RESUMO
Caligus rogercresseyi is the dominant sea louse parasite affecting the salmon and trout industry in southern Chile. This parasite has a wide range of native and endemic fish hosts. The Patagonian blenny Eleginops maclovinus, which is parasitized mostly by the caligid species Lepeophtheirus spp. and C. rogercresseyi, is presumably responsible for the transmission of C. rogercresseyi to salmonids. The aim of this study was to characterize the transmission of parasites between different fish species and parasite cohort development under laboratory conditions. Parasite abundances and intensities were quantified. Transmission of parasites from Patagonian blenny to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar was lower (~9%, mainly corresponding to C. rogercresseyi) than from salmon to Patagonian blenny (14.7-26.9%, where only C. rogercresseyi were observed). This suggests that the transmission of C. rogercresseyi from salmon individuals is higher than the transmission from a native fish. Parasite cohorts developed successfully on both fish species, but apparently under different developmental rates. Water temperature, oxygen, and juvenile abundances were the variables that better explained cohort development success and variation in C. rogercresseyi adult abundances over time.
Assuntos
Copépodes , Doenças dos Peixes , Salmo salar , Salmonidae , Animais , Chile/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , SalmãoRESUMO
This study looks at how low infestation loads of adult Caligus rogercresseyi and other stressors affect the physiology of Salmo salar. Experimental fish groups were with (infested) or without (control) exposure to the parasite. The parasite cohort was followed for 78 days post-infestation (dpi), and only adult lice were observed. Additional stressors were applied at 60 and 75 dpi. The analysis included measurements of fish physiology and weight. Low-level infestations by adult C. rogercresseyi for more than 50 dpi induced moderate stress in S. salar as well as a high energy demand and increased small skin mucous cells. Threshold lice loads were identified, and above those loads, a high stress response was observed. Additional stressors altered fish physiology, inducing downregulation of the cortisol response after the first stressor and upregulation after the second stressor, but infested fish responded more strongly. Parasitism by C. rogercresseyi is energetically demanding, affecting the primary and secondary responses (e.g. cortisol and glucose levels), as well as the tertiary response (fish weight).
Assuntos
Copépodes/fisiologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/fisiopatologia , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Salmo salar , Estresse Fisiológico , Animais , Peso Corporal , Regulação para Baixo , Ectoparasitoses/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Hidrocortisona/genética , Masculino , Densidade Demográfica , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The SEUSA program, the Donation and Transplantation Institute foundation consultancy program, was implemented in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) in 2010 with the support of the National Organ Transplant Unit (NOTU) and the Ministry of Health of T&T. METHODS: The SEUSA program included (1) diagnosis of the current situation using the ODDS (Organ Donation Diagnostic Surveys); (2) creation of a human resources structure through Transplant Procurement Management (TPM); (3) detection of all brain and cardiac deaths in the hospitals implementing the DAS (Decease Alert System); (4) in-hospital awareness based on the EODS (Essentials in Organ Donation); and (5) external hospital audits. Additionally continued monitoring is performed. RESULTS: Thus far, thanks to implementation of the SEUSA program in Trinidad and Tobago 175, healthcare professionals have been exposed to training programs in the organ donation field. The Living Kidney Program was reinforced and the structure of the Deceased Donation (DD) network was defined. Since 2010, 485 potential organ donors have been detected, and 9 have become actual organ donors; 74 patients have received a kidney transplant (59 from living and 15 from deceased donors). CONCLUSIONS: This project results demonstrate that the application of the SEUSA program is an efficient methodology to develop DD programs that increase and consolidate transplant programs in the Caribbean region.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento de Programas , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/organização & administração , Humanos , Transplante de Órgãos/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Doadores de Tecidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
The corneal endothelium is a fluid-transporting epithelium. As other similar tissues, it displays an electrical potential of ~1 mV (aqueous side negative) across the entire layer [transendothelial potential difference (TEPD)]. It appears that this electrical potential is mainly the result of the transport of anions across the cell layer (from stroma to aqueous). There is substantial evidence that the TEPD is related linearly to fluid transport; hence, under proper conditions, its measure could serve as a measure of fluid transport. Furthermore, the TEPD is not steady; instead, it displays a spectrum of frequency components (0-15 Hz) recognized recently using Fourier transforms. Such frequency components appear due to charge-separating (electrogenic) processes mediated by epithelial plasma membrane proteins (both ionic channels and ionic cotransporters). In particular, the endothelial TEPD oscillations of the highest amplitude (1-2 Hz) were linked to the operation of so-called sodium bicarbonate cotransporters. However, no time localization of that activity could be obtained with the Fourier methodology utilized. For that reason we now characterize the TEPD using wavelet analysis with the aim to localize in time the variations in TEPD. We find that the mentioned high-amplitude oscillatory components of the TEPD appear cyclically during the several hours that an endothelial preparation survives in vitro. They have a period of 4.6 ± 0.4 s on average (n=4). The wavelet power value at the peak of such oscillations is 1.5 ± 0.1 mV(2) Hz on average (n = 4), and is remarkably narrow in its distribution.
Assuntos
Líquidos Corporais/metabolismo , Endotélio Corneano/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Análise de Ondaletas , Animais , Simulação por Computador , Campos Eletromagnéticos , HumanosRESUMO
System organization is one of the principal elements for success of a country's donation and transplantation activities. Nicaragua still does not have a specific institution that organizes and coordinates donation and transplantation; it does not perform transplantations from brain dead donors. With the counsel of the Transplant Coordination Service of the Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain, we documented the current donation and transplant situation of Nicaragua, its health services and institutions, and their relevant demographic aspects. We analyzed some organizational models implemented around the world and in Latin America as well as the essential elements of "The Spanish Model", proposing an organizational model adapted to the Nicaraguan reality. For a small country with specialized services concentrated in the capital, Managua, we envisioned the creation of a two-tier system: First, a national cooordination of transplants who leads a group that is decentralized and subordinate to the hierarchy of the Ministry of Health, to organize and coordinate donation and transplantation activities. Second, a hospital coordinator who works with doctors in intensive care units and neurosurgical intensive care units to detect potential organ donors and communicate with the national coordinator of transplants, who directs the process. Nicaragua has the basic conditions for implementation of donation and transplantation from deceased donor, as well as institutions with the capacity to maintain their function as documented by this viable, functional organizational model.
Assuntos
Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Transplante/métodos , Morte Encefálica , Hospitais , Humanos , Modelos Organizacionais , Modelos Teóricos , Nicarágua , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Espanha , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To present here the experience of our Nutrition Therapy Team of the Hospital El Tunal, for the nutritional management of adult patients with caustic injuries to gastrointestinal tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, descriptive study of patients with caustic injuries to gastrointestinal tract managed by our Nutrition Therapy Team between January 2000 and December 2007. We revisited the clinical history of patients with diagnosis of caustic injury. Various nutritional variables, as well as the evolution and outcome were pooled and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients, 17 male y 13 female with a mean age of 34.4 +/- 17.2 years old were found. The ingestion of caustics was suicidal intent in 22 (73.3%) and accidental in 8 (26.7%). The global mortality was high (43.3%). Weight loss was found in 46.9% of the patients and a negative nitrogen balance in 62.5%. Sixteen patients (53.12%) were managed with mixed nutrition (enteral and/or parenteral) for a mean time of 24 +/- 22 days. We compared two groups Moderate vs Severe, according to the severity of the caustic injury to gastrointestinal tract and found that mortality, the length of hospital stay and the final albumin value were significantly different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Caustic injuries to gastrointestinal tract are not frequent, they are found mainly in young patients with suicidal intent and are associated with high mortality, especially in severe injuries. This aggression causes important catabolic state leading to a negative nitrogen balance and weight loss. These patients require early nutritional intervention sometimes extended for months.
Assuntos
Queimaduras Químicas/tratamento farmacológico , Cáusticos/toxicidade , Trato Gastrointestinal/lesões , Terapia Nutricional , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the spectrum of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (SIE) levels amongst HIV-infected children aged < 13 years in relation to the levels among healthy children as well as those with renal failure; to examine the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters and SIE levels. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with a descriptive non-interventional format. HIV-infected Canadian subjects were recruited through four tertiary Canadian and one Bahamian centre. Children with renal failure and healthy children were recruited from one of the Canadian centres. METHODS: Study subjects had clinical and laboratory profiles determined at baseline and at each of five follow-up periods over 1 year. SIE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with a normal range of 12-28 IU/I. Data handling and statistical functions were performed by the Canadian HIV Trials Network. RESULTS: The study enrolled 133 HIV-infected subjects and 38 controls. Of these, 117 HIV-infected subjects, 24 healthy controls, and 11 controls with renal failure were eligible for analysis. The median age of infected subjects was 44 months, whereas that of healthy controls was 56 months, and 95 months for controls with renal failure. The median SIE levels were 14 and 11 IU/I for subjects with renal failure and healthy subjects, respectively. The median SIE level was 61 IU/I among zidovudine (ZDV)-treated subjects and 22 IU/I among ZDV-naive HIV-infected subjects. HIV-infected children almost invariably had SIE levels < 200 IU/I. The median SIE levels amongst HIV-infected subjects whose hemoglobin levels were < 100 g/l were 98 and 31 IU/I for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects, respectively (P = 0.002). This difference in median SIE levels between ZDV-treated subjects and ZDV-naive subjects was also observed among subjects whose hemoglobin levels were > 100 g/l (median, 58 and 15 IU/l, respectively; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin level was the most important predictor of log10 SIE (P < 0.01 for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects). CONCLUSIONS: SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were affected by HIV infection, use of ZDV, and presence or absence of anemia. SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were generally lower than 200 IU/I. This characterization of SIE levels will facilitate clinical trials of exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin in HIV-infected children with anemia.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Eritropoetina/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Anemia/prevenção & controle , Bahamas , Canadá , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Insuficiência Renal/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine the spectrum of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (SIE) levels amongst HIV-infected children aged <13 years in relation to the levels among healthy children as well as those with renal failure; to examine the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters and SIE levels. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with a descriptive non-interventional format. HIV-infected Canadian subjects were recruited through four tertiary Canadian and one Bahamian centre. Children with renal failure and healthy children were recruited from one of the Canadian centres. METHODS: Study subjects had clinical and laboratory profiles determined at baseline and at each of five follow-up periods over 1 year. SIE levels were measured by radio-immunoassay with a normal range of 12-28 IU/I. Data handling and statistical functions were performed by the Canadian HIV Trials Network. RESULTS: Ths study enrolled 133 HIV-infected subjects and 38 controls. Of these, 117 HIV-infected subjects, 24 healthy controls, and 11 controls with renal failure were eligible for analysis. The median age of infected subjects was 44 months, whereas that of healthy controls was 56 months, and 95 months for controls with renal failure. The median SIE levels were 14 and 11 IU/I for subjects with renal failure and healthy subjects, respectively. The median SIE level was 61 IU/I among zidovudine (ZDV)-treated subjects and 22 IU/I among ZDV-naive HIV-infected subjects. HIV-infected children almost invariably had SIE levels < 200 IU/I. The median SIE levels amongst HIV-infected subjects whose hemoglobin levels were < 100 g/l were 98 and 31 IU/I for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects, respectively (P = 0.002). This difference in median SIE levels between ZDV-treated subjects and ZDV-naive subjects was also observed among subjects whose hemoglobin levels were > 100 g/l (median, 58 and 15 IU/I, respectively; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin level was the most important predictor of log10 SIE (P < 0.001 for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects). CONCLUSIONS: SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were affected by HIV infection, use of ZDV, and presence or absence of anemia. SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were generally lower than 200 IU/I. This characterization of SIE levels will facilitate clinical trials of exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin in HIV-infected children with anemia.(Au)
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudo Comparativo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Lactente , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Eritropoetina/sangue , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Bahamas , Canadá , Estudos Transversais , Hemoglobinas/análise , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal/sangue , Anemia/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The Commonwealth of the Bahamas has one of the highest rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the English-speaking Caribbean. A seroprevalence study of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in New Providence in 1990-91 showed that of 3,914 pregnant women tested, 2.9% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected. Women born in the Bahamas constituted 79.2% of the women tested; 17.7% were born in Haiti. The rate of HIV infection was 2.5% in the Bahamian women as compared with 4.5% in those born in Haiti. The highest incidence was in women aged 25-34 years and in women who had multiple pregnancies. There was a significant association with a history of crack cocaine use by the Bahamian women. There was also a significant association between a lack of education and HIV infection in this group. There was a lower rate of condom use among women with less education and also among women in common-law relationships, but the association of lack of condom use and HIV infection did not reach statistical significance.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Bahamas/epidemiologia , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Cocaína Crack , Escolaridade , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/etiologia , Haiti/etnologia , Humanos , Incidência , Jamaica/etnologia , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Estado Civil , Paridade , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/etiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , Sífilis/complicações , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
The Commonwealth of the Bahamas has one of the highest rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the English-speaking Caribbean. A seropositive study of the pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in New Providence in 1990-91 showed that of 3,914 pregnant women tested, 2.9 percent were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected. Women born in the Bahamas constituted 79.2 percent of the women tested; 17.7 percent were born in Haiti. The rate of HIV infection was 2.5 percent in the Bahamian women as compared with 4.5 percent in those born in Haiti. The highest incidence was in women aged 25-34 years and in women who had multiple pregnancies. There was a significant association with a history of crack cocaine use by the Bahamian women. There was also a significant association between a lack of education and HIV infection in this group. There was a lower rate of condom use among women with less education and also among women in common-l