeres de los pueblos Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo y Piapoco. La idea surgió de nuestras propias lideresas, especialmente de Irene Rojas Acosta, quien logró motivar a investigadores de tres universidades en Bogotá para que se escribiera y se presentara un proyecto de salud para las mujeres indígenas ante el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Invitó a 5 lideresas representantes de cada etnia para que hicieran parte activa del proyecto y le dieran continuidad; escrita en lenguas ancestrales y en español, representa un paso adelante en el trabajo por uno de estos derechos, como es el de la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujeres. Con su lectura conoceremos cómo se entiende la enfermedad del cáncer de cuello uterino en la medicina occidental y cómo se puede evitar que las mujeres mueran por este motivo

This booklet is part of a project that began in 2019 in the Paujil Reservation with women from the towns of Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo and Piapoco. The idea arose from our own leaders, especially Irene Rojas Acosta, who managed to motivate researchers from three universities in Bogotá to write and present a health project for indigenous women to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. She invited 5 female leaders representing each ethnic group to take an active part in the project and give it continuity; Written in ancestral languages ​​and in Spanish, it represents a step forward in the work for one of these rights, such as that of women's sexual and reproductive health. By reading it we will learn how the disease of cervical cancer is understood in Western medicine and how women can be prevented from dying from this reason.

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Esta cartilla es parte de un proyecto que comenzó en el año 2019 en el Resguardo de Paujil con mujeres de los pueblos Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo y Piapoco. La idea surgió de nuestras propias lideresas, especialmente de Irene Rojas Acosta, quien logró motivar a investigadores de tres universidades en Bogotá para que se escribiera y se presentara un proyecto de salud para las mujeres indígenas ante el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Invitó a 5 lideresas representantes de cada etnia para que hicieran parte activa del proyecto y le dieran continuidad; escrita en lenguas ancestrales y en español, representa un paso adelante en el trabajo por uno de estos derechos, como es el de la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujeres. Con su lectura conoceremos cómo se entiende la enfermedad del cáncer de cuello uterino en la medicina occidental y cómo se puede evitar que las mujeres mueran por este motivo.

This booklet is part of a project that began in 2019 in the Paujil Reservation with women from the towns of Puinave, Curripaco, Sikuani, Cubeo and Piapoco. The idea arose from our own leaders, especially Irene Rojas Acosta, who managed to motivate researchers from three universities in Bogotá to write and present a health project for indigenous women to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. She invited 5 female leaders representing each ethnic group to take an active part in the project and give it continuity; Written in ancestral languages ​​and in Spanish, it represents a step forward in the work for one of these rights, such as that of women's sexual and reproductive health. By reading it we will learn how the disease of cervical cancer is understood in Western medicine and how women can be prevented from dying from this reason

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Aedes aegypti control programs require more sensitive tools in order to survey domestic and peridomestic larval habitats for dengue and other arbovirus prevention areas. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, field technicians have faced a new occupational hazard during their work activities in dengue surveillance and control. Safer strategies to monitor larval populations, in addition to minimum householder contact, are undoubtedly urgently needed. Drones can be part of the solution in urban and rural areas that are dengue-endemic. Throughout this study, the proportion of larvae breeding sites found in the roofs and backyards of houses were assessed using drone images. Concurrently, the traditional ground field technician's surveillance was utilized to sample the same house groups. The results were analyzed in order to compare the effectiveness of both field surveillance approaches. Aerial images of 216 houses from El Vergel village in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, at a height of 30 m, were obtained using a drone. Each household was sampled indoors and outdoors by vector control personnel targeting all the containers that potentially served as Aedes aegypti breeding sites. The main results were that the drone could find 1 container per 2.8 found by ground surveillance; however, containers that were inaccessible by technicians in roofs and backyards, such as plastic buckets and tubs, disposable plastic containers and flowerpots were more often detected by drones than traditional ground surveillance. This new technological approach would undoubtedly improve the surveillance of Aedes aegypti in household environments, and better vector control activities would therefore be achieved in dengue-endemic countries.

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Lysosomal disorders are a group of heterogenous diseases caused by mutations in genes that encode for lysosomal proteins. With exception of some cases, these disorders still lack both knowledge of disease pathogenesis and specific therapies. In this sense, genome editing arises as a technique that allows both the creation of specific cell lines, animal models and gene therapy protocols for these disorders. Here we explain the main applications of genome editing for lysosomal diseases, with examples based on the literature. The ability to rewrite the genome will be of extreme importance to study and potentially treat these rare disorders.

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Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic disorder that leads the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (Leu), isoleucine, valine and metabolites. The symptomatology includes psychomotor delay and mental retardation. MSUD therapy comprises a lifelong protein strict diet with low BCAA levels and is well established that high concentrations of Leu and/or its ketoacid are associated with neurological symptoms. Recently, it was demonstrated that the phenylbutyrate (PBA) have the ability to decrease BCAA concentrations. This work aimed the development of lipid-based nanoparticles loaded with PBA, capable of targeting to the central nervous system in order to verify its action mechanisms on oxidative stress and cell death in brain of rats subjected to a MSUD chronic model. PBA-loaded nanoparticles treatment was effective in significantly decreasing BCAA concentration in plasma and Leu in the cerebral cortex of MSUD animals. Furthermore, PBA modulate the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes, as well as preventing the oxidative damage to lipid membranes and proteins. PBA was also able to decrease the glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations and partially decreased the reactive species production and caspase-3 activity in MSUD rats. Taken together, the data indicate that the PBA-loaded nanoparticles could be an efficient adjuvant in the MSUD therapy, protecting against oxidative brain damage and neuroinflammation.

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Mucopolysaccharidoses are caused by a deficiency of enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Heart diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in MPS patients, even in conditions in which enzyme replacement therapy is available. In this sense, cardiovascular manifestations, such as heart hypertrophy, cardiac function reduction, increased left ventricular chamber, and aortic dilatation, are among the most frequent. However, the downstream events which influence the heart dilatation process are unclear. Here, we employed systems biology tools together with transcriptomic data to investigate new elements that may be involved in aortic dilatation in Mucopolysaccharidoses syndrome. We identified candidate genes involved in biological processes related to inflammatory responses, deposition of collagen, and lipid accumulation in the cardiovascular system that may be involved in aortic dilatation in the Mucopolysaccharidoses I and VII. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of losartan treatment in Mucopolysaccharidoses I mice to underscore how this drug acts to prevent aortic dilation. Our data indicate that the association between the TGF-b signaling pathway, Fos, and Col1a1 proteins can play an essential role in aortic dilation's pathophysiology and its subsequent improvement by losartan treatment.

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The prevalence of pediculosis in Mexican children was studied in San Nicolas and Tapachula, Mexico. A cross-sectional study included 888 students between six and 12 years old from two urban communities with an unequal socioeconomic status between September 2015 and March 2016. A Pearson χ2 and multivariate logistic analysis were carried out to associate risk factors to pediculosis. The overall prevalence of pediculosis from both localities was 23.9%. The female gender; long and medium hair; living with someone infested; previously infested by head lice and curling hair were variables linked to a significantly higher prevalence of pediculosis (p < 0.01). Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed in the age groups, localities and socioeconomic status for human lice infection. Socioeconomic variables such as numbers of inhabitants, floors of house, beds and rooms; and parents' qualification did not show a significative association for pediculosis. Health education in schools is needed for pediculosis prevention and remove the stigmatization of this disease related to poverty.

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Dengue and other Aedes-borne diseases have dramatically increased over the last decades. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully used as part of integrated pest strategies to control populations of insect-plant and livestock pests and is currently being tested as a potential method to reduce mosquito populations in an environmentally friendly approach. However, during the mass rearing steps needed to produce millions of mosquitoes, egg storage and preservation are essential for a certain amount of time. Eggs of Aedes aegypti have a chorionic pad that functions as a sticky substance to glue them onto the inner walls of larval breeding sites. The chorionic pad is chemically made of hyaluronic acid, a hygroscopic compound, responsible to protect them from desiccation over time. Two commercial products with hygroscopic properties, hydrolyzed collagen, and Hyalurosmooth®, both were tested to assess their ability to prolong egg life storage for A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Results showed that 85-95% of Ae. aegypti eggs were able to hatch up to week 8 after being treated with both hydrophilic compounds, compared with the control 66.3%. These two substances showed promising effects for keeping Ae. aegypti eggs viable during prolonged storage in mass rearing insect production focused on vector control SIT programs.

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Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the IDUA gene, that codifies the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme, which deficiency leads to storage of glycosaminoglycans, with multiple clinical manifestations. One of the leading causes of death in MPS I patients are cardiac complications such as cardiac valve thickening, conduction abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy. The mechanism leading to cardiac dysfunction in MPS I is not entirely understood. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that losartan and propranolol improved the cardiac function in MPS I mice. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the pathways influenced by these drugs may modulate the cardiac remodeling process in MPS I mice. According to our previous observation, losartan and propranolol restore the heart function, without altering valve thickness. MPS I mice presented reduced activation of AKT and ERK1/2, increased activity of cathepsins, but no alteration in metalloproteinase activity was observed. Animals treated with losartan showed a reduction in cathepsin activity and restored ERK1/2 activation. While both losartan and propranolol improved heart function, no mechanistic evidence was found for propranolol so far. Our results suggest that losartan or propranolol could be used to ameliorate the cardiac disease in MPS I and could be considered as adjuvant treatment candidates for therapy optimization.

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Introducción: El aislamiento social durante la pandemia por COVID-19 incluye el confinamiento en casa, que redunda en incremento de la inactividad física y de comportamientos sedentarios, favoreciendo el desacondicionamiento físico. Las personas desacondicionadas físicamente tienen alteraciones metabólicas y sistémicas por la falta de movimiento. Objetivo: Presentar recomendaciones prácticas, y de bajo costo sobre actividades basadas en la evidencia para evitar el desacondicionamiento físico durante el confinamiento en casa, que se pueden mantener a largo plazo, incluso después de la pandemia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión documental sobre estrategias para conducir estilos de vida saludable en casa que disminuyan los efectos negativos a nivel fisiológico producidos por el confinamiento derivado de la pandemia. Resultados: La evidencia señala que el confinamiento en casa incrementa los niveles de inactividad física y el comportamiento sedentario; la realización de actividad física bajo condiciones particulares puede entre otros, fortalecer el sistema respiratorio e inmunológico, mantener la condición física y generar efectos positivos sobre la salud mental. Conclusiones: Los hábitos relacionados con la práctica de actividad física en casa se deben mantener en el tiempo, se recomienda realizarla de manera programada, establecer horarios de descanso entre las actividades y durante la noche, y elegir aquellas que generen disfrute.

Introduction: Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic includes home confinement, which results in increased physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors, favoring physical deconditioning. Deconditioned people have metabolic and systemic disorders due to the lack of movement. Objective: To present practical, low-cost recommendations on evidence-based activities to avoid physical deconditioning during home confinement, which can be maintained over the long term, even after the pandemic. Materials and methods: Documentary review on strategies to support healthy lifestyles at home that decrease the negative effects at a physiological level produced by the confinement derived from the pandemic. Results: Evidence indicates that home confinement increases the levels of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior; executing physical activity under particular conditions, among other effects, can strengthen the respiratory and immune systems, maintain physical condition and generate positive effects on mental health. Conclusions: The habits related to the practice of physical activity at home should be maintained over time, it is recommended to do it on a scheduled basis, define rest times between activities and during the night, and choosing those that generate enjoyment.

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