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OBJECTIVE: To explore the needs, motivations, and limitations related to healthy eating and digital materials, as well as to identify patterns for their design as a strategy aimed at Mexican families. DESIGN: A qualitative observational study of the phenomenon through focus group sessions. LOCATION: A public primary education center in the city of Querétaro, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 9 to 11 years and parents, mothers, or caregivers with children in primary education. METHOD: Twelve sessions were conducted with three groups of students and two sessions with parents, mothers, or caregivers using an interview guide. Various digital materials, developed based on social cognitive theory, were presented during the sessions. The sessions were recorded with the participants' or their guardians' prior consent and transcribed for analysis. Coding was performed for key points of analysis, and information saturation was confirmed. RESULTS: Students expressed motivation towards digital material that promotes play and experimentation, especially within the family context. The main perceived barrier was the caregivers' resistance to change. Parents expressed motivation and a need for explanatory material on diseases, with economic and time-related barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Digital material based on social cognitive theory, designed to improve nutrition, can be an effective strategy in nutritional education if it considers the circumstances of the target population. It is advisable to include affective and behavioral elements to achieve meaningful learning within households.
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Dieta Saudável , Motivação , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Humanos , México , Criança , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Avaliação das Necessidades , Grupos Focais , Pais/psicologia , Pais/educação , Cuidadores/educação , Cuidadores/psicologia , Educação em Saúde/métodosRESUMO
The taxonomy of the subfamily Linoideae at the intergeneric and section levels has been questioned throughout the years, and the evolution of floral characters remains poorly understood. In particular, the evolution of flower color is still uncertain, despite its ecological importance and being one of the most variable and striking traits in Angiospermae. We evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of the genera and sections and used the phylogeny to reconstruct the ancestral state of flower color. The results suggest reevaluating the taxonomic status of segregated genera and re-incorporating them into Linum. Four of the five sections currently accepted were recovered as monophyletic (Cathartolinum, Dasylinum, Linum, and Syllinum). We propose accepting the section Stellerolinon and reevaluating Linopsis, whose representatives were recovered in three separate clades. The ancestral flower color for Linoideae was yellow-white. The flower colors purple and yellow-white were recovered at the deepest nodes of the two main clades. Pink, blue, and red colors were the most recent to evolve. These results appear to be related to diversification events, biogeographical history, and ecological aspects of the subfamily. Our reconstruction constitutes the first plausible scenario that explores the evolution of flower color, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on the flax group.
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People's health is closely linked to their diet. Diet can be defined as the set of foods that are consumed in a day, and it is susceptible to being altered by various factors, such as physiological, environmental, psychological, and social. These, in turn, can be affected by an inadequate diet and/or a dysregulation of emotions. Emotions are an immediate response by the organism informing it of the degree of favorability of a certain stimulus or situation. Moods are similar to emotions but more intense and prolonged. Some studies indicate that the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods may be related to emotional eating. Emotional eating is characterized by the excessive consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, rich in sugars and fats, in response to negative emotions. But several reports also indicate that emotional eating may be associated with the presence of positive emotions, so further analysis of the available information is necessary. Consuming higher amounts of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods can lead to the accumulation of energy in the body that results in an increase in body weight, as well as other associated diseases. Obesity is the world's leading diet-related health problem. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of the available literature using the Cochrane methodology, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate the relationship between emotional eating, the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, and indicators of nutritional status. An exhaustive search in different databases yielded 9431 scientific articles, 45 of which met the inclusion criteria. This review underscores the fact that knowing and understanding the reasons why people consume hyperpalatable energy-dense foods and the possible connection with their emotional eating can provide key data for improving and personalizing patients' nutritional treatment. This in turn can encourage compliance with treatment plans to improve people's health and quality of life using an interdisciplinary approach.
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Estado Nutricional , Qualidade de Vida , Dieta , Emoções/fisiologia , Alimentos , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Current recommendations for treating obesity in adolescence include a comprehensive approach (nutritional, behavioral, and exercise). Calcarea carbonica ostrearum (CCO) is a homeopathic medicine usually prescribed in obese individuals, but its effects on weight and body fat are not completely known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study will be to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic CCO, in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention (diet, motivational support, and exercise program), on body fat and weight in obese adolescents. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, superiority trial with 3-month study duration will be undertaken. The study will be conducted in a public research hospital in Mexico City, Hospital Juárez de México, in the outpatient services of homeopathy and sports medicine. Eighty non-diabetic adolescents, 12 to 19 years old, who are overweight or obese, will be included. The primary outcome: change in body fat percentage at week 12. The secondary outcomes: change in mean total weight, total body mass index, fat mass index, waist-hip ratio, lean muscle mass, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, score of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) and score of Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) at week 12. Efficacy data will be analyzed in the intention-to-treat sample. To determine the difference in the outcomes between groups at baseline and week 12, data will be analyzed using Student's t-test. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the fat-reducing efficacy in obese adolescents of a homeopathic medicine, CCO, given in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention, compared with placebo plus the same intervention. It is an attempt to support scientific evidence in homeopathy for one of the most common chronic diseases, which causes high mortality due to its complications. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03945396: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03945396?term=homeopathy+for+obesity+in+Mexican+adolescents&rank=1.
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Tecido Adiposo , Homeopatia/métodos , Sobrepeso/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Terapia Combinada , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Inquéritos e Questionários , Relação Cintura-Quadril , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AbstractThe Ceratozamianorstogii complex from Southern Mexico is made up of four closely related taxa and occurs in similar habitats (Quercus forest). All have linear-lanceolate leaflets with great similarity between them, especially in juvenile stages, but differentiate with age. There has been debate regarding delimitation of species due to character loss in herbarium specimens. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variation, and to measure genetic similarity between the four taxa. We studied populations in Cintalapa (Chiapas) for C. alvarezii and C. norstogii; the Sierra Atravesada (Oaxaca) for C. chimalapensis, and Villa Flores (Chiapas) for C. mirandae. One population for each taxon was sampled (only one population is known for C. alvarezii) 11-15 randomly chosen adult individuals were sampled. Twenty-eight primers were tested of which five were polymorphic using the RAPD'S technique. The data were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Results revealed low genetic diversity, and a differentiation was found between species, suggesting a recent divergence. A previous morphological and anatomical study on the complex has found the taxa to be distinct. However, the results of this study have shown that the C. norstogii species complex is in a divergence process, probably through genetic drift and founder effects. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 305-319. Epub 2017 March 01.
ResumenLos cuatro taxa que componen el complejo Ceratozamia norstogii de especies en el sur de México están estrechamente relacionados y se dan en hábitats similares (bosque de Quercus). Todos tienen folíolos linear-lanceolados con gran similitud entre ellos, sobre todo en las etapas juveniles, pero se diferencian con la edad. Ha habido un debate en relación con la delimitación de especies debido a la pérdida de caracteres en especímenes de herbario. Los objetivos de este estudio son determinar la variación genética y medir la similitud genética entre los cuatro taxones en el complejo. Las poblaciones estudiadas están en; Cintalapa, Chiapas para C. alvarezii y C. norstogii, la Sierra Atravesada, Oaxaca para C. chimalapensis y Villa Flores, Chiapas para C. mirandae. Se tomaron muestras de una población de cada taxón (sólo una población es conocida para C. alvarezii) 11-15 individuos adultos elegidos al azar fueron muestreados. Veintiocho primers fueron probados, de los cuales cinco fueron polimórficos mediante la técnica RAPD's. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando métodos bayesianos. Los resultados revelaron baja diversidad genética y la diferenciación encontrada entre las especies sugiere una divergencia reciente. Un estudio morfológico y anatómico anterior en el complejo encontró que los taxa son distintos. Sin embargo, los resultados del presente estudio han demostrado que el complejo C. norstogii aun se encuentra en un proceso de divergencia, probablemente a través de deriva genética y efectos de fundador.
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Variação Genética , Zamiaceae/genética , Dispersão Vegetal , Valores de Referência , Especificidade da Espécie , Marcadores Genéticos , Teorema de Bayes , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico/métodos , Biodiversidade , MéxicoRESUMO
The Ceratozamia norstogii complex from Southern Mexico is made up of four closely related taxa and occurs in similar habitats (Quercus forest). All have linear-lanceolate leaflets with great similarity between them, especially in juvenile stages, but differentiate with age. There has been debate regarding delimitation of species due to character loss in herbarium specimens. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variation, and to measure genetic similarity between the four taxa. We studied populations in Cintalapa (Chiapas) for C. alvarezii and C. norstogii; the Sierra Atravesada (Oaxaca) for C. chimalapensis, and Villa Flores (Chiapas) for C. mirandae. One population for each taxon was sampled (only one population is known for C. alvarezii) 11-15 randomly chosen adult individuals were sampled. Twenty-eight primers were tested of which five were polymorphic using the RAPD'S technique. The data were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Results revealed low genetic diversity, and a differentiation was found between species, suggesting a recent divergence. A previous morphological and anatomical study on the complex has found the taxa to be distinct. However, the results of this study have shown that the C. norstogii species complex is in a divergence process, probably through genetic drift and founder effects.
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Variação Genética , Dispersão Vegetal , Zamiaceae/genética , Teorema de Bayes , Biodiversidade , Marcadores Genéticos , México , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico/métodos , Valores de Referência , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Los extractos de semillas de 21 variedades de caraota fueron ensayados para determinar la especificidad hemaglutinante y la actividad mitogénica. Entre las diferentes variedades de caraotas se pueden distinguir cuatro tipos, dos de los cuales son mitógenos. Se aislaron dos fracciones de lectinas (α y b) de cada uno de los cuatro tipos de caraotas. Sus PM fueron estimados por cromatografía de exclusión y los azúcares presentes por cromatografía en papel. La actividad hemaglutinante, la inhibición de la acción hemaglutinante por derivados de azúcares y glucopéptidos, así como la acción mitogénica, se determinaron para las ocho lectinas purificadas y las cuatro preparaciones control. Las fracciones α y b aisladas a partir de dos de los tipos de caraotas mostraron solamente acción mitogénica mínima, mientras que las de los otros dos tipos de caraotas y todas las preparaciones control fueron mitógenos potentes. Todas las preparaciones mitogénicas aglutinaron en altas diluciones tanto a los glóbulos rojos de vaca activados con tripsina como a los de hámster activados con pronasa; sin embargo, algunas preparaciones resultaron inactivas cuando se probaron con los glóbulos rojos humanos o de conejo(AU)
Extracts of seeds of 21 bean cultlvars were screened for hemagglutinating specifity and for mitogenic activity. Four types could be distinguished in different beans, two of which are mitogens. Two lectin fractions (a and β) were isolated from each of the four bean types. Their MW were estimated by exclusion chromatography and component sugars by paper chromatography. Hemagglutinating activity, inhibition of hemagglutinating action by sugar-derivatives and glyco-peptides as well as mitogenic action were determined for the eight purified lectins and four control preparations. The a and β-fractions isolated from two bean types had only minimal mitogenic action, while those from the other two bean types and all of the control preparations were potent mitogens. All the mitogenic preparations agglutinated trypsin-activated cow red blood cells and pronase-activated hamster red blood cells in high dilutions but some were inactlve when tested with human or rabbit red blood cells(AU)
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Humanos , Animais , Fito-Hemaglutininas , Phaseolus , Eritrócitos , Lectinas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Manipulação de AlimentosRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Interspecific variation in sleep measured in captivity correlates with various physiological and environmental factors, including estimates of predation risk in the wild. However, it remains unclear whether prior comparative studies have been confounded by the captive recording environment. Herein we examine the effect of predation pressure on sleep in sloths living in the wild. DESIGN: Comparison of two closely related sloth species, one exposed to predation and one free from predation. SETTING: Panamanian mainland rainforest (predators present) and island mangrove (predators absent). PARTICIPANTS: Mainland (Bradypus variegatus, five males and four females) and island (Bradypus pygmaeus, six males) sloths. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded using a miniature data logger. Although both species spent between 9 and 10 h per day sleeping, the mainland sloths showed a preference for sleeping at night, whereas island sloths showed no preference for sleeping during the day or night. Standardized EEG activity during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep showed lower low-frequency power, and increased spindle and higher frequency power in island sloths when compared to mainland sloths. CONCLUSIONS: In sloths sleeping in the wild, predation pressure influenced the timing of sleep, but not the amount of time spent asleep. The preference for sleeping at night in mainland sloths may be a strategy to avoid detection by nocturnal cats. The pronounced differences in the NREM sleep EEG spectrum remain unexplained, but might be related to genetic or environmental factors.
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Animais Selvagens/fisiologia , Comportamento Predatório , Sono/fisiologia , Bichos-Preguiça/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Selvagens/psicologia , Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Benzodiazepinas/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Eletroencefalografia , Eletromiografia , Felidae/fisiologia , Feminino , Ilhas , Masculino , Panamá , Floresta Úmida , Sono REM/fisiologia , Bichos-Preguiça/psicologia , Fatores de Tempo , Vigília/fisiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: la antropometría y situación del apéndice cecal son parámetros inconstantes en el humano. Los conocimientos acumulados son escasos y muy limitados, provenientes, en su mayoría, de estudios en cadáveres. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar las características biométricas y posiciones anatómicas del apéndice cecal en el vivo.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de carácter prospectivo, en un universo de 236 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente, con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Celia Sánchez Manduley, en Manzanillo, Granma. Las vías de abordaje fueron las laparotomías paramedia derecha infraumbilical (58,47 por ciento), y de McBurney (41,53 por ciento). En el curso de la laparotomía se observó el ciego y su apéndice, realizándose la ectomía por técnica habitual, a medio centímetro de su punto de unión con el ciego, midiéndose de manera extracorpórea. Resultados: el ciego se localizó en la fosa ilíaca derecha en 184 pacientes (77,97 por ciento). El apéndice se implantó posterior a la válvula íleo-cecal en 213 casos (90,26 por ciento) con una longitud media de 9,31 cm más menos 3,37. La situación más frecuente fue la mesocelíaca (40,25 por ciento). El meso-apéndice fue triangular en 161 casos (68,22 por ciento) e insertado en el tercio medio en el 75,84 por ciento. La irrigación del apéndice fue más frecuente a través de 3 ramos arteriales (77,97 por ciento).Conclusiones: predominó la localización del ciego en la fosa iliaca derecha, la implantación posterior a la válvula íleo-cecal, la posición mesocelíaca, la longitud media fue de 9,31 cm. El meso-apéndice fue predominantemente de forma triangular, insertado en el tercio medio con 3 ramos arteriales.
Introduction: the anthropometry and location of the cecal appendix are inconstant parameters in the human being. The accumulated knowledge is scarce and very limited, mostly coming from studies in cadavers. The objective of the research was determining the biometrical characteristics and anatomical position of the cecal appendix in living persons. Method: we carried out a prospective, descriptive, observational study, in an universe of 236 surgically treated patients, with a diagnostic of acute appendicitis in the Teaching Surgical Clinical Hospital Celia Sanchez Manduley, in Manzanillo, Granma. The approaching ways were infra umbilical right paramedical laparotomies (58,47 percent) and McBurney's laparotomies (41,53 percent). In the course of the laparotomy we observed the cecum and the appendixes, carrying out the ectomy by usual technique, half centimeter before its linking point with the cecum, measuring it in an extracorporeal form.Results: the cecum was located in the right iliac fossa in 184 patients (77,97 percent). The appendix was implanted behind the ileo-cecal valve in 239 cases (90,26 percent) with a 9,31 cm plus minus 3,37 average longitude. The most frequent location was the meso-celiac one (40,25 percent). The meso-appendix was triangular in 161 cases (68,22 percent) and inserted in the medial third in 75,84 percent. The appendix irrigation was more frequent through 3 arterial branches (77,97 percent)...
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Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Apendicite/cirurgia , Apêndice/fisiopatologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Observacionais como AssuntoRESUMO
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the acetonic and methanolic extracts of H. inuloides prevent carbon tetrachloride-(CCl(4)) induced oxidative stress in vital tissues. Pretreatment with both H. inuloides extracts or quercetin attenuated the increase in serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (BB), creatinine (CRE), and creatine kinase (CK), and impeded the decrease of γ-globulin (γ-GLOB) and albumin (ALB) observed in CCl(4)-induced tissue injury. The protective effect was confirmed by histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid/Schiff's reagent. Level of lipid peroxidation was higher in the organs of rats exposed to CCl(4) than in those of the animals treated with Heterohteca extracts or quercetin, and these showed levels similar to the untreated group. Pretreatment of animals with either of the extracts or quercetin also prevented the increase of 4-hydroxynonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine. Pretreatment with the plant extracts or quercetin attenuated CCl(4) toxic effects on the activity of several antioxidant enzymes. The present results strongly suggest that the chemopreventive effect of the extracts used and quercetin, against CCl(4) toxicity, is associated with their antioxidant properties and corroborated previous results obtained in liver tissue.
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Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Substâncias Perigosas/farmacocinética , Melanócitos/fisiologia , Melanoma/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Humanos , Queratinócitos/fisiologia , Melanoma/genética , Melanossomas/fisiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genéticaRESUMO
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the commonest malignancy in adult kidney, lacks of early signs, resulting often in metastasis at first diagnosis. N-Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated and ferric nitrilotriacetate (FeNTA)-promoted RCC may be a useful experimental model, but it is not well characterized. In this study, histological alterations and oxidative stress markers were analyzed at different times throughout RCC development, histological subtype was re-evaluated in the light of current classification, and a tamarind seed extract (TSE) effect was examined. Male Wistar rats experimental groups were control, TSE, DEN, DEN+FeNTA, and TSE+DEN+FeNTA. TSE was given 2 weeks before DEN administration (200 mg/kg) and throughout the experiment. Fourteen days after DEN treatment, two FeNTA doses (9 mg Fe/kg) for acute nephrotoxicity study, and increasing FeNTA doses (3-9 mg Fe/kg) twice a week for 16 weeks for carcinogenesis protocol, were administered. In acute study, necrosis and renal failure were observed and TSE ameliorated them. Throughout carcinogenesis protocol, preneoplastic lesions were observed since 1 month of FeNTA treatment, which were more evident at 2 months, when also renal cysts and RCC were already detected. RCC tumors were obtained without changes in renal function, and clear cell histological subtype was identified in all cases. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and 3-nitro-L: -tyrosine levels increased progressively throughout protocol. TSE decreased both oxidative stress markers and, although there was no statistical difference, it delayed RCC progress and decreased its incidence (21 %). This study brings an insight of the time course events in this carcinogenesis model, identifies clear cell subtype and establishes TSE renoprotective effects.
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Carcinoma de Células Renais , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Renais , Extratos Vegetais , Tamarindus/química , Animais , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Carcinoma de Células Renais/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Dietilnitrosamina/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Compostos Férricos/toxicidade , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Nitrilotriacético/análogos & derivados , Ácido Nitrilotriacético/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Platelet-derived Growth Factors (GFs) are biologically active peptides that enhance tissue repair mechanisms such as angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cellular effects as stem cells recruitment, chemotaxis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used in a variety of clinical applications, based on the premise that higher GF content should promote better healing. Platelet derivatives represent a promising therapeutic modality, offering opportunities for treatment of wounds, ulcers, soft-tissue injuries, and various other applications in cell therapy. PRP can be combined with cell-based therapies such as adipose-derived stem cells, regenerative cell therapy, and transfer factors therapy. This paper describes the biological background of the platelet-derived substances and their potential use in regenerative medicine.
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Crocodylus moreletii, an extinction threatened species, represents an emblem for tropical ecosystems in Mexico. Surprisingly, there is a lack of information about their genetic constitution, which should be evaluated for a proper management ex situ and for making decisions on the release of crocodiles into natural habitats. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the genetic variability of four populations of C. moreletii (two wild versus two born ex situ). Through PCR were amplified seven microsatellite polymorphic loci, however a heterozygote deficit, diminished by the presence of null alleles, was found in the populations (average Ho=0.02). The AMOVA indicated that the highest proportion of genetic variability is within populations, and a limited genetic differentiation among populations (average F(ST)=0.03), probably due to high inbreeding index (average F(IS)=0.97). When comparing the genetic variability between and within other crocodilian species, we found that in C. moreletii is well below those reported. We concluded that the limited genetic variability in ex situ born populations is probably due to a founder effect derived from the social structure of their progenitors, and by the bottleneck effect, inferred by the limited effective population size, that historically characterizes their natural distribution in wild populations.
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Jacarés e Crocodilos/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Genética Populacional , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Alelos , Jacarés e Crocodilos/classificação , Animais , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Endogamia , Masculino , México , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Genetic variability in captive populations of Crocodylus moreletii (Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) using microsatellites markers. Crocodylus moreletii, an extinction threatened species, represents an emblem for tropical ecosystems in Mexico. Surprisingly, there is a lack of information about their genetic constitution, which should be evaluated for a proper management ex situ and for making decisions on the release of crocodiles into natural habitats. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the genetic variability of four populations of C. moreletii (two wild versus two born ex situ). Through PCR were amplified seven microsatellite polymorphic loci, however a heterozygote deficit, diminished by the presence of null alleles, was found in the populations (average H O=0.02). The AMOVA indicated that the highest proportion of genetic variability is within populations, and a limited genetic differentiation among populations (average F ST=0.03), probably due to high inbreeding index (average F IS=0.97). When comparing the genetic variability between and within other crocodilian species, we found that in C. moreletii is well below those reported. We concluded that the limited genetic variability in ex situ born populations is probably due to a founder effect derived from the social structure of their progenitors, and by the bottleneck effect, inferred by the limited effective population size, that historically characterizes their natural distribution in wild populations.
Crocodylus moreletii representa un emblema para los ecosistemas tropicales de México pero actualmente está amenazada por extinción. Sorprendentemente, hay una falta de información de su constitución genética, que debe ser evaluada para un manejo apropiado ex situ y para toma de decisiones en la liberación de cocodrilos a su hábitat natural. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar y comparar la variabilidad genética de cuatro grupos poblacionales de C. moreletii (dos silvestres y dos nacidas ex situ). Mediante PCR se amplificaron siete loci de microsatélites polimórficos, sin embargo se encontró déficit de heterocigotos en las poblaciones (promedio H O=0.02) mermado por la presencia de alelos nulos. El AMOVA indicó que la mayor proporción de variabilidad genética se encuentra dentro de las poblaciones y una limitada diferenciación genética entre poblaciones (promedio F ST =0.03), probablemente debida al alto índice de endogamia (promedio F IS=0.97). Al comparar la variabilidad genética inter e intra especies de cocodrilianos, encontramos que en C. moreletii está muy por debajo de los reportados. Se concluye que la limitada variabilidad genética de las poblaciones nacidas ex situ probablemente se debe al efecto fundador derivado de la estructura social de sus progenitores, y de las poblaciones silvestres, por el efecto cuello de botella, inferido por el limitado tamaño efectivo de población que presentó históricamente en su distribución natural.
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Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Jacarés e Crocodilos/genética , Genética Populacional , Variação Genética/genética , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Alelos , Jacarés e Crocodilos/classificação , Frequência do Gene , Endogamia , México , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that an excessive production of reactive oxygen species plays an important role in acute renal failure secondary to ischemia and reperfusion. tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) is a well-known antioxidant. In this study, we evaluated whether tBHQ pretreatment prevented renal damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). METHODS: Four groups of rats were studied: (a) control-sham (CT), (b) tBHQ-sham (tBHQ), (c) I/R and (d) tBHQ + I/R. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of tBHQ (50 mg/kg) were given to the tBHQ and tBHQ + I/R groups and 3% ethanol/isotonic saline solution to the CT and I/R groups. Animals were killed 24 hours after I/R. RESULTS: tBHQ attenuated I/R-induced renal dysfunction, structural damage, oxidative/nitrosative stress, glutathione depletion and the decrease in several antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION: The renoprotective effect of tBHQ on I/R injury was associated with the attenuation in oxidative/nitrosative stress and the preservation of antioxidant enzymes.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hidroquinonas/farmacologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Aldeídos/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Catalase/efeitos dos fármacos , Catalase/metabolismo , Glutationa/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Redutase/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Rim/patologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/efeitos adversos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/fisiopatologia , Superóxido Dismutase/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/efeitos dos fármacos , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) is a compound widely used as food antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of tBHQ to prevent the nephrotoxic effect of CDDP in rats as well as the mechanisms involved. Thirty-six Wistar rats divided in the following groups were used: control, tBHQ (12.5mg/kg), CDDP (7.5mg/kg) and tBHQ+CDDP. Twenty-four h urine was collected at the beginning and at the end of the experiment and the rats were sacrificed 72h after CDDP-administration. Histological studies were performed and markers of renal function and oxidative/nitrosative stress were measured. In addition, the activity of the following antioxidant enzymes was measured: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). CDDP-induced renal dysfunction, structural damage and oxidative/nitrosative were prevented by tBHQ. In addition, tBHQ completely prevented the CDDP-induced fall in GPx and GST activities. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the antioxidant activity of tBHQ is associated with its nephroprotective effect against CDDP-induced acute kidney injury in rats.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cisplatino/toxicidade , Hidroquinonas/farmacologia , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Nefropatias/prevenção & controle , Aldeídos/metabolismo , Animais , Catalase/sangue , Glutationa Peroxidase/sangue , Glutationa Redutase/sangue , Glutationa Transferase/sangue , Imuno-Histoquímica , Nefropatias/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/sangueRESUMO
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent that induces nephrotoxicity associated with oxidative/nitrosative stress. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate produced by the enzymatic action of myrosinase on glucorophanin, a glucosinolate contained in cruciferous vegetables. SFN is able to induce cytoprotective enzymes through the transcription factor Nrf2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether SFN induces a cytoprotective effect on the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Preincubation of LLC-PK1 cells with 0.5-5 microM SFN by 24 h was able to prevent, in a concentration-dependent way, CDDP-induced cell death. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 after treatment with SFN. In the in vivo studies, CDDP was given to Wistar rats as a sole i.p. injection at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. SFN (500 microg/kg i.v.) was given two times (24 h before and 24 after CDDP-injection). Animals were killed three days after CDDP-injection. SFN attenuated CDDP-induced renal dysfunction, structural damage, oxidative/nitrosative stress, glutathione depletion, enhanced urinary hydrogen peroxide excretion and the decrease in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase). The renoprotective effect of SFN on CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with the attenuation in oxidative/nitrosative stress and the preservation of antioxidant enzymes.
Assuntos
Anticarcinógenos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Cisplatino/efeitos adversos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiocianatos/farmacologia , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Isotiocianatos , Rim/citologia , Células LLC-PK1 , Masculino , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sulfóxidos , SuínosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between time of postpartum discharge and symptoms indicative of complications during the first postpartum week. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women with vaginal delivery at a Mexico City public hospital, without complications before the hospital discharge, were interviewed seven days after delivery. Time of postpartum discharge was classified as early (<24 hours) or late (>25 hours). The dependent variable was defined as the occurrence and severity of puerperal complication symptoms. RESULTS: Out of 303 women, 208 (68%) were discharged early. However, women with early discharge and satisfactory prenatal care had lower odds of presenting symptoms in early puerperium than women without early discharge and inadequate prenatal care (OR 0.36; 95% confidence intervals = 0.17-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between early discharge and symptoms of complications during the first postpartum week; the odds of complications were lower for mothers with early discharge and satisfactory prenatal care.
Assuntos
Alta do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Puerperais/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent that produces nephrotoxicity associated with oxidative/nitrosative stress. alpha-Mangostin (alpha-M) is a xanthone extracted from mangosteen with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of alpha-M on the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. alpha-M was administered (12.5 mg/kg/day, i.g.) for 10 days (7 days before and 3 days after CDDP injection). On day 7, rats were treated with a single injection of CDDP (7.5 mg/Kg, i.p.); 3 days after the rats were killed. alpha-M attenuated renal dysfunction, structural damage, oxidative/nitrosative stress, decrease in catalase expression and increase in mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta. In conclusion the renoprotective effect of alpha-M on CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with the attenuation in oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory and fibrotic markers and preservation of catalase activity.