RESUMO
En los últimos años ha ocurrido un avance impresionante en las máquinas de secuenciación paralela masiva, también llamadas de secuenciación de siguiente generación (NGS), por ejemplo, máquinas recientes como Illumina Hiseq son capaces de generar millones de lecturas en una sola corrida. No obstante, estas tecnologías están limitadas a secuenciar solo fragmentos pequeños de material genético (entre 35 y 1100 nucleótidos), por lo que para secuenciar un genoma completo es necesario dividir la cadena, secuenciar y posteriormente ensamblar las lecturas cortas obtenidas. En este trabajo se revisan y comparan las tecnologías de secuenciación recientes, se estudia el proceso de ensamble de genomas completos y se establece formalmente el problema de la alineación. También se incluye un resumen de los principales programas de alineación y sus algoritmos que lo soportan. Finalmente, después de concluir que las tecnologías de secuenciación han superado en velocidad por un factor mayor a 10x a los programas de alineación, se revisa la aceleración Hardware como alternativa para acelerar tales programas. Este trabajo al ser una revisión integral pretende contribuir al desarrollo de investigación en el área de bioinformática en el país.
In recent years, impressive progress has occurred in the machines of massively parallel sequencing, also called of next-generation sequencing (NGS), for example, recent machines like Illumina HiSeq are capable of generating millions of reads in a single run. However, these technologies are limited to sequence only small fragments of genetic material (35 to 1100 nucleotides), so that for complete-genome sequencing, it is necessary to divide the chain, to sequence the fragments, and, subsequently, to assemble the obtained short readings. In this paper, the recent NGS sequencing technologies are reviewed and compared, analyzing the problem of sequence assembly, and formally establishing the problem of alignment. Also, it is examined the main alignment programs and the algorithms that support them. Finally, after concluding that sequencing technologies have speed that exceeds 10 times to the speed of the alignment programs, the hardware acceleration is reviewed as an alternative to accelerate these programs. This work, which is a comprehensive analysis and review, aims to contribute to the development of the research in the area of bioinformatics in the country.
RESUMO
En Cuba, a pesar de la creación de un nuevo modelo de ciencia e innovación y de las emprendedoras acciones realizadas por la alta dirección del país e integrantes del Sistema de Ciencia e Innovación Tecnológica, resultan aún insuficientes los resultados de la actividad de la ciencia y la tecnología, en particular los resultados tecnológicos de los proyectos de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) de las universidades como actividades dinamizadoras de la economía nacional. Además, se padece de los innumerables conflictos que imponen los nuevos entornos tecnológicos a países en vías de desarrollo, como sucede con el resto de América Latina. Una de sus causas es la escasa cultura que poseen, tanto estudiantes como profesores e investigadores, sobre los nuevos entornos, propiedad industrial e innovación tecnológica. Ante esta situación, un grupo de profesionales de la información han propuesto, mediante un caso de estudio, la aprobación e implementación de una política de información institucional de estricto cumplimiento que apoye la incorporación de todos los conocimientos necesarios en estas temáticas y propicie la creación de una cultura de pensamiento tecnológico importante para iniciar una investigación. El sistema interno de propiedad intelectual que se propone para la Universidad de Pinar del Río como política institucional de información posibilita, entre otros beneficios, ofrecer nuevos servicios de información tecnológica(AU)
In Cuba, despite the creation of a new model of science and innovation, and the outstanding actions taken by the top leadership of the country and the members of the Technological and Scientific Innovation System, the results of the scientific and technological activities are still insufficient, particularly the technological results of the research and development projects (R & D) of the universities seen as boosting activities to refresh the national economy. Also, they face the countless conflicts imposed by the new technological environments on the developing countries, particularly in Latin America. One of the causes is the poor knowledge of students, as well as professors and researchers on such new environments, the industrial property and the technological innovation. Before this situation, a group of information professionals has put forward a proposal by means of a case study for the approval and immediate implementation of a compulsory institutional information policy that will support the incorporation of all necessary knowledge in this topic and will foster the creation of a technological thinking culture needed to start a research work. The suggested internal system of intellectual property for the University of Pinar del Río province as institutional information policy makes, among other benefits, the offering of new technological information services possible(AU)
Assuntos
Propriedade Intelectual , Desenvolvimento Tecnológico , Tecnologia da InformaçãoRESUMO
En Cuba, a pesar de la creación de un nuevo modelo de ciencia e innovación y de las emprendedoras acciones realizadas por la alta dirección del país e integrantes del Sistema de Ciencia e Innovación Tecnológica, resultan aún insuficientes los resultados de la actividad de la ciencia y la tecnología, en particular los resultados tecnológicos de los proyectos de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) de las universidades como actividades dinamizadoras de la economía nacional. Además, se padece de los innumerables conflictos que imponen los nuevos entornos tecnológicos a países en vías de desarrollo, como sucede con el resto de América Latina. Una de sus causas es la escasa cultura que poseen, tanto estudiantes como profesores e investigadores, sobre los nuevos entornos, propiedad industrial e innovación tecnológica. Ante esta situación, un grupo de profesionales de la información han propuesto, mediante un caso de estudio, la aprobación e implementación de una política de información institucional de estricto cumplimiento que apoye la incorporación de todos los conocimientos necesarios en estas temáticas y propicie la creación de una cultura de pensamiento tecnológico importante para iniciar una investigación. El sistema interno de propiedad intelectual que se propone para la Universidad de Pinar del Río como política institucional de información posibilita, entre otros beneficios, ofrecer nuevos servicios de información tecnológica.
In Cuba, despite the creation of a new model of science and innovation, and the outstanding actions taken by the top leadership of the country and the members of the Technological and Scientific Innovation System, the results of the scientific and technological activities are still insufficient, particularly the technological results of the research and development projects (R & D) of the universities seen as boosting activities to refresh the national economy. Also, they face the countless conflicts imposed by the new technological environments on the developing countries, particularly in Latin America. One of the causes is the poor knowledge of students, as well as professors and researchers on such new environments, the industrial property and the technological innovation. Before this situation, a group of information professionals has put forward a proposal by means of a case study for the approval and immediate implementation of a compulsory institutional information policy that will support the incorporation of all necessary knowledge in this topic and will foster the creation of a technological thinking culture needed to start a research work. The suggested internal system of intellectual property for the University of Pinar del Río province as institutional information policy makes, among other benefits, the offering of new technological information services possible.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Tecnológico , Propriedade Intelectual , Tecnologia da InformaçãoRESUMO
A solid phase immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for quantification of bovine albumin fraction V (Bov.Alb.FV) in antileptospirosical Cuban vaccine vaxSpiral is described in the present work. Anti-Bov.Alb.FV IgG raised against rabbit purified by affinity chromatography was used as first antibody. Anti-rabbit IgG labeled by Chloromine-T reaction was used as a tracer and the method has demonstrated to be sensitive with high intra- and inter-assay reproducibility. Eight lots of vaccinal antigens were evaluated and in all of the cases, the bovine albumin fraction V concentration was lower than 1 microgram/mL, as the World Health Organization (WHO) establishes. This IRMA is a simple and sensitive assay and could be used as control method for all human vaccines that use Bov.Alb.FV in their production process, even cellular vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/análise , Leptospira/imunologia , Soroalbumina Bovina/análise , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Bovinos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Ensaio Imunorradiométrico , CoelhosRESUMO
The presence of hepatitis GB virus C (GBV-C), also known as hepatitis G virus (HGV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were investigated in sera from 45 hemophiliacs from nine locations in Nicaragua using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primers used to detect GBV-C and HCV derived from the helicase region and 5'UTR, respectively. Seventeen (38%) patients were positive for GBV-C RNA in serum by PCR. Twelve (27%) patients were positive for HCV RNA by PCR. Six (13%) of these were coinfected with GBV-C. Anti-HCV was detected in all the 12 HCV RNA positive hemophiliacs and in another 14 (31%) individuals, in whom GBV-C RNA was found in 2. Ten patients (22%) lacked markers for both GBV-C and HCV. The mean age of the patients positive for GBV-C but negative for HCV by PCR was significantly lower than for those negative for GBV-C but positive for HCV by PCR (P < 0.05; Student's t-test), indicating that the risk for this group of hemophiliacs to acquire GBV-C infection is higher as compared to the risk of acquiring HCV infection. Eleven GBV-C strains were sequenced in the 5'UTR. Sequence comparison to previously published GBV-C strains revealed that all 11 strains were more similar to Asian strains than to strains of European and African origin. Sequences in the NS5-B region were available for 8 HCV strains, all of which were found to belong to genotype 1a. The similarity of the Nicaraguan GBV-C strains to strains from Asia indicates that the GBV-C strains in the region presumably have an Amerindian origin. It is also considered that the HTLV II strains in the New World aboriginal populations are ancient and brought there by the ancestral Amerindian populations from Asia. Further, the genotype F of hepatitis B virus, known to represent the strains in populations with Amerindian background, predominates in Central American populations with Hispanic background. It remains to be clarified why Amerindian strains of GBV-C as well as of HBV predominate also in populations with mixed ethnic background in Central America.
Assuntos
Flaviviridae/genética , Flaviviridae/isolamento & purificação , Hemofilia A/complicações , Hepatite Viral Humana/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Ásia , Sequência de Bases , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DNA Viral , Flaviviridae/classificação , Hepatite C/sangue , Hepatite C/complicações , Hepatite C/imunologia , Hepatite C/virologia , Hepatite Viral Humana/sangue , Hepatite Viral Humana/complicações , Humanos , Lactente , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/sangueRESUMO
Se realiza examen ultrasonográfico a 17,132 embarazadas, encontrándose 13 pacientes con oligohidramnios. Se realizó la interrupción del embarazo en los 13 casos, informandose malformaciones fetales en 10 de ellos (76,9 por ciento). Se plantea que el oligohidramnio es una situación de Alto Riesgo Malformativo.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Oligo-HidrâmnioRESUMO
Se realiza examen ultrasonográfico a 17,132 embarazadas, encontrándose 13 pacientes con oligohidramnios. Se realizó la interrupción del embarazo en los 13 casos, informandose malformaciones fetales en 10 de ellos (76,9 por ciento). Se plantea que el oligohidramnio es una situación de Alto Riesgo Malformativo.(AU)