RESUMO
Bordetella avium is an opportunistic pathogen that presents tropism for ciliated epithelia, leading to upper respiratory tract disease in turkeys. This agent has also been associated with Lockjaw Syndrome in psittacine birds, but literatures describing the importance of this agent in such species are rare. The purpose of the present study was to report the first outbreak of B. avium infection in juvenile cockatiels demonstrating the Lockjaw Syndrome in Brazil and to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these strains. Surprising, the strains obtained from five infected cockatiel chicks from three different breeders from different Brazilian states showed a clonal relationship using the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis and Single Enzyme Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism techniques. The virulence potentials of the B. avium strains were assessed using tracheal adherence and cytotoxic effects on a VERO cell monolayer.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Infecções por Bordetella/veterinária , Bordetella avium/genética , Bordetella avium/patogenicidade , Cacatuas/microbiologia , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Bordetella/microbiologia , Bordetella avium/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Chlorocebus aethiops , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Genótipo , Turquia , Células VeroRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate spermatogenesis in rats chronically exposed to finasteride, as the recent use of finasteride in young men to prevent hair loss has raised concerns about chronic use and fertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats (4 months old) were selected and divided into two groups. Group 1 (17 rats) received a finasteride suspension of 2 mg/kg/day in saline solution, 5 days/week for 10 months; group 2 (eight rats of the same age) were treated with placebo for the same period. At the end of the exposure the testes were weighed and processed for histological analysis. Spermatogenesis was evaluated as the mean number of seminiferous tubules with and without spermatozoids in their lumen, in five random fields on the same slide. Student's t-test was used to assess differences in the groups. RESULTS: In group 1, the mean (sd) weight of the testes was 1.55 (0.29) g and in group 2 1.58 (0.34) g (P>0.05). The histological analysis showed a mean of 13.35 (1.66) seminiferous tubules per field and 1.20 (3.30) tubules with no spermatozoids in group 1; in group 2 the respective values were 13.53 (1.46) and 0.06 (0.14) (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Finasteride had no detectable effects on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of spermatogenesis in rats.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/efeitos adversos , Finasterida/efeitos adversos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Finasterida/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Túbulos Seminíferos/anatomia & histologia , Túbulos Seminíferos/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) becomes symptomatic at a late stage when the disease is already advanced, and this contributes to its poor prognosis. Esophagoscopy of asymptomatic individuals exposed to known risk factors associated with the development of this cancer may facilitate the diagnosis of early cancerous or precancerous lesions; however, conventional esophagoscopy is not accurate enough. The aim of this study was to measure the value of Lugol chromoendoscopy of the esophagus (LCE) as an endoscopic technique to detect dysplasia in patients at risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 190 male patients older than 35 attending an outpatient unit for alcoholics who consumed more than 80g of alcohol, more than 10 cigarettes and more than 500 ml 'maté' (a hot infusion of herbs) per day over 10 years. All underwent conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy followed by LCE, a spraying of Lugol 3% on the entire esophagus. All patients denied dysphagia. Biopsies were obtained from any unstained areas larger than 5mm and also from stained areas in all individuals. Biopsies were analyzed independently by two pathologists unaware of the biopsy sites. All conventional esophagoscopies showed normal mucosa, except for two suspicious small elevated lesions, confirmed histologically to be SCCE. These two cases were excluded from the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The LCE found unstained areas in 23 patients and a uniformly stained esophageal mucosa in the remaining 165. Biopsies taken from these 23 unstained areas showed dysplasia in six (two high grade and four low grade), and the ones from the 165 stained areas taken at the middle esophagus showed low-grade dysplasia in seven. There was a high prevalence (6.9%) of dysplastic lesions in these individuals and occult dysplasia was significantly more frequent in unstained than stained areas (p = 0.0017). LCE showed a sensitivity of 46%, a specificity of 90%, a positive predictive value of 26% and a negative predicitve value of 96% when unstained areas were compared to stained ones. Agreement between two independent pathologists was high, with a kappa coefficient of 0.64. CONCLUSION: We concluded that individuals who abuse alcohol, smoke and consume 'maté' have a high prevalence of dysplastic lesions that can be better detected by LCE. Esophagi with unstained areas had an eight-fold higher chance of revealing dysplasia than the uniformly stained ones. LCE is an easy and inexpensive method. It improves the detection of dysplasia and should be added to conventional upper GI endoscopy in patients at risk for SCCE.