RESUMO
Durvillaea antarctica is the seaweed that is the most consumed by the Chilean population. It is recognized worldwide for its high nutritional value in protein, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. This is a narrative review in which an extensive search of the literature was performed to establish the immunomodulator, cardiometabolic, and gut microbiota composition modulation effect of Durvillaea antarctica. Several studies have shown the potential of Durvillaea antarctica to function as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota, which is related to anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects. The quantity of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with that of inflammatory monocytes and positively correlated with the levels of several gut metabolites. Seaweed-derived polysaccharides modulate the quantity and diversity of beneficial intestinal microbiota, decreasing phenol and p-cresol, which are related to intestinal diseases and the loss of intestinal function. Additionally, a beneficial metabolic effect related to this seaweed was observed, mainly promoting the decrease in the glycemic levels, lower cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk. Consuming Durvillaea antarctica has a positive impact on the immune system, and its bioactive compounds provide beneficial effects on glycemic control and other metabolic parameters.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Alga Marinha , Humanos , Prebióticos , Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Verduras , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Damaged complex modular organs repair is a current clinical challenge in which one of the primary goals is to keep their biological response. An interesting case of study it is the porcine esophagus since it is a tubular muscular tissue selected as raw material for tissue engineering. The design of esophageal constructs can draw on properties of the processed homologous extracellular matrix (ECM). In this work, we report the decellularization of multilayered esophagus tissue from 1-, 21- and 45-days old piglets through the combination of reversible alkaline swelling and detergent perfusion. The bioscaffolds were characterized in terms of their residual composition and tensile mechanical properties. The biological response to esophageal submucosal derived bioscaffolds modified with ECM gel containing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) was then evaluated. Results suggest that the composition (laminin, fibronectin, and sulphated glycosaminoglycans/sGAG) depends on the donor age: a better efficiency of the decellularization process combined with a higher retention of sGAG and fibronectin is observed in piglet esophageal scaffolds. The heterogeneity of this esophageal ECM is maintained, which implied the preservation of anisotropic tensile properties. Coating of bioscaffolds with ECM gel is suitable for carrying esophageal epithelial cells and EETs. Bioactivity of EETs-ECM gel modified esophageal submucosal bioscaffolds is observed to promote neovascularization and antiinflammatory after rabbit full-thickness esophageal defect replacement.
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Matriz Extracelular , Fibronectinas , Animais , Glicosaminoglicanos , Perfusão , Coelhos , Suínos , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Alicerces TeciduaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: Obesity is as an important risk factor and has been associated with a worse prognosis in at least 13 distinct tumor types. This is partially due to intercellular communication between tumor cells and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), which are increased in obese individuals. As yet, however, little is known about the molecular changes occurring in ADSCs in these conditions. Cervical cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate in women from developing countries, particularly in those with a high body mass index (BMI). METHODS: We analyzed the expression profile of ADSCs co-cultured with cervical cancer cells through massive RNA sequencing followed by evaluation of various functional alterations resulting from the modified transcriptome. RESULTS: A total of 761 coding and non-coding dysregulated RNAs were identified in ADSCs after co-culture with HeLa cells (validation in CaSki and SiHA cells). Subsequent network analysis showed that these changes were correlated with migration, stemness, DNA repair and cytokine production. Functional experiments revealed a larger ALDHhigh subpopulation and a higher migrative capacity of ADSCs after co-culture with HeLa cells. Interestingly, CXCL3 and its intragenic long-noncoding RNA, lnc-CXCL3, were found to be co-regulated during co-culture. A loss-of-function assay revealed that lnc-CXCL3 acts as a key regulator of CXCL3 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that intercellular communication between ADSCs and cervical cancer cells modifies the RNA expression profile in the former, including that of lncRNAs, which in turn can regulate the expression of diverse chemokines that favor malignancy-associated capacities such as migration.
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Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Adipócitos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Feminino , Células HeLa , Humanos , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
The world's largest ammonite, Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis (Landois, 1895), fascinated the world ever since the discovery, in 1895, of a specimen of 1.74 metres (m) diameter near Seppenrade in Westfalia, Germany, but subsequent findings of the taxon are exceedingly rare and its systematic position remains enigmatic. Here we revise the historical specimens and document abundant new material from England and Mexico. Our study comprises 154 specimens of large (< 1 m diameter) to giant (> 1m diameter) Parapuzosia from the Santonian and lower Campanian, mostly with stratigraphic information. High-resolution integrated stratigraphy allows for precise cross-Atlantic correlation of the occurrences. Our specimens were analysed regarding morphometry, growth stages and stratigraphic occurrence wherever possible. Our analysis provides insight into the ontogeny of Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis and into the evolution of this species from its potential ancestor P. (P.) leptophylla Sharpe, 1857. The latter grew to shell diameters of about 1 m and was restricted to Europe in the early Santonian, but it reached the Gulf of Mexico during the late Santonian. P. (P.) seppenradensis first appears in the uppermost Santonian- earliest Campanian on both sides of the Atlantic. Initially, it also reached diameters of about 1 m, but gradual evolutionary increase in size is seen in the middle early Campanian to diameters of 1.5 to 1.8 m. P. (P.) seppenradensis is characterized by five ontogenetic growth stages and by size dimorphism. We therefore here include the many historic species names used in the past to describe the morphological and size variability of the taxon. The concentration of adult shells in small geographic areas and scarcity of Parapuzosia in nearby coeval outcrop regions may point to a monocyclic, possibly even semelparous reproduction strategy in this giant cephalopod. Its gigantism exceeds a general trend of size increase in late Cretaceous cephalopods. Whether the coeval increase in size of mosasaurs, the top predators in Cretaceous seas, caused ecological pressure on Parapuzosia towards larger diameters remains unclear.
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Distribuição Animal , Evolução Biológica , Cefalópodes/anatomia & histologia , Cefalópodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fósseis/história , Exoesqueleto , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Cefalópodes/classificação , Inglaterra , Alemanha , Golfo do México , História do Século XIX , História Antiga , México , ReproduçãoRESUMO
Natural disasters can generate millions of tons of debris and waste, which has an impact on the environment and poses direct risks to the health of the population, hence the need to analyze public policy and its consequences following the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador. Several in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals active in public service during the post-earthquake management period, together with fieldwork analysis of debris management and the institutional strategies for its recycling and reuse in three of the most affected cities: Pedernales, Portoviejo, and Manta. The environmental impact was examined, including its taxonomy of inconsistencies within public administration, alongside the processes of decentralization and shared decision-making. Similarly, the links between corporate social responsibility (CSR), public policy, and sustainability were analyzed at both the national and local level for their wider implications and ramifications. The study highlighted the gaps in the management of such a crisis, exposing a lack of ethics and the shortcomings of social (ir-)responsibility in the distorted processes of public welfare in the country, aspects that should rather work in concert to achieve full sustainable development.
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Terremotos , Equador , Humanos , Política Pública , Responsabilidade Social , Desenvolvimento SustentávelRESUMO
This research analysed the options that, following decent employment and the social economy, can allow the human development of poor, excluded and vulnerable indigenous populations in Ecuador. A set of strategies were developed which can be implemented by public authorities and by community organisations. They were designed from two types of expert consultations: the Delphi method and the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) combined with Analytic Hierarchy Process method (AHP) for hierarchizing the criteria collected and obtaining strategies. The proposed strategies are as follows: adopting appropriate legal frameworks, respecting peoples' rights, better distribution of public resources, implementing monitoring systems, developing solidarity markets and recognizing the participation of the poor as a subject of rights. This investigation revealed differences between the state, which identifies the poor with monetary indicators, and the indigenous peoples, who see it as the lack of community links, by conceiving the poor as a beneficiary of official assistance, despite the fact that a strong community and peasant organisation could be used. The value of an economy based on reciprocity and confidence was also recognized, identifying niches of production and consumption to create partnerships and ensure the participation of indigenous peoples in decision-making areas.
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Grupos Populacionais , Pobreza , Equador , Emprego , Humanos , Povos IndígenasRESUMO
Epidemiological studies indicate that obesity negatively affects the progression and treatment of cervical-uterine cancer. Recent evidence shows that a subpopulation of adipose-derived stem cells can alter cancer properties. In the present project, we described for the first time the impact of adipose-derived stem cells over the malignant behavior of cervical cancer cells. The transcriptome of cancer cells cultured in the presence of stem cells was analyzed using RNA-seq. Changes in gene expression were validated using digital-PCR. Bioinformatics tools were used to identify the main transduction pathways disrupted in cancer cells due to the presence of stem cells. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to validate cellular and molecular processes altered in cervical cancer cells owing to stem cells. Our results show that the expression of 95 RNAs was altered in cancer cells as a result of adipose-derived stem cells. Experimental assays indicate that stem cells provoke an increment in migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis of cancer cells; however, no alterations were found in proliferation. Bioinformatics and experimental analyses demonstrated that the NF-kappa B signaling pathway is enriched in cancer cells due to the influence of adipose-derived stem cells. Interestingly, the tumor cells shift their epithelial to a mesenchymal morphology, which was reflected by the increased expression of specific mesenchymal markers. In addition, stem cells also promote a stemness phenotype in the cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that adipose-derived stem cells induce cervical cancer cells to acquire malignant features where NF-kappa B plays a key role.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/fisiologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Obesidade/complicações , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etiologia , Animais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/mortalidade , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Feminino , Células HaCaT , Células HeLa , Humanos , Neovascularização Patológica , Obesidade/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/mortalidade , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Human presence on the Yucatán Peninsula reaches back to the Late Pleistocene. Osteological evidence comes from submerged caves and sinkholes (cenotes) near Tulum in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. Here we report on a new skeleton discovered by us in the Chan Hol underwater cave, dating to a minimum age of 9.9±0.1 ky BP based on 230Th/U-dating of flowstone overlying and encrusting human phalanges. This is the third Paleoindian human skeleton with mesocephalic cranial characteristics documented by us in the cave, of which a male individual named Chan Hol 2 described recently is one of the oldest human skeletons found on the American continent. The new discovery emphasizes the importance of the Chan Hol cave and other systems in the Tulum area for understanding the early peopling of the Americas. The new individual, here named Chan Hol 3, is a woman of about 30 years of age with three cranial traumas. There is also evidence for a possible trepanomal bacterial disease that caused severe alteration of the posterior parietal and occipital bones of the cranium. This is the first time that the presence of such disease is reported in a Paleoindian skeleton in the Americas. All ten early skeletons found so far in the submerged caves from the Yucatán Peninsula have mesocephalic cranial morphology, different to the dolicocephalic morphology for Paleoindians from Central Mexico with equivalent dates. This supports the presence of two morphologically different Paleoindian populations for Mexico, coexisting in different geographical areas during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene.
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Cavernas , Fósseis , Adulto , Feminino , Falanges dos Dedos da Mão/anatomia & histologia , Geografia , Humanos , México , Análise de Componente Principal , Datação Radiométrica , Crânio/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The human settlement of the Americas has been a topic of intense debate for centuries, and there is still no consensus on the tempo and mode of early human dispersion across the continent. When trying to explain the biological diversity of early groups across North, Central and South America, studies have defended a wide range of dispersion models that tend to oversimplify the diversity observed across the continent. In this study, we aim to contribute to this debate by exploring the cranial morphological affinities of four late Pleistocene/early Holocene specimens recovered from the caves of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The four specimens are among the earliest human remains known in the continent and permit the contextualization of biological diversity present during the initial millennia of human presence in the Americas. The specimens were compared to worldwide reference series through geometric morphometric analyses of 3D anatomical landmarks. Morphological data were analyzed through exploratory visual multivariate analyses and multivariate classification based on Mahalanobis distances. The results show very different patterns of morphological association for each Quintana Roo specimen, suggesting that the early populations of the region already shared a high degree of morphological diversity. This contrasts with previous studies of South American remains and opens the possibility that the initial populations of North America already had a high level of morphological diversity, which was reduced as populations dispersed into the southern continent. As such, the study of these rare remains illustrates that we are probably still underestimating the biological diversity of early Americans.
Assuntos
Variação Biológica da População , Restos Mortais/anatomia & histologia , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , México , América do NorteRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in reducing weight and has benefits, such as lowering blood pressure. An increase in urinary sodium excretion has been suggested as a possible mechanism. This study explored changes in sodium excretion and their correlation with blood pressure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 28 obese participants with body mass index (BMI) of 44.54 ± 7.81 kg/m2 who underwent gastric bypass. Before surgery and at the third and sixth months after gastric bypass, blood pressure, urinary sodium concentration, 24-hour (24-h) urinary sodium excretion, and fractional excretion of sodium were evaluated. In addition, serum sodium and potassium levels were determined. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Blood pressure decreased after surgery and remained at low levels over the 3- and 6-month periods. The urinary sodium concentration increased at 3 months after surgery; however, the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and urine volume decreased. Interestingly, although some associations between variables were observed, significant correlations between the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and the systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures were found. In addition, the urine volume was higher in the sixth month than in the third month following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In the months immediately following surgery, a low-salt and low-volume diet favors decreases in urine volume and 24-h urinary sodium excretion. In addition, in the sixth month after surgery, an association between blood pressure and 24-h urinary sodium excretion was observed.
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Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Derivação Gástrica , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Eliminação Renal/fisiologia , Sódio/metabolismo , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Seguimentos , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Mórbida/metabolismo , Obesidade Mórbida/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Mórbida/urina , Período Pós-Operatório , Potássio/sangue , Sódio/sangue , Sódio/urina , Fatores de Tempo , Redução de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
The verification of remotely sensed estimates of surface variables is essential for any remote sensing study. The objective of this study was to compare leaf area index (LAI), surface temperature (Ts), and actual evapotranspiration (ETa), estimated using the remote sensing-based METRIC model and in situ measurements collected at the satellite overpass time. The study was carried out at a commercial corn field in eastern South Dakota. Six clear-sky images from Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 (Path 29, Row 29) were processed and used for the assessment. LAI and Ts were measured in situ, and ETa was estimated using an atmometer and independent crop coefficients. The results revealed good agreement between the variables measured in situ and estimated by the METRIC model. LAI showed r2 = 0.76, and RMSE = 0.59 m2 m-2, the Ts comparison had an agreement of r2 = 0.87 and RMSE 1.24 °C, and ETa presented r2 = 0.89 and RMSE = 0.71 mm day-1.
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RESUMEN Existe un gran aumento de la frecuencia de desnutrición en pacientes con cáncer, sin embargo, la información disponible sobre la evaluación del estado de nutrición en pacientes con cáncer cervicouterino (CaCu) es limitada. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, transversal. Se realizó una revisión de expedientes clínicos, en los cuales, el estado nutricional fue evaluado con una valoración nutricional institucional que incluye parámetros antropométricos (peso, IMC, pliegue cutáneo tricipital (PCT), circunferencia media de brazo (CMB), % masa grasa), bioquímicos (albúmina, hemoglobina, linfocitos) y dietéticos (consumo energético y proteico). Resultados: Se incluyeron 195 expedientes de pacientes con CaCu. La frecuencia de los estadios tempranos fue de 51.8% y en esas pacientes existió una prevalencia de desnutrición determinada por la albúmina de 9.75% y de 25.13 % de acuerdo a los linfocitos, incrementándose a 41.18% de desnutrición de acuerdo al PCT en estadios avanzados. Se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el estadio clínico y la ingesta calórica (r= −0.3062 p< 0.0001), la concentración de albúmina (r= −0.4732 p< 0.0001) y la circunferencia media de brazo (r= −0.2564 p= 0.0003). Conclusión: El estado nutricional en estadios tempranos del CaCu no presenta alteraciones, mientras que en estadios intermedios y avanzados la alteración del estado nutricional aumenta.
ABSTRACT There is a high frequency of malnutrition in cancer patients; however, available information on the assessment of nutritional status in patients with cervical cancer is limited. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Clinical records were reviewed; nutritional status was evaluated with the institutional nutritional evaluation tool that includes anthropometric (weight, BMI, tricipital skin fold, medium arm circumference, fat mass %), biochemical (albumin, hemoglobin, lymphocytes) and diet parameters (energy and protein consumption). Results: We included the records of 195 patients with cervical cancer. The frequency of the early stage cancer was 51.8% and in those patients there was a prevalence of malnutrition, determined by albumin, of 9.75% and 25.13% according to the lymphocytes, increasing to 41.18% measured by tricipital skin fold among patients with advanced-stage cancer. Statistically significant correlations were found between clinical stage and caloric intake (r= −0.3062 p< 0.0001), albumin concentration (r= −0.4732 p <0.0001) and mean arm circumference (r = −0.2564 p= 0.0003). Conclusion: The nutritional status in early stages of CaCu does not present alterations, while in intermediate and advanced stages the alteration of nutritional status may increase.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pacientes , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Estado Nutricional , Neoplasias dos Genitais FemininosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Given the lipolytic effect of GH and its potential role in determining adipose tissue distribution, we evaluated the expression of the GH hormone receptor (GHR) isoforms in patients with morbid obesity seeking associations with metabolic parameters. METHODS: 262 morbidly obese subjects (mean age 42.5 ± 11 years, 75% women) underwent PCR-genotyping of the exon 3 GHR polymorphism. In 17 of these subjects, who proved to be heterozygous for the exon 3 genotype (+3/-3), subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was obtained during bariatric surgery; total RNA was extracted, reversely transcribed, and the different isoforms of the GHR (exon 3 containing and lacking flGHR as well as the trGHR) were PCR-amplified using specific primers. RESULTS: 27% were +3/+3 homozygous, 20% -3/-3 homozygous and 53% were +3/-3 heterozygous. Compared to subjects homozygous for the +3 genotype, homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the -3 genotype were significantly heavier and tended to have a higher HOMA 2-IR. Expression of the flGHR and trGHR mRNA was demonstrated in all evaluated samples of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue from the 17 patients. The exon 3+ isoform was expressed in all adipose tissue samples, whereas only six subjects expressed the 3- isoform as well. The only distinctive feature of these six patients was a higher HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: The heterozygous GHR +3/-3 genotype is more prevalent in subjects with morbid obesity. Patients expressing the exon +3 and exon -3 isoforms in adipose tissue had a higher HbA1c, than those expressing only the exon -3 isoform.
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Obesidade Mórbida/metabolismo , Receptores da Somatotropina/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Receptores da Somatotropina/genéticaRESUMO
The stability and bioactivity of biologic implants rely mainly on the control of the crosslinking process of collagen. However, the most common methods have no control on the crosslinking degree producing it excessively. This study outlines the role of crosslinking of collagen-based implants with oligourethane on the host response following reconstruction of a rat full-thickness abdominal wall defect. We decellularized and crosslinked bovine pericardial tissue to achieve two crosslinking degrees. For the decellularized implants, named as non-crosslinked (N-CL), the collagen-amines were 0.42 ± 0.02 mmol/mg. Crosslinking by the oligourethane reduced the primary amine concentration to 0.28 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.01 mmol/mg; these values were classified as low (â¼30%, L-CL) and medium crosslinking (â¼50%, M-CL), respectively. By imaging the implants using second harmonic generation microscopy, we observed undulated bundles of collagen fibers organized in multi-directed layers localized in N-CL and L-CL samples. Post-implantation, a negligible change in the organization of collagen fibers in the crosslinked implants was observed, suggesting that the in vivo biodegradation was delayed. An enlargement of the implant area was also observed, without rupture, in all three (N-CL, L-CL, M-CL) materials, whereas adhesion to the omentum, but not to the bowel, was observed. The number of blood vessels after 90-day implantation in N-CL and L-CL was 13 ± 1 and 12 ± 1 per field, respectively, while the number significantly decreased to 2 ± 1 in M-CL. The results suggest that the controlled degree of crosslinking in oligourethane-modified biologic implants can be used as a strategy to balance biodegradation and remodeling in surgical repair of soft tissues.
Assuntos
Parede Abdominal/cirurgia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Colágeno/química , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Pericárdio/química , Uretana/química , Parede Abdominal/patologia , Animais , Bioprótese , Bovinos , Masculino , Pericárdio/transplante , Pericárdio/ultraestrutura , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Resistência à TraçãoRESUMO
In recent years, C. albicans and C. glabrata have been identified as the main cause of candidemia and invasive candidiasis in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. In order to colonize the human host, these fungi express several virulence factors such as the response to oxidative stress and the formation of biofilms. In the expression of these virulence factors, the cell wall of C. albicans and C. glabrata is of fundamental importance. As the outermost structure of the yeast, the cell wall is the first to come in contact with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the respiratory outbreak, and in the formation of biofilms, it is the first to adhere to organs or medical devices implanted in the human host. In both processes, several cell wall proteins (CWP) are required, since they promote attachment to human cells or abiotic surfaces, as well as to detoxify ROS. In our working group we have identified moonlighting CWP in response to oxidative stress as well as in the formation of biofilms. Having identified moonlighting CWP in Candida species in response to two virulence factors indicates that these proteins may possibly be immunodominant. The aim of the present work was to evaluate whether proteins of this type such as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1), phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk) and pyruvate kinase (Pk), could confer protection in a mouse model against C. albicans and C. glabrata. For this, recombinant proteins His6-Fba1, His6-Pgk and His6-Pk were constructed and used to immunize several groups of mice. The immunized mice were infected with C. albicans or C. glabrata, and subsequently the liver, spleen and kidney were extracted and the number of CFU was determined. Our results showed that Pk confers immunity to mice against C. albicans, while Fba1 to C. glabrata. This data allows us to conclude that the moonlighting CWP, Fba1 and Pk confer in vivo protection in a specific way against each species of Candida. This makes them promising candidates for developing specific vaccines against these pathogens.
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Candidíase/prevenção & controle , Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/imunologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/imunologia , Vacinas Fúngicas/imunologia , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/imunologia , Piruvato Quinase/imunologia , Animais , Candida albicans/imunologia , Candida glabrata/imunologia , Candidíase/imunologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Fúngicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Fúngicas/administração & dosagem , Rim/microbiologia , Fígado/microbiologia , Camundongos , Fosfoglicerato Quinase/administração & dosagem , Piruvato Quinase/administração & dosagem , Baço/microbiologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients under 45 years old should alert us to possible hereditary forms of this neoplasia. Most cases of hereditary colorectal cancer correspond to Lynch syndrome which is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, particularly MLH1 and MSH2. The dysfunction is associated with microsatellite instability which occurs in 95% cases of this syndrome and in 15% of sporadic colorectal cancer. In sporadic colon tumors, downregulation of MLH1 is observed in cases with the BRAF V600E variant, which induces hypermetylation of the MLH1 promoter. Mutation screening for hereditary cancer has impacted the diagnosis, genetic counseling, and early tumor detection in families affected by hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes but mutation screening technologies are seldom available in public health care centers in developing countries. This study aimed to describe immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability abnormalities in tumor samples archived in a public hospital in Mexico. Paraffin-embedded samples of patients with colorectal cancer, diagnosed at under 50 years old, were studied to analyze correlations among clinical variables, MLH1 and MSH2 protein expression (immunohistochemistry), microsatellite instability (fluorescent PCR-based assay), and BRAF V600E variant (real time PCR). Forty-seven tumor specimens from patients with TNM stage II and above were analyzed. Tumors were mainly located in the proximal colon segment and displayed histologic intestinal variety and infiltration to serosa. Twenty samples showed decreased expression of mismatch repair proteins and 10 of these presented microsatellite instability (7 high and 3 low instability patterns, respectively). There were no instances of BRAF V600E mutation found. Altered MLH1 or MSH2 expression was found in 42.5% of the samples and microsatellite instability was observed in 21.3% of the tumors. These results suggested that about a fifth of the patients were candidates for family assessment and genetic counseling.
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Preceramic human skeletal remains preserved in submerged caves near Tulum in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, reveal conflicting results regarding 14C dating. Here we use U-series techniques for dating a stalagmite overgrowing the pelvis of a human skeleton discovered in the submerged Chan Hol cave. The oldest closed system U/Th age comes from around 21 mm above the pelvis defining the terminus ante quem for the pelvis to 11311±370 y BP. However, the skeleton might be considerable older, probably as old as 13 ky BP as indicated by the speleothem stable isotope data. The Chan Hol individual confirms a late Pleistocene settling of Mesoamerica and represents one of the oldest human osteological remains in America.
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Cavernas , Fósseis , Paleontologia/métodos , Datação Radiométrica/métodos , Radioisótopos de Carbono/metabolismo , Humanos , México , Pelve/anatomia & histologia , Esqueleto/anatomia & histologia , Tório/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Urânio/metabolismoRESUMO
Xanthan is an extracellular polysaccharide of polyanionic nature widely used in industrial processes as flow modifier. Its characterization in dilute solutions is complicated by the strong tendency to aggregation. We explore the possibility to obtain dilute xanthan solutions without aggregates. We applied some steps of the sample preparation procedures from previous works on xanthan, such as ultrasonication, heating and micro filtration. The influence of this type of treatment on the observed properties of xanthan 0.1M NaCl aqueous solutions is studied. Renaturalization of xanthan solutions above the overlap concentration does not break the aggregates but, on the opposite, produces the ones that are more resistant to ultrasound. Ultrasonication breaks only large aggregates and at long sonication times brings the risk of the single chain degradation. The best results are provided by a procedure that combines a short ultrasonication time followed by micro filtration but it is impossible to obtain a solution completely free of small aggregates by conventional sample preparation methods. Nevertheless, a significant reduction of large aggregates results in a linear concentration dependence of xanthan reduced viscosity, which allows more confident determination of the intrinsic viscosity. Another advantage of large aggregates removal is a possibility of physical interpretation of xanthan molecular parameters by static light scattering, taking into account its association tendency.
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Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/química , Soluções , Água/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Three percent of Mexicans suffer from morbid obesity. Comorbidities associated to this condition diminish quality of life, increase mortality and health care costs. Despite bariatric surgery has specific indications and risks, it is the only treatment with effective long-term results. The aim of the study was to evaluate biochemical and clinical patient characteristics, both preoperatively and a year after they underwent bariatric surgery. METHODS: We carried out a quasi-experimental study that evaluates a sample of patients in the Clínica de Obesidad at Hospital de Especialidades (a third level hospital) between March 2011 and October 2015. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients were analyzed (60 % were women). Mean age was 41 ± 9 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 48 kg/m2 (42-53 kg/m2). Before surgery, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was present in 31 %, hypertension in 60 % and 30 % of the patients were "metabolically healthy obese". A year after surgery, the percentage of excess body weight loss was 66 %, T2DM and hypertension remission was 70 % and 50 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment to reduce excess weight. It improves biochemical, and clinical parameters in extreme obese patients.
Introducción: el 3 % de la población mexicana padece obesidad extrema. Sus comorbilidades disminuyen la calidad de vida, aumentan la mortalidad y los costos de atención médica. El único tratamiento con resultados a largo plazo es la cirugía bariátrica, aunque tiene indicaciones y riesgos específicos. Buscamos evaluar las características de los pacientes de cirugía bariátrica al inicio y un año después del tratamiento quirúrgico. Métodos: estudio cuasi experimental con los datos antropométricos, clínicos y bioquímicos de una muestra de pacientes operados en la Clínica de Obesidad del Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional de marzo del 2011 a octubre del 2015. Resultados: fueron analizados 150 pacientes (60 % mujeres), la media de edad fue de 41 ± 9 años y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 48 kg/m2 (42-53 kg/m2). Previo a la cirugía, 31 % tenía diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y 62 % hipertensión arterial (HAS). El 30 % eran obesos "metabólicamente sanos". Un año después de la cirugía el porcentaje del exceso de peso perdido fue de 66 %. La remisión de DM2 y HAS fue de 70 y 50 %, respectivamente. Conclusión: la cirugía bariátrica es efectiva en la pérdida de peso y en la mejoría de parámetros bioquímicos y clínicos en pacientes con obesidad extrema.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Adulto , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hospitalização , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Mórbida/diagnóstico , Obesidade Mórbida/epidemiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The extracellular matrix molecules remaining in bioscaffolds derived from decellularized xenogeneic tissues appear to be important for inducing cell functions conducting tissue regeneration. Here, we studied whether decellularization methods, that is, detergent Triton X-100 (TX) alone and TX combined with reversible alkaline swelling (STX), applied to bovine pericardial tissue, could affect the bioscaffold components. The in vitro macrophage response, subdermal biodegradation, and cell infiltration were also studied. The results indicate a lower leaching of fibronectin, but a higher leaching of laminin and sulfated glycosaminoglycans from tissues decellularized with STX and TX, respectively. The in vitro secretion of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein by RAW264.7 macrophages is promoted by decellularized bioscaffold leachates. A lower polymorphonuclear cell density is observed around decellularized bioscaffolds at 1-day implantation; concurrently showing a higher cell infiltration in STX- than in TX-implant. Cells infiltrated into TX-implant show a fibroblastic morphology at 7-day implantation, concurrently the capillary formation is observed at 14-day. Pericardial bioscaffolds suffer biodegradation more pronounced in STX- than in TX-implant. Both TX and STX decellularization methods favor a high leaching of basal lamina components, which presumably promotes a faster macrophage stimulation compared to nondecellularized tissue, and appear to be associated with an increased host cell infiltration in a rat subdermal implantation. Meanwhile, the connective tissue components leaching from TX decellularized bioscaffolds, unlike the STX ones, appear to be associated with an enhanced angiogenesis accompanied by an early-promoted fibroblastic cell transition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2810-2822, 2016.