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Identifying plantation lines in aerial images of agricultural landscapes is re-quired for many automatic farming processes. Deep learning-based networks are among the most prominent methods to learn such patterns and extract this type of information from diverse imagery conditions. However, even state-of-the-art methods may stumble in complex plantation patterns. Here, we propose a deep learning approach based on graphs to detect plantation lines in UAV-based RGB imagery, presenting a challenging scenario containing spaced plants. The first module of our method extracts a feature map throughout the backbone, which consists of the initial layers of the VGG16. This feature map is used as an input to the Knowledge Estimation Module (KEM), organized in three concatenated branches for detecting 1) the plant positions, 2) the plantation lines, and 3) the displacement vectors between the plants. A graph modeling is applied considering each plant position on the image as vertices, and edges are formed between two vertices (i.e. plants). Finally, the edge is classified as pertaining to a certain plantation line based on three probabilities (higher than 0.5): i) in visual features obtained from the backbone; ii) a chance that the edge pixels belong to a line, from the KEM step; and iii) an alignment of the displacement vectors with the edge, also from the KEM step. Experiments were conducted initially in corn plantations with different growth stages and patterns with aerial RGB imagery to present the advantages of adopting each module. We assessed the generalization capability in the other two cultures (orange and eucalyptus) datasets. The proposed method was compared against state-of-the-art deep learning methods and achieved superior performance with a significant margin considering all three datasets. This approach is useful in extracting lines with spaced plantation patterns and could be implemented in scenarios where plantation gaps occur, generating lines with few-to-no interruptions.
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Subacromial shoulder pain (SSP) accounts for 44-65% of all cases of shoulder pain. Kinematic alterations in the upper limbs have been observed in individuals with SSP, although there is no consensus on such alterations in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the three-dimensional kinematics of the scapula, trunk, and arm during shoulder flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movements in individuals with SSP and a control group using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). We evaluated 117 participants [61 with SSP and 56 in the control group (CG)]. The three-dimensional kinematic analysis was performed starting from arm extension/adduction (0%), moving to flexion/abduction, and ending returning to extension/adduction, respectively (100%) in both groups. SSP group flexed more their trunk (0-100%, p < 0.001) and rotated scapula internally (0-20%, p < 0.001 and 75-100%, p < 0.001); rotated upwards (17-32%, p < 0.005 and 58-87%, p < 0.003) and posteriorly tilted (28-79%,p < 0.001 and 81-95%,p < 0.006) less than CG group during arm abduction-adduction. Through arm flexion-extension, the SSP group flexed (38-82% p < 0.009) less their trunk, rotated upwards (5-10% p = 0.021) less their scapula, and posteriorly tilted scapula (0-100% p < 0.001) more than CG. Combining conventional variables used to describe motion in individuals with SSP, such as minimum and maximum values, range of motion, and results provided by SPM can furnish a detailed description of the compensations and limitations of the patient, enabling a better understanding of the function of the scapular girdle as well as improvements in the evaluation process and clinical decision making.
Assuntos
Articulação do Ombro , Dor de Ombro , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Humanos , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Escápula , OmbroRESUMO
Mapping utility poles using side-view images acquired with car-mounted cameras is a time-consuming task, mainly in larger areas due to the need for street-by-street surveying. Aerial images cover larger areas and can be feasible alternatives although the detection and mapping of the utility poles in urban environments using top-view images is challenging. Thus, we propose the use of Adaptive Training Sample Selection (ATSS) for detecting utility poles in urban areas since it is a novel method and has not yet investigated in remote sensing applications. Here, we compared ATSS with Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster R-CNN) and Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection (RetinaNet ), currently used in remote sensing applications, to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. We used 99,473 patches of 256 × 256 pixels with ground sample distance (GSD) of 10 cm. The patches were divided into training, validation and test datasets in approximate proportions of 60%, 20% and 20%, respectively. As the utility pole labels are point coordinates and the object detection methods require a bounding box, we assessed the influence of the bounding box size on the ATSS method by varying the dimensions from 30×30 to 70×70 pixels. For the proposal task, our findings show that ATSS is, on average, 5% more accurate than Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet. For a bounding box size of 40×40, we achieved Average Precision with intersection over union of 50% (AP50) of 0.913 for ATSS, 0.875 for Faster R-CNN and 0.874 for RetinaNet. Regarding the influence of the bounding box size on ATSS, our results indicate that the AP50 is about 6.5% higher for 60×60 compared to 30×30. For AP75, this margin reaches 23.1% in favor of the 60×60 bounding box size. In terms of computational costs, all the methods tested remain at the same level, with an average processing time around of 0.048 s per patch. Our findings show that ATSS outperforms other methodologies and is suitable for developing operation tools that can automatically detect and map utility poles.
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This study aimed to evaluate test and retest reliability according to examiner experience with the three-dimensional kinematics of the trunk, scapula, and arm segments during flexion and unilateral abduction of the arm. Ten men and 10 women (mean age, 25.1 [1.1] years) participated in this study. Each volunteer participated in six test sessions, four on the first day (two for each examiner) and two on the second day (one for each examiner). A 48-h interval was given between test days. The assessments were made by one examiner with movement analysis experience and a second examiner without experience. For each session (intra-day), the volunteers performed five repetitions of unilateral arm flexions and abductions using their dominant arms. After 1â¯h, the data were re-collected and all markers were replaced. Data from the trunk, scapula, and arm were analysed at 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of arm flexion and abduction using intraclass coefficient correlation, standard error of the measurement, and analysis of variance. The results did not differ between the experienced and inexperienced examiners except for trunk axial rotation at all studied angles and for arm rotation at 120° of abduction. The examiner previously trained in movement analysis marker placement demonstrated the same intra-tester reliability as the inexperienced tester when marker placement accuracy was the variable of interest.
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Fenômenos Mecânicos , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Adulto , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Movimento , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , RotaçãoRESUMO
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been characterized for many years as a well-defined clinicopathologic entity, but is now considered a heterogeneous disease. IgG4-related HT is a new subtype characterized by thyroid inflammation rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells and marked fibrosis. It may be part of the systemic IgG4-related disease. We report a case of a 56-year-old Portuguese man who presented with a one-month history of progressive neck swelling and dysphagia. Laboratory testing revealed increased inflammatory parameters, subclinical hypothyroidism and very high levels of thyroid autoantibodies. Cervical ultrasound (US) demonstrated an enlarged and heterogeneous thyroid gland and two hypoechoic nodules. US-guided fine needle aspiration cytology was consistent with lymphocytic thyroiditis. The patient was submitted to total thyroidectomy and microscopic examination identified typical findings of HT, marked fibrosis limited within the thyroid capsule and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, with >50 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field and an IgG4/IgG ratio of >40%. After surgery, serum IgG4 concentration was high-normal. Symptoms relief and reduction in laboratory inflammatory parameters were noticed. Thyroid function is controlled with levothyroxine. To our knowledge we report the first case of IgG4-related HT in a non-Asian patient. We also perform a review of the literature regarding IgG4-related disease and IgG4-related HT. Our case highlights this new variant of the well known HT, and helps physicians in recognizing its main clinical features, allowing for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Doença de Hashimoto/imunologia , Doença de Hashimoto/patologia , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Doença de Hashimoto/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Tireoide/imunologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/imunologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Tireoidectomia , Tireotropina/sangue , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Objective: The BHTRM Project aims at studying the epidemiology of TRM in the city of Belo Horizonte and providing the means to monitor these patients. Method: To assess the efficacy and solvability of the project, two groups of patients treated at the João XXIII Hospital were compared in two distinct periods. Group 1 - from May 1, 2011 to July 31, 2011, months of project initiation and Group 2 - from December 1, 2012 to February 28, 2013. Results: Despite the 34% increase in the number of assisted patients, there is a 30% drop in the average number of days of hospitalization, as well as a decrease in the average days waiting for surgery of patients requiring surgical treatment, from 10.9 to 4.84, a drop of 56%. Conclusion: BHTRM Project is a useful tool in public health management. It optimizes the treatment of patients with spinal trauma by decreasing the time between admission and surgery. Also provides active monitoring of patient care and ensures better integration of rehabilitation care. .
Objetivo: O Projeto BHTRM tem como objetivo estudar a epidemiologia do trauma raquimedular (TRM) na cidade de Belo Horizonte e fornecer meios de monitoramento desses pacientes. Método: Para avaliação da eficácia e resolubilidade do projeto, comparamos dois grupos de pacientes atendidos no Hospital João XXIII, em dois períodos distintos. Grupo 1: de 1o de maio de 2011 a 31 de julho de 2011, meses de início do projeto e Grupo 2: de 1º de dezembro de 2012 a 28 de fevereiro de 2013. Resultados: Apesar do aumento de 34% no número de pacientes atendidos, observa-se uma queda de 30% na média de dias de internação, assim como a diminuição na média de dias de espera para cirurgia dos pacientes que necessitavam tratamento cirúrgico, de 10,9 para 4,84, uma queda de 56%. Conclusão: O Projeto BHTRM é uma ferramenta útil em gestão de saúde pública. Otimiza o tratamento do paciente com trauma raquimedular, diminuindo o tempo entre internação e cirurgia. Oferece acompanhamento ativo do paciente assegurando melhor atendimento e inserção dos cuidados de reabilitação. .
Objetivo: El Proyecto BHTRM fue creado con el objetivo de estudiar la epidemiología de la TRM en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte y proporcionar medios para monitorear estos pacientes. Método: Para evaluar la eficacia y la solvencia del proyecto, se compararon dos grupos de pacientes tratados en el Hospital João XXIII, en dos períodos distintos. Grupo 1 - 01 de mayo de 2011 al 31 de julio de 2011, los meses del inicio del proyecto y Grupo 2 â€" 01 de diciembre de 2012 al 28 de febrero de 2013. Resultado: A pesar del aumento del 34% en el número de pacientes atendidos, hay una caída de 30% en el promedio de días de hospitalización, así como una disminución en el promedio de días en espera para cirugía de los pacientes que requieren tratamiento quirúrgico, 10,9 a 4,84, una disminución del 56%. Conclusión: El proyecto BHTRM es una herramienta útil en la gestión de la salud pública. Optimiza el tratamiento de pacientes con trauma espinal, disminuyendo el tiempo entre la admisión y la cirugía. Proporciona vigilancia activa de la atención al paciente y garantiza la mejor integración de los servicios de rehabilitación .
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Humanos , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/epidemiologia , Administração de Serviços de Saúde , Resultado do Tratamento , Monitoramento EpidemiológicoRESUMO
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) has been characterized for many years as a well-defined clinicopathologic entity, but is now considered a heterogeneous disease. IgG4-related HT is a new subtype characterized by thyroid inflammation rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells and marked fibrosis. It may be part of the systemic IgG4-related disease. We report a case of a 56-year-old Portuguese man who presented with a one-month history of progressive neck swelling and dysphagia. Laboratory testing revealed increased inflammatory parameters, subclinical hypothyroidism and very high levels of thyroid autoantibodies. Cervical ultrasound (US) demonstrated an enlarged and heterogeneous thyroid gland and two hypoechoic nodules. US-guided fine needle aspiration cytology was consistent with lymphocytic thyroiditis. The patient was submitted to total thyroidectomy and microscopic examination identified typical findings of HT, marked fibrosis limited within the thyroid capsule and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, with >50 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field and an IgG4/IgG ratio of >40%. After surgery, serum IgG4 concentration was high-normal. Symptoms relief and reduction in laboratory inflammatory parameters were noticed. Thyroid function is controlled with levothyroxine. To our knowledge we report the first case of IgG4-related HT in a non-Asian patient. We also perform a review of the literature regarding IgG4-related disease and IgG4-related HT. Our case highlights this new variant of the well known HT, and helps physicians in recognizing its main clinical features, allowing for proper diagnosis and treatment.
A tireoidite de Hashimoto (TH) foi caracterizada durante muitos anos como uma entidade clinicopatológica bem definida, mas é atualmente considerada uma patologia heterogênea. A TH associada a IgG4 apresenta-se como um novo subtipo, sendo caracterizada por inflamação da tireoide com numerosos plasmócitos IgG4-positivos e fibrose extensa. É possível que pertença ao espectro da doença sistêmica associada a IgG4. Relatamos o caso de um homem português de 56 anos que se apresentou com aumento progressivo do volume cervical e disfagia, com um mês de evolução. A avaliação laboratorial revelou elevação dos parâmetros inflamatórios, hipotireoidismo subclínico e níveis muito elevados de autoanticorpos tireoidianos. Por ultrassonografia cervical demonstrou-se tireoide aumentada, heterogênea, com dois nódulos hipoecoicos. Foi realizada citologia aspirativa com agulha fina guiada por ultrassom, compatível com tireoidite linfocítica. O doente foi submetido à tireoidectomia total e o exame histológico revelou achados típicos de TH, extensa fibrose localizada dentro da cápsula tireoidiana e infiltrado linfoplasmocitário, com >50 plasmócitos IgG4-positivos por campo de grande ampliação e uma relação IgG4/IgG >40%. Após cirurgia, a concentração sérica de IgG4 encontrava-se no limite superior do normal. Ocorreu melhoria sintomática e redução dos parâmetros inflamatórios. A função tireoidiana foi controlada com levotiroxina. Relatamos o primeiro caso de TH associada a IgG4 num indivíduo não asiático. Além disso, realizamos uma revisão da literatura sobre doença associada a IgG4 e TH associada a IgG4. Este caso destaca uma nova variante da TH e permite aos médicos reconhecerem suas principais características clínicas, proporcionando diagnóstico e tratamento adequados.