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INTRODUCTION: Changes to healthcare delivery organization that have occurred to protect people from the virus COVID-19 may have led to harmful consequences to pregnant women intensifying obstetric violence. Prevalence of obstetric violence in Ecuador is high with a range between 30 and 70% approximately. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 1298 women who answered EPREVO questionnaire from June 2021 to January 2022. Obstetrics characteristics' relationship before and during COVID-19 were examined using Fisher exact test. RESULTS: From 1598 respondents, 1284 (80.4%) gave birth before March 2020 Most of the participants (73.6%; CI:73.59-73.61) experienced obstetric violence during childbirth. Vaginal examination, enemas and genital shaving, episiotomy and cesarean section decreased significantly as well as rooming with the baby during the pandemic. Half of the women did not breastfeed the baby in the first hour but there were not statistically significant differences between giving birth before or during the infection from COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of obstetric violence in Ecuador remains high but without major differences due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however some harmful medical practices considered as obstetric violence decreased but maybe to the fear to be infected by the virus.
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COVID-19 , Cesárea , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Parto , Parto Obstétrico , Equador/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , ViolênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Classification (FSPC) is the most common tool used to assess skin phototype in White populations according to the amount of pigment the skin has and its reaction to sun exposure. Scientific evidence about the use of this scale for persons with darker skin is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity of the FSPC for Ecuadorians. METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study recruited participants of both sexes between 40 and 90 years of age living in a rural area of Quito, Ecuador. Cronbach α values were used to assess the internal consistency of the scale. Construct validity was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: The internal consistency coefficients indicated that the reliability of the responses to the scale was fair. Total α value was .515, whereas the α values of the two factors were .42 and .67. Most item-to-factor correlations had a low to moderate magnitude, ranging from r = 0.30 to 0.37. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor solution and achieved good overall fit as indicated by root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, and nonnormed fit index = 0.88 was mediocre. Goodness-of-fit χ = 177.10, P < .001. The factor loads were greater than 0.30, ranging from 0.30 to 0.99. CONCLUSIONS: The FSPC showed an acceptable construct validity and a fair internal consistency. The five-item scale could potentially be used as an effective instrument for assessing skin phototype in non-White people.
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Classificação/métodos , Pigmentação da Pele , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
The present study aimed to assess the validity of a Spanish version of the Geriatric Depression-15 Scale (GDS-15) in Ecuadorian adults. Cross-sectional study to validate GDS-15 in its short version (GDS-15). Internal consistency and factor structure were assessed through Kuder Richardson 20 and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A total of 211 subjects 65 years of age and older participated in the validation process. Internal consistency was adequate, the Kuder Richardson 20 coefficient for the total scale was 0.73. Three factor structure was found for the scale. This study highlights the importance of having a validated scale for screening depression in the elderly. This study provides an evidence for the use of GDS-15 in Ecuadorian elderly population to screen for depression.
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Depressão , Hispânico ou Latino , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/epidemiologia , Equador , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Bayesian methods had established a foothold in developing therapies in oncology trials. METHODS: We identified clinical trials posted on the ClinicalTrials.gov database focused on Oncology trials with a Bayesian approach in their design. Differences in study characteristics such as design, study phase, randomization, masking, purpose of study, main outcomes, gender, age and funding involvement according to Bayesian approach were assessed using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: We identified 225 studies with Bayesian components in their design addressing oncological diseases. The most common designs were Bayesian Toxicity Monitoring (26.4%), Model-based designs (36%) Model-assisted designs (8%). Statistical methods such as Bayesian logistic regression model (59.4%), Bayesian piecewise exponential survival regression (10.9%) and the Continual reassessment method (9.4%) were the most used. CONCLUSIONS: Bayesian trials are more common in the early phases of drug development specifically in phase II trials (43.6%). Cancer institutes or Hospitals funded most of the studies retrieved. This type of design has increased over time and represent an innovative means of increasing trial efficiency.
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BACKGROUND: Quito, the capital of Ecuador due to its geographical location, has a high skin cancer incidence. Actinic keratoses, as premalignant lesions, are precursors of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and the prevalence of this medical condition in the country is unknown. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence of actinic keratoses (AKs) in a rural area of Quito. Visual skin exams, dermoscopy and biopsy of suspicious lesions were performed. RESULTS: A total of 254 subjects older than 40 years old (71.3% female) were enrolled. The general AK prevalence was 22.4%; in women, the prevalence was 23.6%, while in men, it was 19.4%. The prevalence rates of basocellular and squamous cell carcinomas and Bowen disease were 1.6, 0.8 and 0.4%, respectively. No statistical associations were found between AKs and the studied variables. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first reporting the prevalence of premalignant lesions in Ecuador. We could not demonstrate a relationship between the presence of AKs and any of the known risk factors for their development.
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Ceratose Actínica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Doença de Bowen/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/epidemiologia , Protetores SolaresRESUMO
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To estimate the number and percentage of cases with Zika diagnosis at a hospital in Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. Methods. This was a hospital-based, retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at the Dr. Verdi Cevallos Balda Hospital from January – August 2016. A secondary analysis of a database was performed to estimate the number and percentage of patients positive for Zika virus, by sex, age group, ethnicity, and type of medical care. Prevalence and odds ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated using the Mantel and Haenszel method. Laboratory diagnostics included assays for the detection of Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and others. Results. In all, 467 suspected cases of Zika were identified based on clinical criteria. Of these, 148 cases (31.7%) were confirmed by detection of ZIKV RNA. The peak of the outbreak was documented in May – July 2016 during the rainy season, following the earthquake of April 2016. The adjusted odds ratios indicated that Zika virus was less likely in men and in subjects < 20 years of age. Most of the infected pregnant women (61%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy. No cases of microcephaly were reported. Conclusions. Because Zika was more likely to occur among women and those ≥ 20 years of age, surveillance of these groups is imperative to avoid transmission to newborns. Future studies that address the research gap and inform the country’s Zika control efforts are recommended.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Estimar el número y porcentaje de casos con diagnóstico de infección por el virus del Zika en un hospital de Puertoviejo (Manabí, Ecuador). Métodos. Este fue un estudio retrospectivo basado en un hospital, transversal, descriptivo, de observación, realizado en el Hospital Dr. Verdi Cevallos Balda entre enero y agosto del 2016. Se llevó a cabo un análisis secundario de una base de datos para estimar el número y porcentaje de pacientes positivos para el virus del Zika por sexo, grupo etario, etnicidad y tipo de atención médica. Se calcularon la prevalencia y la razón de posibilidades, con intervalos de confianza de 95%, por el método de Mantel y Haenszel. Los métodos diagnósticos de laboratorio incluyeron análisis para la detección de los virus del Zika, el chikunguña y el dengue, entre otros. Resultados. En total, se detectaron 467 casos presuntos de infección por el virus del Zika con base en criterios clínicos. De ellos, 148 casos (31,7%) se confirmaron por detección de ARN del virus. El punto máximo del brote se documentó entre mayo y julio del 2016, durante la temporada de lluvias, después del terremoto de abril del 2016. La razón de posibilidades no ajustada indicó que fue menos probable la infección por el virus del Zika en los hombres y en las personas menores de 20 años. La mayoría de las embarazadas infectadas (61%) estaban en el segundo trimestre del embarazo. No se notificaron casos de microcefalia. Conclusiones. Dado que fue más probable la infección por el virus del Zika en las mujeres y las personas de 20 años en adelante, es indispensable la vigilancia de estos grupos para prevenir la transmisión a los recién nacidos. Se recomiendan estudios ulteriores que subsanen las deficiencias en la investigación y den sustento a las medidas de control del virus del Zika en el país.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar o número e o percentual de casos diagnosticados com vírus zika em um hospital em Portoviejo, Manabí, Equador. Métodos. Estudo observacional transversal descritivo e retrospectivo sediado em um hospital (Hospital Dr. Verdi Cevallo Balda) conduzido de janeiro a agosto de 2016 na cidade de Portoviejo (Manabí), no Equador. Foi realizada uma análise secundária de uma base de dados para estimar o número e o percentual de casos de pacientes infectados pelo vírus zika, desagregada por sexo, faixa etária, grupo étnico e tipo de atenção médica prestada. A prevalência e as razões de chances, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, foram calculados com o uso do método de Mantel e Haenszel. Os exames de diagnóstico laboratorial incluíram ensaios para a detecção dos vírus zika, chikungunya e dengue, entre outros. Resultados. Ao todo, 467 casos suspeitos de zika foram identificados segundo criterios clínicos. Destes, 148 casos (31,7%) foram confirmados com a detecção do RNA do vírus. Documentou-se a ocorrência do pico do surto entre maio e julho de 2016 durante a estação de chuvas, após o terremoto ocorrido em abril daquele ano. As razões de chances ajustadas indicaram menor probabilidade de infeção no sexo masculino e em indivíduos com idade inferior a 20 anos. A maioria das gestantes infectadas (61%) estava no segundo trimestre de gestação. Nenhum caso de microcefalia foi notificado. Conclusões. Visto que se verificou uma maior probabilidade de ocorrência de zika no sexo feminino e em indivíduos com idade acima de 20 anos, é imprescindível a vigilância desses grupos a fim de prevenir a transmissão aos recém-nascidos. Recomenda-se realizar outros estudos para contemplar a lacuna de pesquisa e subsidiar os esforços de controle da zika no país.
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Infecção por Zika virus , Epidemias , Zika virus , Epidemias , Infecção por Zika virusRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number and percentage of cases with Zika diagnosis at a hospital in Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. METHODS: This was a hospital-based, retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at the Dr. Verdi Cevallos Balda Hospital from January - August 2016. A secondary analysis of a database was performed to estimate the number and percentage of patients positive for Zika virus, by sex, age group, ethnicity, and type of medical care. Prevalence and odds ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated using the Mantel and Haenszel method. Laboratory diagnostics included assays for the detection of Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and others. RESULTS: In all, 467 suspected cases of Zika were identified based on clinical criteria. Of these, 148 cases (31.7%) were confirmed by detection of ZIKV RNA. The peak of the outbreak was documented in May - July 2016 during the rainy season, following the earthquake of April 2016. The adjusted odds ratios indicated that Zika virus was less likely in men and in subjects < 20 years of age. Most of the infected pregnant women (61%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy. No cases of microcephaly were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Because Zika was more likely to occur among women and those ≥ 20 years of age, surveillance of these groups is imperative to avoid transmission to newborns. Future studies that address the research gap and inform the country's Zika control efforts are recommended.
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ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the number and percentage of cases with Zika diagnosis at a hospital in Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. Methods This was a hospital-based, retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at the Dr. Verdi Cevallos Balda Hospital from January - August 2016. A secondary analysis of a database was performed to estimate the number and percentage of patients positive for Zika virus, by sex, age group, ethnicity, and type of medical care. Prevalence and odds ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated using the Mantel and Haenszel method. Laboratory diagnostics included assays for the detection of Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and others. Results In all, 467 suspected cases of Zika were identified based on clinical criteria. Of these, 148 cases (31.7%) were confirmed by detection of ZIKV RNA. The peak of the outbreak was documented in May - July 2016 during the rainy season, following the earthquake of April 2016. The adjusted odds ratios indicated that Zika virus was less likely in men and in subjects < 20 years of age. Most of the infected pregnant women (61%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy. No cases of microcephaly were reported. Conclusions Because Zika was more likely to occur among women and those ≥ 20 years of age, surveillance of these groups is imperative to avoid transmission to newborns. Future studies that address the research gap and inform the country's Zika control efforts are recommended.
RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar el número y porcentaje de casos con diagnóstico de infección por el virus del Zika en un hospital de Puertoviejo (Manabí, Ecuador). Métodos Este fue un estudio retrospectivo basado en un hospital, transversal, descriptivo, de observación, realizado en el Hospital Dr. Verdi Cevallos Balda entre enero y agosto del 2016. Se llevó a cabo un análisis secundario de una base de datos para estimar el número y porcentaje de pacientes positivos para el virus del Zika por sexo, grupo etario, etnicidad y tipo de atención médica. Se calcularon la prevalencia y la razón de posibilidades, con intervalos de confianza de 95%, por el método de Mantel y Haenszel. Los métodos diagnósticos de laboratorio incluyeron análisis para la detección de los virus del Zika, el chikunguña y el dengue, entre otros. Resultados En total, se detectaron 467 casos presuntos de infección por el virus del Zika con base en criterios clínicos. De ellos, 148 casos (31,7%) se confirmaron por detección de ARN del virus. El punto máximo del brote se documentó entre mayo y julio del 2016, durante la temporada de lluvias, después del terremoto de abril del 2016. La razón de posibilidades no ajustada indicó que fue menos probable la infección por el virus del Zika en los hombres y en las personas menores de 20 años. La mayoría de las embarazadas infectadas (61%) estaban en el segundo trimestre del embarazo. No se notificaron casos de microcefalia. Conclusiones Dado que fue más probable la infección por el virus del Zika en las mujeres y las personas de 20 años en adelante, es indispensable la vigilancia de estos grupos para prevenir la transmisión a los recién nacidos. Se recomiendan estudios ulteriores que subsanen las deficiencias en la investigación y den sustento a las medidas de control del virus del Zika en el país.
RESUMO Objetivo Estimar o número e o percentual de casos diagnosticados com vírus zika em um hospital em Portoviejo, Manabí, Equador. Métodos Estudo observacional transversal descritivo e retrospectivo sediado em um hospital (Hospital Dr. Verdi Cevallo Balda) conduzido de janeiro a agosto de 2016 na cidade de Portoviejo (Manabí), no Equador. Foi realizada uma análise secundária de uma base de dados para estimar o número e o percentual de casos de pacientes infectados pelo vírus zika, desagregada por sexo, faixa etária, grupo étnico e tipo de atenção médica prestada. A prevalência e as razões de chances, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, foram calculados com o uso do método de Mantel e Haenszel. Os exames de diagnóstico laboratorial incluíram ensaios para a detecção dos vírus zika, chikungunya e dengue, entre outros. Resultados Ao todo, 467 casos suspeitos de zika foram identificados segundo critérios clínicos. Destes, 148 casos (31,7%) foram confirmados com a detecção do RNA do vírus. Documentou-se a ocorrência do pico do surto entre maio e julho de 2016 durante a estação de chuvas, após o terremoto ocorrido em abril daquele ano. As razões de chances ajustadas indicaram menor probabilidade de infeção no sexo masculino e em indivíduos com idade inferior a 20 anos. A maioria das gestantes infectadas (61%) estava no segundo trimestre de gestação. Nenhum caso de microcefalia foi notificado. Conclusões Visto que se verificou uma maior probabilidade de ocorrência de zika no sexo feminino e em indivíduos com idade acima de 20 anos, é imprescindível a vigilância desses grupos a fim de prevenir a transmissão aos recém-nascidos. Recomenda-se realizar outros estudos para contemplar a lacuna de pesquisa e subsidiar os esforços de controle da zika no país.
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Humanos , Infecção por Zika virus/prevenção & controle , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Zika virusRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA) is a very flexible non parametric algorithm that allows classification of individuals according to certain criteria, particularly in clinical trials, the method is used to predict response to treatment or classify individuals according to prognostic factors. OBJECTIVES: In this paper we examine how often RPA is used in clinical trials and in meta-analysis. METHODS: We reviewed abstracts published between 1990 and 2016, and extracted data regarding clinical trial phase, year of publication, type of treatment, medical indication and main evaluated endpoints. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty three studies were identified; of these 43 were meta-analyses and 23 were clinical trials. Most of the studies were published between 2011 and 2016, for both clinical trials and meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. The prediction of overall survival and progression free survival were the outcomes most evaluated, at 43.5% and 51.2% respectively. Regarding the use of RPA in clinical trials, the brain was the most common site studied, while for meta-analytic studies, other cancer sites were also studied. The combination of chemotherapy and radiation was seen frequently in clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Recursive partitioning analysis is a very easy technique to use, and it could be a very powerful tool to predict response in different subgroups of patients, although it is not widely used in clinical trials.
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Algoritmos , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Neoplasias/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/patologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sunitinib is a multiselective oral inhibitor of several tyrosine-kinase receptors that has demonstrated its efficacy in patients with metastatic and/or unresectable gastrointestinal stroma tumours (GIST) who were resistant to or intolerant to previous treatment with imatinib. The purpose of this study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of sunitinib vs. best supportive care (BSC) in GIST as a second- line treatment, from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Markov model was used to assess the cost effectiveness of sunitinib (50 mg/day, 4 weeks "on" and 2 weeks "off") vs. BSC in GIST as a second-line treatment. Transition probabilities between the three health states considered in the model (progression-free survival (PFS), progression and death) were obtained from a clinical trial [Demetri et al. (2006) Lancet 368:1329-1338]. Health resource data (drugs, medical visits, laboratory and radiology tests, palliative care and adverse events) were obtained from an expert panel. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Projected PFS years, life years (LY) and quality of life adjusted years (QALYs) were higher for sunitinib compared with BSC: 0.50 vs. 0.24, 1.59 vs. 0.88 and 1.00 vs. 0.55. Mean costs per patient were 23,259 euros with sunitinib and 1,622 euros with BSC. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) obtained were: 4,090 euros/month PFS, 30,242 euros/LY and 49,090 euros/QALY gained. The most influential variables for the results were the efficacy and unit cost of sunitinib. CONCLUSIONS: According to the efficiency thresholds for oncology patients in developed countries, sunitinib is considered cost-effective vs. BSC with acceptable costs per LY and QALY gained.