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BACKGROUND: Intensive surveillance after treatment of gastric cancer patients with curative intent may lead to an earlier diagnosis of disease recurrence, but its impact on survival is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate whether early diagnosis of disease recurrence among asymptomatic patients was associated with long-term survival. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed patients with stages 1 to 3C gastric adenocarcinoma treated between 1999 and 2018. All recurrence events were classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic (detected by follow-up tests), and their clinicopathologic characteristics, patterns of recurrence, and survival were analyzed. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 669 patients treated with a total gastrectomy in 48.6% and a D2-lymphadenectomy in 88.8% of the cases. Most of the tumors were pT3-4 (46.5%), with 45.5% involving lymph node metastases and 42.3% manifesting a diffuse histology. During a median follow-up period of 80.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 75.3-84.8 months), 166 patients had recurrences (24.8%), 65.7% of which were symptomatic. The peritoneum was the main site of recurrence (37.2%), and peritoneal recurrence was associated with worse overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio, 1.69; 95%CI, 1.2-2.37). The median disease-free, post-recurrence survival, and OS periods in the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups were respectively 13.4 versus 17.2 months (p = 0.04), 11.9 versus 4.7 months (p < 0.001), and 29.9 versus 26.4 months (p = 0.21). When OS was analyzed among the patients with non-peritoneal recurrence, no difference was observed between the two groups (31.3 vs 31.1 months; p = 0.46). CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis of asymptomatic disease recurrence did not affect the OS of the gastric cancer patients treated with curative intent. The use of intensive surveillance strategies in this scenario still requires further evidence.

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Introduction The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has increased, and its treatment remains controversial. Objective To identify the clinical and pathological factors predictive of tumor recurrence. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 2,538 consecutive patients treated for PTMC, most submitted to total thyroidectomy (98%) followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation (51.7%) at a cancer center from 1996 to 2015. The patients were stratified according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk categories (low, intermediate, or high), and the clinicopathological features were evaluated by multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify independent prognostic factors for recurrence. Results After a mean follow-up of 58 months (range: 3 to 236.5 months), tumor recurrence was diagnosed in 63 (2.5%) patients, mostly in the lymph nodes. Distant metastasis occurred in 2 (0.1%) patients. There were no cancer-related deaths. The multivariate analysis showed that age < 55 years ( p = 0.049; hazard ratio [HR]: 2.54; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.95 to 0.99), multifocality ( p = 0.032; HR: 1.76; 95%CI: 1.05 to 2.96), and the presence of lymph-node metastasis ( p < 0.001; HR: 3.69; 95%CI: 2.07-6.57) were independent risk factors for recurrence. Recurrence was observed in 29 (1.5%) out of 1,940 low-risk patients, 32 (5.4%) out of 590 intermediate-risk patients, and in 2 (25%) out of 8 high-risk patients. Conclusions The prognosis of PTMC is excellent, favoring a conservative treatment for most patients. Age < 55 years, multifocality, and node metastasis at diagnosis, as well the ATA staging system effectively predict the risk of recurrence. The presence of these risk factors can help identify patients who should be considered for more aggressive management and more frequent follow-up.

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Introduction Postoperative neck hematoma (PNH) is an uncommon but potentially-lethal complication of thyroid surgery. Objective To identify the risk factors for postthyroidectomy hematoma requiring reoperation, the timing, the source of the bleeding, the related respiratory distress requiring tracheotomy, and the late outcomes. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the records of 5,900 consecutive patients submitted to surgery for thyroid diseases at a single institution. Results In total, PNH occurred in 62 (1.1%) patients. Most cases of bleeding occurred within the first 6 hours after thyroidectomy, but 12.5% of the hematomas were observed after 24 hours. Obvious bleeding points were detected in 58.1% of the patients during the reoperation, with inferior thyroid artery branches and superior thyroid vessels being the most frequent bleeding sources. Only two patients required urgent tracheostomy. There were no hematoma-related deaths. Permanent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury are more frequent following reoperation for PNH. The factors significantly associated with PNH were: older age, concurrent lymph node dissection, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Gender, previous neck irradiation, presentation at diagnosis (symptomatic or incidental), substernal goiter, thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, prior thyroid surgery, malignant histology, the extent of the surgery (total versus non-total thyroidectomy), the use of energy-based vessel sealing devices, the use of the hemostatic agent Surgicel, and the placement of a surgical drain were not significantly associated with PNH. Conclusion Hematoma after thyroid surgery is an uncommon complication, but it is related to significant postoperative morbidity. A better understanding of the risk factors and of the time until hematoma formation can help target high-risk patients for preventive measures and closer postoperative observation.

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OBJECTIVE: The incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has increased in recent years and its treatment remains controversial. The objective of this study is to identify clinicopathological predictive factors of tumour recurrence. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 4,085 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for PTC from 1996 to 2015. Patients were stratified according to American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk categories and clinicopathological features were evaluated to identify independent factors for recurrence. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 58.7 (range 3-256.5) months, tumour recurrence was diagnosed in 176 (4.3%) patients, mostly in lymph nodes. Distant metastasis occurred in 18 patients (0.4%). There were 3 (0.1%) cancer-related deaths. Multivariate analysis showed that tumour size >10 mm, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis (all, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for recurrence. Further, recurrence was identified in 1.6% of the ATA low-risk, 7.4% of the intermediate-risk and 22.7% of the high-risk patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In PTC patients, tumour size >10 mm, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension and presence of lymph node metastasis as well as the ATA recurrence staging system effectively predict recurrence.

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Acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is the most frequent complication of cholelithiasis and represents one-third of all surgical emergency hospital admissions, many aspects of the disease are still a matter of debate. Knowledge of the current evidence may allow the surgical team to develop practical bedside decision-making strategies, aiming at a less demanding procedure and lower frequency of complications. In this regard, recommendations on the diagnosis supported by specific criteria and severity scores are being implemented, to prioritize patients eligible for urgency surgery. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best treatment for ACC and the procedure should ideally be performed within 72 h. Early surgery is associated with better results in comparison to delayed surgery. In addition, when to suspect associated common bile duct stones and how to treat them when found are still debated. The antimicrobial agents are indicated for high-risk patients and especially in the presence of gallbladder necrosis. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and in some cases with antifungal agents is related to better prognosis. Moreover, an emerging strategy of not converting to open, a difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy and performing a subtotal cholecystectomy is recommended by adept surgical teams. Some authors support the use of percutaneous cholecystostomy as an alternative emergency treatment for acute Cholecystitis for patients with severe comorbidities.

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BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy has not been consolidated as the approach of first choice in the management of complicated appendicitis. Methodological flaws and absence of disease stratification criteria have been implicated in that less evidence. The objective is to study the safe and effectiveness of laparoscopy in the management of complicated appendicitis according to laparoscopic grading system. METHOD: From January 2008 to January 2011, 154 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy for complicated appendicitis were evaluated in the prospective way. The patient's age ranged from 12 to 75 years old (31.7 ± 13.3) and 58.3% were male. Complicated appendicitis refers to gangrenous and/or perforated appendix and were graded as 3A (segmental necrosis), 3B (base necrosis), 4A (abscess), 4B (regional peritonitis) and 5 (diffuse peritonitis). The outcomes including operative time, infection complication, operative complications and conversion rate were chosen to evaluate the procedure. RESULTS: The grade 3A was the most frequent with 50 (32.4%) patients. The mean operative time was 69.4 ± 26.3 minutes. The grade 4A showed the highest mean operative time (80.1 ± 26.7 minutes). The wound and intra-abdominal infection rates were 2.6 and 4.6%, respectively. The base necrosis was the most important factor associated with the conversion (5.2%). The grades 4A and 5 were associated with greater possibility of intra-abdominal collection. There were no operative complications. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic management of all complicated grades of acute appendicitis is safe and effective and should be the procedure of first choice. The laparoscopic grading system allows us to assess patients in the same disease stage.

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BACKGROUND: Closure of appendicular stump has been performed in different ways; however, the use of the metal endoclip in complicated grades of acute appendicitis, has not been evaluated yet in a prospective way. OBJECTIVE: To establish the effectiveness of appendiceal stump closure by metal endoclip for complicated appendicitis. METHOD: From January 2009 to January 2011 were evaluated 131 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy for complicated acute appendicitis. From those, 118 underwent appendiceal stump closure by metal endoclip. The patient's age ranged from 12 to 75 years old (31.7 ± 13.3) and 52.7% were male. Complicated appendicitis refers to gangrenous and/or perforated appendix, which may lead to abscess formation and degrees of peritonitis. The outcomes viability, operative time, infection complication, operative complications, and conversion rate were chosen to evaluate the procedure. RESULTS: The appendiceal stump closure by metal endoclip was used in 90% of cases. The presence of appendix base necrosis was the most important factor involved in failure of the procedure. Laparoscopic knot (1.5%), laparoscopic endo-suture (3.8%) and video assisted laparotomy (4.7%) were the alternatives used in difficult cases. The mean operative time was (67.54 ± 28.13 minutes). The wound and intra-abdominal infection rates were 2.54% and 5.08%, respectively. There were no operative complications and the conversion rate was 0.85%. CONCLUSION: The appendiceal stump closure by metal endoclip, in complicated grades of acute appendicitis, is a safe and effective procedure. In patients with appendix base necrosis it should be avoided in favor of other alternatives.

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BACKGROUND: The mini-invasive techniques have revolutionized the surgery; however, the superiority of laparoscopic access for complicated appendicitis is still controversial. The most critical point has been the dismal quality of the methodology found in the series comparing laparoscopic and laparotomic procedures. The lack of stratification criteria to evaluate the inflammation in the appendix and abdomen has been pointed out by several authors. PURPOSE: To validate the laparoscopic grading system for acute appendicitis. METHODS: Prospective study of 186 patients with presumed acute appendicitis who underwent an appendectomy if diagnostic laparoscopy showed appendicitis or normal-looking appendix without any other intra-abdominal disease. The appendix was graded as to different levels based upon its visual appearance: grade 0 (normal looking), 1 (redness and edema), 2 (fibrin), 3A (segmental necrosis), 3B (base necrosis), 4A (abscess), 4B (regional peritonitis), and 5 (diffuse peritonitis). This was then compared with a histologic assessment of the removed appendix supplemented by a biochemical study of collected peritoneal fluid (gold standard) to determine the diagnostic indexes. Besides that, the κ coefficient confirmed concordance between them. RESULTS: Laparoscopic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for acute appendicitis diagnosis were 100%, 63.3%, and 84.1%, respectively, and presented substantial concordance [κ=0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.88)]. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the laparoscopic grading system were 63%, 83.3%, and 80.1%, respectively, and presented moderate concordance [κ=0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.55)]. The biochemical-histologic grading system changed for 48 (25.8%) patients who had been previously classified by surgeons during laparoscopy. Most incorrect graduation occurred in grades 0 and 1. The presence of exudates was confirmed in all cases classified as grades 4A, 4B, and 5. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy showed good to excellent accuracy for diagnosis and grading of acute appendicitis. The better grading system allowed the evaluation of patients with acute appendicitis in the same clinical stage.

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During a laparoscopic appendectomy, the closure of the appendiceal stump is an important step because of postoperative complications from its inappropriate management. The development of life-threatening events such as stercoral fistulas, postoperative peritonitis, and sepsis is feared and unwanted. The tactical modification of the appendiceal stump closure with a single endoligature, replacing the invaginating suture, adjusted very well to laparoscopic appendectomy, and nowadays is the procedure of choice, whenever possible. Among the alternatives that do not make use of an invaginating suture, studies advocate the use of an endostapler, endoligature (endo-loop), metal clips, bipolar endocoagulation, and polymeric clips. All alternatives have advantages and disadvantages against the different clinical stages of acute appendicitis, and it should be noted that the different forms of appendiceal stump closure have never been assessed in prospective randomized studies. Knowledge about and appropriate use of all of them are important for a safe and more cost-effective procedure.

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The Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, serious, neuroendocrine, malignant skin cancer with lymph node involvement in half of patients and disseminated metastases in 20% of cases at the time of pathological diagnosis. Its treatment is not fully established, though the sentinel lymph node has been considered essential and may bring benefits to the therapeutic armamentarium of patients.

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O carcinoma de Células de Merkel constitui neoplasia cutânea maligna, rara e grave, de origem neuroendócrina, com comprometimento linfonodal em metade dos pacientes e metástases disseminadas em 20 por cento quando do diagnóstico anatomopatológico. Seu tratamento não está completamente estabelecido, entretanto a pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela vem sendo considerada indispensável e pode trazer benefícios na condução terapêutica dos pacientes.

The Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, serious, neuroendocrine, malignant skin cancer with lymph node involvement in half of patients and disseminated metastases in 20 percent of cases at the time of pathological diagnosis. Its treatment is not fully established, though the sentinel lymph node has been considered essential and may bring benefits to the therapeutic armamentarium of patients.

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INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar dos refinamentos em cirurgia gastrointestinal, vazamentos anastomóticos persistem como grave problema, associados à morbidade e mortalidade elevadas e constituem a complicação mais temida. Na tentativa de prevenir e reduzir estas complicações, diversidade de técnicas de reforço anastomótico tem sido investigada e diversas medidas auxiliares têm sido desenvolvidas. OBJETIVO: Revisar os dados associados a aplicação de adesivos em cirurgia digestiva. MÉTODO: Revisão bibliográfica de artigos disponíveis no Medline/Pubmed utilizando-se os descritores: adesivo, trato gastrointestinal, anastomose cirúrgica e fístula. Foram selecionados os artigos mais atualizados sobre o assunto os quais utilizaram adesivos como estratégia para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade relacionada à cirurgia digestiva. CONCLUSÃO: Adesivos teciduais parecem seguros na prática clínica e têm sido utilizados com crescente frequência em várias especialidades cirúrgicas em decorrência de suas propriedades hemostáticas e selante, ganhando cada vez maior aceitação por parte dos cirurgiões. Estudos sugerem que adesivos cirúrgicos podem reforçar e melhorar a cicatrização de anastomoses intestinais, elevando a pressão de ruptura e aumentando a força tênsil. Os potenciais efeitos deletérios teciduais destas substâncias podem limitar sua utilização. Em decorrência da heterogeneidade dos estudos e falta de evidência forte, novas pesquisas deverão ser desenvolvidas.

BACKGROUND: Despite refinements in the field of gastrointestinal surgery, anastomotic leakage still remains a serious problem associated with substantial morbidity and mortality and is the fearest life threatening complication in digestive surgery. To prevent or reduce these complications, a diversity of line reinforcement techniques have been investigated and several adjunctive measures have been developed. AIM: To review the data associated with the application of adhesives in digestive surgery procedures. METHOD: Review of papers available at Medline/Pubmed database using the follow headings: adhesive, gastrointestinal tract, surgical anastomosis, fistula. It was chosen recent articles on the subject which showed adhesives as strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality related to digestive surgery. CONCLUSION: Tissue adhesives appears to be safe in the clinical setting and are been used with increasing frequency in a variety of surgical field for its unique hemostatic and adhesive abilities, gaining increasing acceptance among surgeons. Studies suggest that surgical adhesive can be useful to reinforce and improve intestinal anastomotic healing, increase anastomotic bursting pressures and tensile strength. The potentially harmful tissue effects of the preparations might compromise the use of these substances. Because of the heterogeneity and lack of high level evidence, new studies have to be performed.

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BACKGROUND: Solid papillary-cystic pancreatic tumors have been recognized as a distinct neoplastic disease, whose incidence has increased in recent years with advancements in imaging technology. CASE REPORT: Woman 17-year-old consulted with a symptomatic giant homogeneous solid-cystic mass in the pancreatic tail, undergone a spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy, with excision of the splenic vessels. Histopathology revealed epithelium-lined pseudopapillary protrusions, without malignant change. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Solid papillary-cystic pancreatic tumor has uncommon incidence and silent presentation, a high degree of suspicion on the part of the surgeon is warranted. In early diagnosis, complete resection is curative. The spleen should be preserved, if feasible.

INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores sólido-cístico papilares têm sido reconhecidos como uma doença neoplásica distinta, cuja incidência tem aumentado atualmente em decorrências dos avanços em imaginologia. RELATO DO CASO: Mulher de 17 anos, procurou atendimento médico em virtude de uma massa homogênea sólido-cística em cauda pancreática, e foi submetida a pancreatectomia distal com preservação do baço, apesar da excisão dos vasos esplênicos. Avaliação histológica revelou protrusões pseudopapilares revestidas de epitélio, sem degeneração maligna. A evolução clínica pós-operatória ocorreu sem complicações. CONCLUSÃO: Estes tumores têm que ser reconhecidos pelos clínicos, patologistas e radiologistas, e cirurgicamente ressecados com preservação do baço, conquanto apresentam prognóstico favorável.

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