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The emergence of metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL)-producing Enterobacterales, mainly New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM), represents a clinical threat due to the limited therapeutic alternatives. Aztreonam (AZT) is stable to MBLs, but most MBL-producing Enterobacterales isolates usually co-harbour other ß-lactamases that confer resistance to AZT and, consequently, its use is restricted in these isolates. We compared the ability of sulbactam (SUL), tazobactam (TAZ), clavulanic acid (CLA) and avibactam (AVI) to restore the AZT activity in MBL-producing AZT-resistant Enterobacterales isolates. A collection of 64 NDM-producing AZT-resistant Enterobacterales from five hospitals in Buenos Aires city, Argentina, were studied during the period July-December 2020. MICs were determined using the agar dilution method with Mueller-Hinton agar according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. AVI, SUL and TAZ were used at a fixed concentration of 4 mg l-1, whereas CLA was used at a fixed concentration of 2 mg l-1. A screening method based on disc diffusion to evaluate this synergy was also conducted. Detection of bla KPC, bla OXA, bla NDM, bla VIM, bla CTXM-1, bla PER-2 and bla CIT was performed by PCR. The AZT-AVI combination restored the AZT activity in 98.4 % of AZT-resistant strains, whereas CLA, TAZ and SUL did so in 70.3, 15.6 and 12.5 %, respectively, in isolates co-harbouring extended-spectrum ß-lactamases, but were inactive in isolates harbouring AmpC-type enzymes and/or KPC. The synergy screening test showed an excellent negative predictive value to confirm the absence of synergy, but positive results should be confirmed by a quantitative method. The excellent in vitro performance of the AZT-CLA combination represents a much more economical alternative to AZT-AVI, which could be of use in the treatment of MBL-producing, AZT-resistant Enterobacterales.

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PURPOSE: To verify the use of conjunctions in narratives, and to investigate the influence of stimuli's complexity over the type of conjunctions used by children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical language development. METHODS: Participants were 40 children (20 with typical language development and 20 with SLI) with ages between 7 and 10 years, paired by age range. Fifteen stories with increasing of complexity were used to obtain the narratives; stories were classified into mechanical, behavioral and intentional, and each of them was represented by four scenes. Narratives were analyzed according to occurrence and classification of conjunctions. RESULTS: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions, with significant decrease in the use of conjunctions in the discourse of SLI children. The use of conjunctions varied according to the type of narrative: for coordinative conjunctions, both groups differed only between intentional and behavioral narratives, with higher occurrence in behavioral ones; for subordinate conjunctions, typically developing children's performance did not show differences between narratives, while SLI children presented fewer occurrences in intentional narratives, which was different from other narratives. CONCLUSION: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions; however, typically developing children presented more conjunctions than SLI children. The production of children with SLI was influenced by stimulus, since more complex narratives has less use of subordinate conjunctions.

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RESUMO

PURPOSE: To verify the use of conjunctions in narratives, and to investigate the influence of stimuli's complexity over the type of conjunctions used by children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical language development. METHODS: Participants were 40 children (20 with typical language development and 20 with SLI) with ages between 7 and 10 years, paired by age range. Fifteen stories with increasing of complexity were used to obtain the narratives; stories were classified into mechanical, behavioral and intentional, and each of them was represented by four scenes. Narratives were analyzed according to occurrence and classification of conjunctions. RESULTS: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions, with significant decrease in the use of conjunctions in the discourse of SLI children. The use of conjunctions varied according to the type of narrative: for coordinative conjunctions, both groups differed only between intentional and behavioral narratives, with higher occurrence in behavioral ones; for subordinate conjunctions, typically developing children's performance did not show differences between narratives, while SLI children presented fewer occurrences in intentional narratives, which was different from other narratives. CONCLUSION: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions; however, typically developing children presented more conjunctions than SLI children. The production of children with SLI was influenced by stimulus, since more complex narratives has less use of subordinate conjunctions.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o uso de conjunções em narrativas e investigar a influência da complexidade dos estímulos sobre o tipo de conjunção utilizada, tanto em indivíduos com distúrbio específico de linguagem (DEL) quanto em sujeitos com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa 40 sujeitos (20 em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem e 20 com DEL), com idades variando entre 7 e 10 anos, pareados por faixa etária. Para obter as narrativas foram utilizadas 15 sequências lógico-temporais de complexidade crescente, classificadas em mecânicas, comportamentais e intencionais, representadas por quatro cenas cada uma. As narrativas foram analisadas quanto à ocorrência e à classificação das conjunções. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos utilizaram mais conjunções coordenativas do que subordinativas, com significativa redução do emprego de conjunções no discurso das crianças com DEL. A utilização das conjunções variou quanto ao tipo de narrativa, sendo que para as conjunções coordenativas, ambos os grupos diferiram apenas entre as narrativas intencionais e as comportamentais, com maior ocorrência nas comportamentais. Para as conjunções subordinativas, o desempenho das crianças em desenvolvimento normal não diferiu entre as narrativas, enquanto, no grupo com DEL nas intencionais houve menor ocorrência, diferindo das outras narrativas. CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os grupos apresentaram maior uso de conjunções coordenativas do que subordinativas, porém, os sujeitos em desenvolvimento normal apresentaram mais conjunções do que os indivíduos com DEL. A produção das crianças com DEL sofreu influência do estímulo, uma vez que em narrativas mais complexas houve menor uso de conjunções subordinativas.

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BACKGROUND: Variable exotropia is determined by a series of mechanisms that provide different clinical characteristics to outline individual therapy. There is no specific categorization that can identify such an entity. A clinical classification is proposed that includes different clinical features in accordance with the mechanisms involved in the variability genesis of such exotropias. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of variable angle exotropia without previous surgery were included. A complete ophthalmic and strabismus exploration was performed. Variability characteristics were studied and grouped by entries in the classification proposed. RESULTS: Ninety patients were examined from the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Unit of the General Hospital of Mexico O.D., with a diagnosis of variable angle exotropia. The following forms of presentations were found: secondary variable angle exotropia due to neurological alteration in 32 cases (35.5%), secondary variable angle exotropia due to monocular bad vision in 19 cases (21.2%), dissociated horizontal deviation in 14 cases (15.5%), mixed variable angle exotropia in 22 cases (4.5%) and primary variable angle exotropia in 3 cases (3.33%). CONCLUSIONS: This classification allows categorization of all patients of variable angle exotropia into proposed categories. The most common mechanism responsible for variability is neurological alteration. Primary variable angle exotropias are rare and are present in a minimum percentage.

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