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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) present a reduction in facial movements called hypomimia. In this work, we propose to use machine learning facial expression analysis from face images based on action unit domains to improve PD detection. We propose different domain adaptation techniques to exploit the latest advances in automatic face analysis and face action unit detection. METHODS: Three different approaches are explored to model facial expressions of PD patients: (i) face analysis using single frame images and also using sequences of images, (ii) transfer learning from face analysis to action units recognition, and (iii) triplet-loss functions to improve the automatic classification between patients and healthy subjects. RESULTS: Real face images from PD patients show that it is possible to properly model elicited facial expressions using image sequences (neutral, onset-transition, apex, offset-transition, and neutral) with accuracy improvements of up to 5.5% (from 72.9% to 78.4%) with respect to single-image PD detection. We also show that our proposed action unit domain adaptation provides improvements of up to 8.9% (from 78.4% to 87.3%) with respect to face analysis. Finally, we also show that triplet-loss functions provide improvements of up to 3.6% (from 78.8% to 82.4%) with respect to action unit domain adaptation applied upon models created from scratch. The code of the experiments is available at https://github.com/luisf-gomez/Explorer-FE-AU-in-PD. CONCLUSIONS: Domain adaptation via transfer learning methods seem to be a promising strategy to model hypomimia in PD patients. Considering the good results and also the fact that only up to five images per participant are considered in each sequence, we believe that this work is a step forward in the development of inexpensive computational systems suitable to model and quantify problems of PD patients in their facial expressions.
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Reconhecimento Facial , Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Expressão Facial , Movimento , Aprendizado de Máquina , Reconhecimento PsicológicoRESUMO
Background: The use of advertising content strategies that suggest consuming a product will confer nutrient- and health-related benefits influences household food purchasing decisions, which increases consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor products. We examined the presence of marketing claims regarding nutrient content, health and nature in ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal packages in relation to the products' nutritional quality. Methods: A cross-sectional content analysis was conducted on 178 RTE cereal packages available in the six largest supermarket chains in four Colombian cities from August to November 2018. The nutritional quality of products was assessed through the nutrient profile model established by the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising law. Results: All products sampled exceeded the regulation threshold for at least one nutrient of concern (e.g., high-in calories and/or sugar). The majority (66.3%) of packages had claims related to nature, 57.3% had nutrient-content claims, and 15.7% had health benefit or risk avoidance claims. Most products with nature, nutrient-content, and health claims were high in energy (99.2, 98.0, and 92.9%, respectively) and sugar (88.1, 87.3, and 92.9%, respectively). Conclusion: RTE cereal products offered in major Colombian supermarket chains are heavily marketed using nutrition- and nature-related claims. Nearly all products with claims are high in energy and sugar, despite the messages conveyed by the claims to consumers. Results support the implementation of mandatory regulations restricting claims on food and beverage products high in nutrients of concern.
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Ciclovia, also known as Open Streets initiatives in other countries, are city streets that are closed to motorized traffic and opened during certain times to residents for engaging in physical activity (PA). These initiatives are viewed by policy makers and health and community advocates as being beneficial to social, environmental, and community health. This study explores the geographic distribution of Ciclovia and Recreovia and the differences in geographic access assessed via distance-based measures, based on the socioeconomic status (SES) of the area. Results from this study show that the median distance to the Ciclovia according to SES ranges from 2930 m for SES 1 (most disadvantaged) to 482 m for SES 6 (wealthiest). The median distance to the Recreovia sites ranges from 5173 m for SES 1 to 3869 m for SES 6. This study found revealing urban inequities in the distribution of Ciclovia, whereas there was less inequalities within the Recreovia sites. This study shows that urban interventions are needed to promote recreational activity and reduce health disparities in under resourced, low SES areas.
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Características de Residência , Classe Social , Colômbia , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To document the evidence about marketing of ultra-processed foods and "non-alcoholic" beverages in Latin America. METHODS: We performed a structured search of quantitative and qualitative studies in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, published between January 2000 and May 2017 and conducted in Latin America. We conducted a quality assessment following a standardized tool and a thematic analysis to identify key typologies of marketing across studies. RESULTS: Out of 521 studies screened by title and abstract, we included 36 in this review; 27 of them analyzed television advertisement. Other marketing channels studied were food packaging, point of sale and outdoor advertisement. Studies found television advertises foods and beverages that are mostly ultraprocessed foods and have low nutritional value, particularly those promoted during children's programming. We also observed children have a literal interpretation of images printed on food packaging, so this can be deceiving. Several studies also found proximity to unhealthy foods may increase their consumption. Finally, the thematic analysis identified the following typologies of food marketing: a) television advertisement, b) food packaging marketing, c) marketing strategies at points of sale and d) other marketing strategies. We found almost no advertisements for unprocessed or minimally processed foods such as fruits and vegetables. We did not find any studies on digital marketing conducted in the region. CONCLUSIONS: This review found that the main channel of food marketing was television advertising. This synthesis provides insights to the challenges unhealthy eating represents to the public health of Latin America and identifies knowledge gaps to guide future research.
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Bebidas , Fast Foods , Indústria Alimentícia , Marketing/métodos , Valor Nutritivo , Humanos , América Latina , Marketing/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , TelevisãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Front-of-package warning labels are an increasingly common policy and have been implemented to inform consumers of the nutritional quality of ultra-processed foods. This study examined the proportion of Colombian products that could be subjected to such regulations. METHODS: Two nutrition profile models were compared: the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) model, and the nutrient profile established under the Chilean food labeling and advertising law (Chilean model). Products (n = 6708) exceeding nutrient criteria based on each model were identified as subject to regulation. RESULTS: A total of 80.2% (PAHO model) to 66.4% (Chilean model) of foods met the criteria for regulation. The categories with the highest proportion of regulated products were meats (97.3% PAHO model; 87.5% Chilean model), sweets (95.6% PAHO) and snacks (Chilean model). The category with the lowest proportions of regulated products were cereals (47.3% PAHO model) and miscellaneous foods and fish/seafood (39.0% and 39.5%, respectively, Chilean model). CONCLUSIONS: Under both the PAHO and Chilean nutrient profile models, the majority of packaged foods available in Bogotá would be eligible to receive front-of-package warning labels. These results suggest a warning label law could have a major impact on the Colombian food supply, especially in the context of the growing prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases in Colombia.
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Embalagem de Alimentos , Alimentos/classificação , Valor Nutritivo , Bebidas/análise , Colômbia , Fast Foods , Análise de Alimentos , Humanos , Legislação sobre Alimentos , Política NutricionalRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To document the evidence about marketing of ultra-processed foods and "non-alcoholic" beverages in Latin America. METHODS We performed a structured search of quantitative and qualitative studies in PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, published between January 2000 and May 2017 and conducted in Latin America. We conducted a quality assessment following a standardized tool and a thematic analysis to identify key typologies of marketing across studies RESULTS Out of 521 studies screened by title and abstract, we included 36 in this review; 27 of them analyzed television advertisement. Other marketing channels studied were food packaging, point of sale and outdoor advertisement. Studies found television advertises foods and beverages that are mostly ultraprocessed foods and have low nutritional value, particularly those promoted during children's programming. We also observed children have a literal interpretation of images printed on food packaging, so this can be deceiving. Several studies also found proximity to unhealthy foods may increase their consumption. Finally, the thematic analysis identified the following typologies of food marketing: a) television advertisement, b) food packaging marketing, c) marketing strategies at points of sale and d) other marketing strategies. We found almost no advertisements for unprocessed or minimally processed foods such as fruits and vegetables. We did not find any studies on digital marketing conducted in the region. CONCLUSIONS This review found that the main channel of food marketing was television advertising. This synthesis provides insights to the challenges unhealthy eating represents to the public health of Latin America and identifies knowledge gaps to guide future research.
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Humanos , Bebidas , Indústria Alimentícia , Marketing/métodos , Fast Foods , Valor Nutritivo , Televisão , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Marketing/estatística & dados numéricos , América LatinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the maternal and family determinants of four anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. DESIGN: We classified children 2) to assess stunting and overweight/obesity, respectively; mothers were categorized according to BMI to assess underweight (<18·5 kg/m2) and overweight/obesity (≥25·0 kg/m2). At the household level, we established four final anthropometric typologies: normal, underweight, overweight and dual-burden households. Separate polytomous logistic regression models for each of the surveyed years were developed to examine several maternal and familial determinants of the different anthropometric typologies. SETTING: National and sub-regional (urban and rural) representative samples from Colombia, South America. SUBJECTS: Drawing on data from three waves of Colombia's Demographic and Health Survey/Encuesta Nacional de Salud (DHS/ENDS), we examined individual and household information from mothers (18-49 years) and their children (birth-5 years). RESULTS: Higher parity was associated with an increased likelihood of overweight and dual burden. Higher levels of maternal education were correlated with lower prevalence of overweight, underweight and dual burden of malnutrition in all data collection waves. In 2010, participation in nutrition programmes for children <5 years, being an indigenous household, food purchase decisions by the mother and food security classification were also associated with the four anthropometric typologies. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that maternal and family correlates of certain anthropometric typologies at the household level may be used to better frame policies aimed at improving social conditions and nutrition outcomes.
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Antropometria/métodos , Mães , Distúrbios Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Distúrbios Nutricionais/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Magreza/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The incidence of anal cancer has been rising, especially in HIV+ patients and has been associated with HPV infection. HIV+ patients are more at risk of HPV coinfection and are seven times more likely to have persistent HPV infection; moreover, HIV+ men have an increased risk of developing anal cancer compared to HIV+ women. The development of screening strategies for the detection of HPV in HIV+ men is of major importance; however, there is not enough information about the HPV genotypes and variants that are colonizing the anal epithelia of HIV+ men in diverse geographical regions. Therefore, this work was aimed at identifying HPV genotypes present in the anal epithelium of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM), with or without anal lesions (n = 75). For HPV genotyping, two approaches were performed: Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test and next-generation sequencing (NGS). In general, the six most frequent HPV genotypes found by Linear Array were HPV6, 62, 61, 81, 16 and 51. On the other hand, employing NGS, a total of 36 HPV genotypes belonging to both alpha and beta genera were found. The genotypes with the greatest number of reads, according to the diagnostic group, were: HPV81, 45, 6, 51 and 61 in MSM without anal lesions (WAIN); HPV6, 61, 70, 62 and 66 in MSM with atypical lesions (AAL); HPV6, 11, 66, 81 and 61 in MSM with anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (AIN I); and HPV16, 81, 58, 61 and 52 with AIN III. Additionally, a great diversity of L1 variants was observed, especially in genotypes HPV16, 58, 61, 52, 45 and 59.
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Alphapapillomavirus/classificação , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Filogenia , Adulto , Alphapapillomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Canal Anal/virologia , Coinfecção , HIV/genética , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tipagem Molecular , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is vital to the holistic development of young people. Regular participation in PA is associated with substantial benefits for health, cognitive function, and social inclusion. Recognizing the potential of PA in the context of the current peace process in Colombia, the purpose of this article is to present the methodology and results of Colombia's second Report Card on PA for children and youth. METHODS: A group of experts on PA graded 14 PA indicators based on data from national surveys and policy documents. RESULTS: National and departmental policy indicators received a grade of B, while organized sport participation, overweight, obesity, community influence, and nongovernment initiatives indicators received a grade of C. Overall PA levels, active transportation, sedentary behaviors, and school influence received a grade of D. Active play, low physical fitness, and family influence received an Incomplete grade. CONCLUSIONS: PA levels are low and sedentary behaviors are high in Colombian children and youth, with notable geographic differences. A broad policy framework translated into specific actions could provide unique opportunities to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice, and contribute to social integration goals in a postconflict setting.
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Exercício Físico , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Atividade Motora , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/métodos , Adolescente , Criança , Colômbia , Defesa do Consumidor , Planejamento Ambiental , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Política de Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade , Sobrepeso , Aptidão Física , Jogos e Brinquedos , Características de Residência , Instituições Acadêmicas , Comportamento Sedentário , Condições Sociais , EsportesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Overweight and underweight increase the risk of metabolic impairments and chronic disease. Interventions at the household level require the diagnosis of nutritional status among family members. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and patterns of various anthropometric typologies over a decade in Colombia using a novel approach that considers all children in the household as well as the mother. This approach also allows identifying a dual burden of malnutrition within a household, where one child may be overweight and another one undernourished. METHODS: This study used data from the Demographic and Health Survey and the Colombian National Nutrition Survey [2000 n = 2,876, 2005 n = 8,598, and 2010 n = 11,349]. Four mutually exclusive household (HH) anthropometric typologies - normal, undernourished, overweight/obese, and dual burden - were created. Anthropometric information of height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and body-mass-index-for-age Z-scores (BMIz) in children under the age of 5 y, and on body mass index (BMI) in mothers, 18-49 y was used. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight/obese HHs increased between 2000 (38.2%) and 2010 (43.1%) (p < 0.05), while undernourished and dual burden HHs significantly decreased between 2005 (13.7% and 10.6%, respectively) and 2010 (3.5% and 5.1%, respectively) (p < 0.05). A greater increase of overweight/obesity was observed for the lowest quintile of wealth index (WI), with an increase of almost 10% between 2000 and 2010, compared to 2% and 4% for the fourth and highest WI, respectively. Although in 2010 there is still a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity HHs in urban areas (43.7%), the prevalence of overweight/obesity HHs in rural areas increased sharply between 2000 (34.3%) and 2010 (41.6%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The observed prevalence of dual burden households was not different from the expected prevalence. Results from this study indicate that although overweight/obesity continues to be more prevalent among high-income Colombian households, it is growing at a faster pace among the most economically disadvantaged.
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OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between levels of cognitive social capital and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: A multilevel, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007 in Bogotá Colombia. A total of 1,907 older adults completed the Spanish version of the Short Form of Health Survey (SF-8) to assess HRQOL. Cognitive dimension of social capital was assessed. Hierarchical linear regressions were conducted to determine the associations between social capital variables and HRQOL. RESULTS: Only 20% to 25% of the population reported trust in others and shared values. A total of 93% percent reported that people in their neighborhood would try to take advantage of them if given a chance. Higher social capital indicators were positively associated with the mental and physical dimensions of HRQOL. DISCUSSION: Results from this study support evidence on the disintegration of the Colombian society, which may be influenced by high levels of social inequality.
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Cognição , Nível de Saúde , Qualidade de Vida , Capital Social , Classe Social , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multinível , Características de Residência , Percepção Social , ConfiançaRESUMO
Sedentary behaviors are associated with less physical activity. Little evidence exists about this association and its relation with commuting time in Latin America. This study examined the association between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity levels in the domains of leisure time physical activity and transportation, among Colombian adults in urban areas. A secondary data analysis of the 2010 National Nutrition Survey was conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Binary logistic regressions were conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles for 120 minutes or more was reported among 27.6% of the sample. The prevalence of walking and bicycling as a means of transportation for at least 150 minutes per week was 34% and 4.4%, respectively. Achieving at least 150 minutes of leisure time physical activity a week was reported by 18.4% of the sample. This study suggests negative associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and active transport, with significant trend associations in stratified analyses. No significant associations were found between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and leisure time physical activity.
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Sedentary behaviors are associated with less physical activity. Little evidence exists about this association and its relation with commuting time in Latin America. This study examined the association between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity levels in the domains of leisure time physical activity and transportation, among Colombian adults in urban areas. A secondary data analysis of the 2010 National Nutrition Survey was conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles and physical activity were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Binary logistic regressions were conducted. Time spent traveling in motor vehicles for 120 minutes or more was reported among 27.6% of the sample. The prevalence of walking and bicycling as a means of transportation for at least 150 minutes per week was 34% and 4.4%, respectively. Achieving at least 150 minutes of leisure time physical activity a week was reported by 18.4% of the sample. This study suggests negative associations between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and active transport, with significant trend associations in stratified analyses. No significant associations were found between time spent traveling in motor vehicles and leisure time physical activity.
Comportamientos sedentarios se asocian con una menor actividad física. Existen pocas evidencias sobre esta asociación en relación con el tiempo de viaje en América latina. Se examinó la asociación entre el tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y los niveles de actividad física en los dominios de actividad física en el tiempo libre y transporte, en adultos colombianos de zonas urbanas. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición de 2010. El tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física se evaluó a través del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Se llevaron a cabo regresiones logísticas binarias. Tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados durante 120 minutos o más, fue reportado por el 27,6% de la muestra. La prevalencia de caminar y montar en bicicleta como medio de transporte fue de 34% y 4,4%, respectivamente. Realizar por lo menos 150 minutos a la semana de actividad física en el tiempo libre fue reportado por el 18,4% de la muestra. Este estudio sugiere asociaciones negativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y transporte activo, con tendencias significativas en análisis estratificados. No hubo diferencias significativas entre tiempo de viaje en vehículos motorizados y actividad física en el tiempo libre.
Comportamentos sedentários estão associados com menos atividade física. Pouca evidência existe sobre esta associação relacionada ao tempo de viagem na América Latina. Este estudo analisou a associação entre o tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e os níveis de atividade física, nos domínios e atividade física de lazer e transporte entre adultos Colombianos em áreas urbanas. Uma análise secundária da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição de 2010 foi realizada. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física foram avaliados utilizando Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Regressões logísticas binárias foram realizados. O tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor por 120 minutos ou mais foi relatado em 27,6% da amostra. A prevalência de caminhar ou andar de bicicleta para o transporte de pelo menos 150 minutos por semana foi de 34,0% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Alcançar pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade física de lazer em uma semana foi relatado em 18,4% da amostra. Este estudo sugere associações negativas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e transporte ativo, com associações significativas de tendências na análise estratificada. Não houve diferenças significativas encontradas entre tempo gasto viajando em veículos a motor e atividade física de lazer.
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OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between electronic media exposure (television viewing time, personal computer/video game use, total screen time), and waist circumference and body mass index, and study whether this association is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness, in a representative sample of adolescents from Montería, Colombia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study analyzing data from 546 students aged 11-18 years, from fourteen randomly selected schools. Z-scores for WC and BMI were calculated. METHODS: The physical activity module of the Global School Health Survey 2007 was used to determine EME, and the shuttle run test was used to assess CRF. Linear regression models adjusted by age, school location, physical activity level, type of institution (public or private), consumption of sweetened beverages, fast food, and fried food were used. RESULTS: Among boys, independently of cardiorespiratory fitness, high television viewing time (≥ 2 h/day) (ß=+0.22; p<0.02), was positively associated with waist circumference. High total screen time (>3h/day) was positively associated with waist circumference (ß=+0.34; p<0.01), and body mass index (ß=+0.39; p<0.01). Among girls, sedentary behavior was not associated with adiposity, but cardiorespiratory fitness (ß=-0.04; p<0.02) was negatively associated with body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the evidence on the negative impact of excessive electronic media exposure and low cardiorespiratory fitness, and highlight the need for interventions and prevention strategies.
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Adiposidade , Computadores/estatística & dados numéricos , Aptidão Física , Comportamento Sedentário , Televisão/estatística & dados numéricos , Jogos de Vídeo/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and walking for transportation (WT) with the physical and mental dimensions of health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) among women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009 among 1,263 women ages 18-59 years living in neighborhoods with low and middle-low socioeconomic status in the urban area of Cali. HR-QOL was assessed using the Short Form 8 (SF-8). LTPA and WT were measured using the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Associations were assessed using linear regression models adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Low (10-149 min) and medium-high (at least 150 min) levels of WT were negatively associated with the mental and physical dimensions of HR-QOL. Low (10-149 min of moderate intensity PA, or 10-74 min of vigorous intensity PA) and medium-high (at least 150 or 75 min of moderate or vigorous intensity PA, respectively) levels of LTPA were positively associated with both dimensions. Significant interactions were observed between education level and perceived safety from traffic. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that WT and LTPA were associated with HR-QOL both in the physical and mental dimensions; however, the direction and magnitude of the association varied by domain. These results highlight the need to better understand the links between PA and HR-QOL in urban contexts from Latin America.
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Atividades de Lazer , Qualidade de Vida , Caminhada , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora , Características de Residência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Meios de Transporte , População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited knowledge on the prevalence and distribution of risk factors impairs the planning and implementation of cardiovascular prevention programs in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, abnormal lipoprotein levels, obesity, and smoking were estimated from individual-level patient data pooled from population-based surveys (1998-2007, n=31,009) from eight LAC countries and from a national survey of the United States (US) population (1999-2004) Age and gender specific prevalence were estimated and age-gender adjusted comparisons between both populations were conducted. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in LAC were 5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.4, 7.9), 20.2% (95% CI: 12.5, 31), and 53.3% (95% CI: 47, 63.4), respectively. Compared to LAC region's average, the prevalence of each risk factor tended to be lower in Peru and higher in Chile. LAC women had higher prevalence of obesity and low HDL-cholesterol than men. Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were more prevalent in the US population than in LAC population (31 vs. 16.1%, 16.8 vs. 8.9%, and 36.2 vs. 26.5%, respectively). However, the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol was higher in LAC than in the US (53.3 vs. 33.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Major cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent in LAC region, in particular low HDL-cholesterol. In addition, marked differences do exist in this prevalence profile between LAC and the US. The observed patterns of obesity-related risk factors and their current and future impact on the burden of cardiovascular diseases remain to be explained.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Chile/epidemiologia , Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , República Dominicana/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Obesidade/sangue , Peru/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The rapid nutrition transition occurring in Latin America has resulted in a sharp increase of childhood overweight and obesity. Recent evidence has shown that food and beverage advertising has a great influence on children's eating behavior. This population has become a key target market for the ultra-processed foods and beverages industry, which is marketing products in an aggressive way. Evidence shows that Latin American countries have poor regulation of ultra-processed foods and beverages advertising, where the discourse of self-regulation still prevails over statutory regulations. The following commentary explores how advertising might play an important role in developing unhealthy dietary patterns and obesity in Latin American children, as well as the urgent need for government action and the involvement of civil society to tackle this public health issue.
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Publicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Comportamento Alimentar , Marketing/legislação & jurisprudência , Populações Vulneráveis , Bebidas , Criança , Indústria Alimentícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Regulamentação Governamental , Humanos , Obesidade/etiologia , TelevisãoRESUMO
Aging in Latin-America has been characterised by its rapid pace which, in turn, has been accompanied by growing urbanisation and globalisation. These processes have been linked to the prevalence of physical inactivity thereby contributing to the appearance of chronic diseases, these being the primary cause of mortality in the region. The influence of public urban environment intervention policy on physical activity has been emphasised recently. This evidence comes mainly from studies conducted in the USA and Australia. However, this topic has scarcely been studied in Latin-America which has particular characteristics regarding aging and urban development. Cities, such as Curitiba and Bogota, have undergone significant urban changes which may be linked to physical activity and the quality of life, especially in older adults. Considering the particularities of urban development in Latin-America, it is thus concluded that multidisciplinary studies should be carried out thereby leading to better understanding of the links between urban environments and physical activity in older adults.
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Idoso , Atividade Motora , População Urbana , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Colômbia , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , América Latina , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Mudança SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Examine the associations between selected built environment (BE) attributes and perceived active park use among older adults in Bogota. METHODS: A cross-sectional multilevel study was conducted. Participants included 1966 older adults in 50 neighborhoods. Socio-demographic covariates and BE attributes were measured. Multilevel logistic regression models were used for the analyses. RESULTS: Residents from areas with higher park density and high land-use mix were more likely to report active park use while those from areas with high connectivity were less likely. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that objective attributes of the residential BE are associated with perceived active park use. However, our study also points to the importance of surrounding environment, with the result of an inverse relationship between connectivity and physical activity, which highlights the potentially necessary interventions in the realm of traffic and pedestrian safety.