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The use of mixed nonlinear models reduces the residual variance by including random effects, thereby improving the estimates in growth curves. Therefore, we tested distinct mixed nonlinear models (Richards, Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, and Von Bertalanffy) to model the growth curves of Zebu cattle herds raised on pasture in Brazil. In addition, we evaluated the diversity among breeds using hierarchical cluster multivariate analysis (full linkage) based on asymptotic weight (A), maturity rate (K), absolute growth rate (AGR), and absolute maturity rate (AMR) adjusted to 205, 365, 550, and 730 days of age. Body weight data from 311,834 males and females of Guzerat, Nellore, Tabapuã, and Polled Nellore breeds provided by the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders were used. The Brody model considering breed-sex fixed and animal random effects was the most suitable to describe the growth in the four breeds. The Guzerat and Tabapuã males showed increased precocity (higher K values) when compared to polled Nellore and Nellore males, which were characterized by higher A and AMR values. Females were more precocious than males (high K and low A values), particularly within Tabapuã and Guzerat breeds, respectively. Regardless of sex, the highest AGR values were observed from weaning up to 2 years of age in Tabapuã and Guzerat breeds. The cluster analyses revealed two groups: (1) Polled Nellore and Nellore males with high A, AGR_205, AGR_365, AGR_550, and AGR_730 values, represented by large adult animals, and (2) males and females of Guzerat and Tabapuã, characterized as animals of increased precocity. A subgroup encompassing males of Guzerat and Tabapuã was also observed, with intermediate values ​​for all parameters. This information is useful to help breeders and producers in strategies for feeding management and defining the most precocious beef cattle breed to increase the economic gains in pasture-based raising systems.

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The use of longitudinal measurements is an essential practice both in Psidium guajava L. breeding and in other perennial crops in which covariance structures can be introduced to explain the form of dependence between measurements. Hence, this study aimed to analyze six covariance structures to identify one that best described the correlation between the repeated measurements in time in traits of guava full-sib families. The repeatability coefficient for each trait was estimated and the minimum number of evaluations required for estimates representing the population was determined. The work was performed based on average data of three yield-related variables from nine harvests of a guava tree population evaluated from 2011 to 2018. The best model was chosen based on the Akaike and Schwarz Bayesian information criterion. The autoregressive covariance structure best represented the dependencies among families between crops for all traits. The number of variables of fruits and total yield per plant presented repeatability estimates higher than 0.5 and may be essential traits for indirect selection of others, such as fruit mass, which had an estimated repeatability of 0.24, proving low regularity in the repetition of the character from one cycle to another. It was also possible to define four harvests as the minimum acceptable number of observations necessary on the same individual for these traits; therefore, the repetitions represented the individuals.(AU)

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The study aimed to nutritionally evaluate the silage of pineapple crop waste in sheep feeding in different planes of nutrition (L). We used eight growing sheep and four male castrated adults, in individual metabolic cages distributed in a switchback design with two treatments and three periods. The treatments were the different planes of nutrition: L = MEI/Mm, MEI/1.5Mm, and MEI/2.5Mm, in which L = MEI/Mm, MEI is the energy amount of the feed intake and Mm is the maintenance. We performed a digestibility trial of the diet composed of silage of pineapple crop waste, ground corn, and soybean meal. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. Nutrient intake behaved linearly according to the increase in the L, except for organic matter, which presented a quadratic behavior. Planes of nutrition did not affect protein and fiber digestible fractions. However, digestible fractions of fat and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) increased with L. The indigestible fractions displayed a quadratic behavior with an increase in the L. Regarding the microbial synthesis efficiency, we observed a linear decrease with the increase in L. Thus, the silage of pineapple crop waste is a feed very rich in NFC. Besides, silage of pineapple crop waste presented a good alternative roughage during forage shortages. Diet inclusion of 2.5x the maintenance does not compromise the sheep performance.(AU)

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Markers are an important tool in plant breeding, which can improve conventional phenotypic breeding, generating more accurate information outcoming better decision making. This study aimed to apply and compare the fit of different Bayesian models BRR, BayesA, BayesB, BayesB (setting the value from very low to [Formula: see text] = [Formula: see text]), BayesC and Bayesian Lasso (LASSO) for predictions of the genomic genetic values of productivity and quality traits of a guava population. The models were fitted for traits fruit mass, pulp mass, soluble solids content, fruit number, and production per plant in the genomic prediction with SSR markers, obtained through the CTAB extraction method with 200 primers. The Bayesian ridge regression model showed the best results for all traits and was chosen to predict the individual's genomic values according to the cross-validation data. A good stabilization of the Markov and Monte Carlo chains was observed with the mean values close to the observed phenotypic means. Heritabilities showed good predictive accuracy. The model showed strong correlations between some traits, allowing indirect selection.

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Background: The enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral disease with a chronic aspect and its etiological agent is anoncogenic deltaretrovirus called bovine leukemia virus (VLB). It has a wide distribution in dairy cattle herds, and it maytake several years before the first clinical manifestations occur. Animals seropositive for VLB are more susceptible todeveloping infectious diseases such as mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of EBL, theprevalence of mastitis, the possible association between leukosis and mastitis, and the risk factors related to leukosis inmunicipalities of the Caparaó region of Espírito Santo, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The prevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis and its association with mastitis were evaluatedin an 854 clinically healthy crossbred (Bos tauros tauros x Bos taurus indicus) dairy cows were used, in different lactationphases, from farms located in the 12 municipalities that compose the Caparaó Capixaba micro-region, in the southernpart of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in the period from February to December 2015. The seroprevalence of EBL was determinedby the agar gel immunodiffusion test, the presence of clinical mastitis was ascertained by the black background mug testand of subclinical mastitis by the CMT. The reuse of needles, type of milking, reproductive management, calf mortality,presence of reproductive problems and milk yield were the risk factors assessed. The association between the variableswas estimated by the odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The significance of the associations was determined by theChi-square test. The prevalence of EBL, clinical and subclinical mastitis was 56.79%, 5.50% and 43.55%, respectively.There was a positive association between the EBL virus and the presence of...(AU)

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Background: The enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral disease with a chronic aspect and its etiological agent is anoncogenic deltaretrovirus called bovine leukemia virus (VLB). It has a wide distribution in dairy cattle herds, and it maytake several years before the first clinical manifestations occur. Animals seropositive for VLB are more susceptible todeveloping infectious diseases such as mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of EBL, theprevalence of mastitis, the possible association between leukosis and mastitis, and the risk factors related to leukosis inmunicipalities of the Caparaó region of Espírito Santo, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The prevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis and its association with mastitis were evaluatedin an 854 clinically healthy crossbred (Bos tauros tauros x Bos taurus indicus) dairy cows were used, in different lactationphases, from farms located in the 12 municipalities that compose the Caparaó Capixaba micro-region, in the southernpart of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in the period from February to December 2015. The seroprevalence of EBL was determinedby the agar gel immunodiffusion test, the presence of clinical mastitis was ascertained by the black background mug testand of subclinical mastitis by the CMT. The reuse of needles, type of milking, reproductive management, calf mortality,presence of reproductive problems and milk yield were the risk factors assessed. The association between the variableswas estimated by the odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The significance of the associations was determined by theChi-square test. The prevalence of EBL, clinical and subclinical mastitis was 56.79%, 5.50% and 43.55%, respectively.There was a positive association between the EBL virus and the presence of...

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Our objective was to evaluate whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BIEC2-808543, identified in some horse breeds, also occurs in the Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) breed. In addition, we verified if this SNP is related to the growth curve profile of these animals for the variables body mass, height at withers, and height at croup, using nonlinear mixed models. For the DNA isolation, we collected blood samples from 167 young BH horses. We obtained the genotypes of these animals using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. For the association studies of this polymorphism with the growth curve in foals, we selected three traits: body mass, height at withers, and height at croup. Polymorphism C/T exists in BH horses and is significantly associated with the evaluated traits. Animals that presented the TT genotype were smaller and lighter when compared with animals of the CT and CC genotypes. By the Akaike information criterion, the model that best described the growth curve for the body mass variable is the Brody model associated with the power of the mean variance function. For the height at withers variable, the best-fit model was von Bertalanffy, adjusted without polymorphism effect in parameter b, associated with the asymptotic variance. For the height at croup trait, the model that best described the growth curve was Brody model, associated with asymptotic variance. This polymorphism represents a good molecular marker. Nonlinear models are promising for describing growth curves in horses, particularly by the possibility of associating SNP effects to model parameters.

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Medicinal plants have been the focus of several studies due to their nematicide properties which can be used to control nematodes in sheep. No study has examined the morphological effects of Cymbopogon citratus on nematodes. Thus, this study evaluated the chemical composition, nematicidal activity and effects of C. citratus extracts on the morphology of eggs and infective larvae (L3) of sheep. Aqueous and methanolic extracts and fractions of C. citratus were obtained and analysed in vitro. The C. citratus extracts were effective against Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. larvae and eggs. Ten fractions were obtained from C. citratus, six of which had high ovicidal activity at 1000 µg mL-1, and two fractions had high activity at all tested concentrations. The phytochemical analysis identified the presence of compounds such as terpenoids, various ketones, esters, and fatty acids. The ultrastructural analysis showed deformations of the cuticle and wilting along the body of the nematodes at all concentrations. The muscular layer, intestinal cells and the mitochondria profile showed damage compared to the typical pattern. Ultra-thin sections of eggs treated with methanolic fractions of C. citratus presented modifications. This study showed the biological activity and effects of C. citratus on the gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.

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The Golden hamster has been gaining significance as a new experimental biomodel, finding use as a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research and for zoonosis. Authentic data in terms of digestibility, interactions among raw materials and essential nutrients, besides the influence exerted by various sterilization processes on animal behavior remain unclear. We aimed to assess the influence of sterilization, via autoclaving and irradiation, of pellet feeds prepared using salmon or linseed oil on the digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters in Golden hamsters. Randomized evaluations were conducted on 36 adult male Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), distributed in six treatments and six replications, namely: common salmon oil; radiated salmon; autoclaved salmon; common linseed oil; radiated linseed and autoclaved linseed. A remarkable effect of the sterilization was evident on the digestibility and protein solubility of the feed, which was lower for autoclaved diets. There was also a significant effect on blood parameters. Animals fed diets containing linseed oil showed lower blood glucose compared to the others. Thus, the inference reached was that while salmon and linseed oil can be used in laboratory hamster feeds, autoclaving disturbs the nutritional quality of the rations.(AU)

O hamster Golden é um importante biomodelo utilizado na pesquisa biomédica e como meio de diagnóstico para zoonoses. Informações de qualidade, digestibilidade, interações das matérias primas e exigências nutricionais, assim como os efeitos decorrentes dos diferentes processos de esterilização sobre o desempenho animal ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos da esterilização por autoclavagem e irradiação de rações peletizadas, formuladas com óleo de salmão ou linhaça, sobre a digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos de hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 36 hamsters Golden (Mesocricetus auratus), machos adultos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, a saber: óleo de salmão comum; salmão irradiada; salmão autoclavada; óleo de linhaça comum; linhaça irradiada e linhaça autoclavada. Houve efeito significativo da esterilização sobre a digestibilidade e solubilidade proteica da ração, que foi pior para as rações autoclavadas. Também houve efeito significativo sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos. Animais alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça apresentaram glicemia mais baixa em comparação aos demais. Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça pode ser utilizado em rações para hamsters de laboratório, porém a autoclavação interfere na qualidade nutricional das dietas.(AU)

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The Golden hamster has been gaining significance as a new experimental biomodel, finding use as a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research and for zoonosis. Authentic data in terms of digestibility, interactions among raw materials and essential nutrients, besides the influence exerted by various sterilization processes on animal behavior remain unclear. We aimed to assess the influence of sterilization, via autoclaving and irradiation, of pellet feeds prepared using salmon or linseed oil on the digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters in Golden hamsters. Randomized evaluations were conducted on 36 adult male Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), distributed in six treatments and six replications, namely: common salmon oil; radiated salmon; autoclaved salmon; common linseed oil; radiated linseed and autoclaved linseed. A remarkable effect of the sterilization was evident on the digestibility and protein solubility of the feed, which was lower for autoclaved diets. There was also a significant effect on blood parameters. Animals fed diets containing linseed oil showed lower blood glucose compared to the others. Thus, the inference reached was that while salmon and linseed oil can be used in laboratory hamster feeds, autoclaving disturbs the nutritional quality of the rations.

O hamster Golden é um importante biomodelo utilizado na pesquisa biomédica e como meio de diagnóstico para zoonoses. Informações de qualidade, digestibilidade, interações das matérias primas e exigências nutricionais, assim como os efeitos decorrentes dos diferentes processos de esterilização sobre o desempenho animal ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos da esterilização por autoclavagem e irradiação de rações peletizadas, formuladas com óleo de salmão ou linhaça, sobre a digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos de hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 36 hamsters Golden (Mesocricetus auratus), machos adultos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, a saber: óleo de salmão comum; salmão irradiada; salmão autoclavada; óleo de linhaça comum; linhaça irradiada e linhaça autoclavada. Houve efeito significativo da esterilização sobre a digestibilidade e solubilidade proteica da ração, que foi pior para as rações autoclavadas. Também houve efeito significativo sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos. Animais alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça apresentaram glicemia mais baixa em comparação aos demais. Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça pode ser utilizado em rações para hamsters de laboratório, porém a autoclavação interfere na qualidade nutricional das dietas.

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Perennial breeding species demand substantial investment in various resources, mainly the required time to obtain adult and productive plants. Estimating several genetic parameters in these species, in a more confidence way, means saving resources when selecting a new genotype. A model using the Bayesian approach was compared with the frequentist methodology for selecting superior genotypes. A population of 17 families of full-siblings of guava tree was evaluated, and the yield, fruit mass, and pulp mass were measured. The Bayesian methodology suggest more accurate estimates of variance components, as well as better results to fit of model in a cross-validation. Proper priori for Bayesian model is very important to convergency of chains, mainly for small datasets. Even with poor priori, Bayesian was better than frequentist approach.

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Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de esterilização e fontes de óleo (salmão e linhaça) em formulação de rações sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de ratos Wistar e camundongos NIH em diferentes idades. Foram avaliados 336 animais, sendo 168 de cada biomodelo. Houve efeito significativo das fontes de óleo sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos em camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar (P 0,05). Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça podem ser utilizados nas rações para camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar, independente do método de esterilização adotado.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sterilization and oil sources (salmon and flaxseed) in the formulation of diets on the biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats and NIH mice at different ages. 336 animals were evaluated, 168 from each biomodel. There was a significant effect of oil sources on plasma biochemical parameters in NIH mice and Wistar rats (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects of the sterilization methods on any evaluated parameter (P > 0.05). It was concluded that salmon and linseed oil can be used in diets for NIH mice and Wistar rats, regardless of the sterilization method adopted.(AU)

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Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o desempenho e preferência de camundongos isogênicos BALB/c Nude e hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 54 machos recém desmamados de cada biomodelo que receberam três rações padronizadas (R1, R2, e R3) durante 28 dias. Foi avaliado o desempenho e a preferência por consumo voluntário dos animais durante a fase de crescimento. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as rações para camundongos (P > 0,05), porém, os hamsters Golden tiveram melhor desempenho quando alimentados com rações com maior densidade nutricional (P < 0,05). Ao teste de preferência os camundongos tiveram maior consumo voluntário pelas rações mais nutritivas (R2 e R3), e os hamstes pela ração com menor densidade nutricional (R1). Camundongos e hamsters Golden apresentam perfil alimentar distintos, devido as características anatomofisiológicas e etológicas e por isso, devem ser fornecidas rações que atendam a cada biomodelo nas suas peculiaridades.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and preference of BALB/c Nude isogenic mice and Golden hamsters. 54 newly weaned males from each biomodel were evaluated and received three standardized diets (R1, R2, and R3) for 28 days. Performance and preference for voluntary consumption of animals during the growth phase were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the diets for mice (P> 0.05), however, Golden hamsters performed better when fed diets with higher nutritional density (P<0.05). In the preference test, the mice had higher voluntary consumption for the most nutritious diets (R2 and R3), and the hamsters for the diet with lower nutritional density (R1). Golden mice and hamsters have different food profiles, due to the anatomophysiological and ethological characteristics and therefore, diets that meet each biomodel in its peculiarities must be provided.(AU)

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Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o desempenho e preferência de camundongos isogênicos BALB/c Nude e hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 54 machos recém desmamados de cada biomodelo que receberam três rações padronizadas (R1, R2, e R3) durante 28 dias. Foi avaliado o desempenho e a preferência por consumo voluntário dos animais durante a fase de crescimento. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as rações para camundongos (P > 0,05), porém, os hamsters Golden tiveram melhor desempenho quando alimentados com rações com maior densidade nutricional (P < 0,05). Ao teste de preferência os camundongos tiveram maior consumo voluntário pelas rações mais nutritivas (R2 e R3), e os hamstes pela ração com menor densidade nutricional (R1). Camundongos e hamsters Golden apresentam perfil alimentar distintos, devido as características anatomofisiológicas e etológicas e por isso, devem ser fornecidas rações que atendam a cada biomodelo nas suas peculiaridades.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and preference of BALB/c Nude isogenic mice and Golden hamsters. 54 newly weaned males from each biomodel were evaluated and received three standardized diets (R1, R2, and R3) for 28 days. Performance and preference for voluntary consumption of animals during the growth phase were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the diets for mice (P> 0.05), however, Golden hamsters performed better when fed diets with higher nutritional density (P<0.05). In the preference test, the mice had higher voluntary consumption for the most nutritious diets (R2 and R3), and the hamsters for the diet with lower nutritional density (R1). Golden mice and hamsters have different food profiles, due to the anatomophysiological and ethological characteristics and therefore, diets that meet each biomodel in its peculiarities must be provided.

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Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de esterilização e fontes de óleo (salmão e linhaça) em formulação de rações sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de ratos Wistar e camundongos NIH em diferentes idades. Foram avaliados 336 animais, sendo 168 de cada biomodelo. Houve efeito significativo das fontes de óleo sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos em camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar (P 0,05). Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça podem ser utilizados nas rações para camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar, independente do método de esterilização adotado.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sterilization and oil sources (salmon and flaxseed) in the formulation of diets on the biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats and NIH mice at different ages. 336 animals were evaluated, 168 from each biomodel. There was a significant effect of oil sources on plasma biochemical parameters in NIH mice and Wistar rats (P 0.05). It was concluded that salmon and linseed oil can be used in diets for NIH mice and Wistar rats, regardless of the sterilization method adopted.

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Nematodes of the genus Libyostrongylus parasitize ostriches, causing high mortality rates. These nematodes are found in the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches, but little is known about their distribution and the possible anatomopathological changes they cause in the various regions of these organs. This paper describes the distribution and quantification of Libyostrongylus and pathological changes found in regions of the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches with high and low levels of both natural and experimental infection. Ostriches were necropsied and tissue samples from the distinct regions of both organs were analysed based on nematode counts and histopathology after staining with haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome or Alcian blue/PAS. The cranial and glandular regions of the proventriculus were the most parasitized. The ventriculus contained more nematodes in the caudal region. No macro- or microscopic pathological changes were observed in either of these organs of experimentally-infected birds. However, naturally-infected birds with high levels of infection presented proventriculus with macroscopic lesions and heterophilic infiltrates surrounding nematodes. In the glandular region of this organ, nematodes were located in the adenomeres of the secretory ducts, causing altered architecture and erosions and ulcerative lesions with damaged epithelium. Nematode eggs were found in the koilin layer of the middle and caudal regions of the ventriculus only of these birds. The pH of the regions assessed by Alcian blue/PAS staining changed from acidic in the proventriculus to more alkaline in the caudal region of the ventriculus. These data add knowledge to the biology of Libyostrongylus. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The most parasitized areas were the cranial and glandular regions of the proventriculus. Naturally-infected birds with high levels of infection presented macro lesions in the proventriculus and damaged epithelium. Nematode eggs were found in the ventriculus. The proventriculus had an acidic pH, which turned alkaline towards the ventriculus.

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This study aimed to evaluate the viability of seeds of butterfly pea, stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, tropical kudzu and archer after passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of goats; and to evaluate these animals as dispersing agents. Fifty grams of seeds of each plant were mixed with the concentrate and given to 20 goats, whose feces were collected up to 102 hours after ingestion for seed retrieval and subsequent germination test. This was a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement: 4 Fabaceae plants x 17 sampling times with five replicates. The percentage of seed retrieval ranged from 16.9 to 70.9%; butterfly pea and archer, respectively. The passage through the GIT positively affected the germination of kudzu seeds; which presented the highest germination average (45%), and negatively the seeds of stylosanthes and butterfly pea, which presented respectively, 15 and 13%. The period of highest seed dispersal was 24 - 42 hours, peaking in 36 hours. Under these conditions, goats may be considered as legitimate seed dispersers.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de cunhã, estilosantes Campo Grande, kudzu e macrotiloma após a passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal (TGI) de caprinos; assim como estes animais como agentes dispersores. Cinquenta gramas de sementes de cada fabácea foram misturados ao concentrado e oferecidos a 20 cabritos, cujas fezes foram recolhidas até 102 horas após a ingestão para a recuperação das sementes e posterior teste de germinação. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial: 4 fabáceas x 17 tempos de coleta, com cinco repetições. A porcentagem de recuperação de sementes variou de 16,9 a 70,9%; para cunhã e macrotiloma, respectivamente. A passagem pelo TGI afetou positivamente a germinação de sementes de kudzu; que apresentou a maior média de germinação (45%) frente às demais espécies, e negativamente as sementes de estilosantes e cunhã, que apresentaram respectivamente 15 e 13%. O período de maior dispersão de sementes foi de 24 a 42 horas, com pico em 36 horas. Nestas condições os caprinos podem ser considerados legítimos agentes dispersores. (AU)

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interaction between increasing neutral detergent fiber content and particle sizes on ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Forty-eight lactating, multiparous Saanen and Alpine goats, with average milk production of 1.4 ±0.57 kg d-1, around 60th ±12 day of lactation were distributed in a 3 x 4 factorial completely randomized design. The diets consisted: three particles sizes (02, 05 or 15 cm) and four levels of neutral detergent fiber (34, 41, 49 or 57% NDFf) from forage (Tifton 85 hay). The ingestive behavior was monitored during 24 hours. A regression and a multivariate time series cluster analysis were performed. No interaction was found (p > 0.05) between treatments. Feeding time was different according to the particle size, having an increasing linear effect. Rumination and idle times were not affected (p > 0.05). The temporal feeding behavior was clustered into two groups according to the profile of particle size of the diet. Rumination peaks were randomly distributed with more intense activity before morning and afternoon meals. The increase in NDFf content in the diet did not change the ingestive behavior. The multivariate cluster analysis in a time series data is useful to interpret animal feeding behavior.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the viability of seeds of butterfly pea, stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, tropical kudzu and archer after passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of goats; and to evaluate these animals as dispersing agents. Fifty grams of seeds of each plant were mixed with the concentrate and given to 20 goats, whose feces were collected up to 102 hours after ingestion for seed retrieval and subsequent germination test. This was a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement: 4 Fabaceae plants x 17 sampling times with five replicates. The percentage of seed retrieval ranged from 16.9 to 70.9%; butterfly pea and archer, respectively. The passage through the GIT positively affected the germination of kudzu seeds; which presented the highest germination average (45%), and negatively the seeds of stylosanthes and butterfly pea, which presented respectively, 15 and 13%. The period of highest seed dispersal was 24 - 42 hours, peaking in 36 hours. Under these conditions, goats may be considered as legitimate seed dispersers.

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de cunhã, estilosantes Campo Grande, kudzu e macrotiloma após a passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal (TGI) de caprinos; assim como estes animais como agentes dispersores. Cinquenta gramas de sementes de cada fabácea foram misturados ao concentrado e oferecidos a 20 cabritos, cujas fezes foram recolhidas até 102 horas após a ingestão para a recuperação das sementes e posterior teste de germinação. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial: 4 fabáceas x 17 tempos de coleta, com cinco repetições. A porcentagem de recuperação de sementes variou de 16,9 a 70,9%; para cunhã e macrotiloma, respectivamente. A passagem pelo TGI afetou positivamente a germinação de sementes de kudzu; que apresentou a maior média de germinação (45%) frente às demais espécies, e negativamente as sementes de estilosantes e cunhã, que apresentaram respectivamente 15 e 13%. O período de maior dispersão de sementes foi de 24 a 42 horas, com pico em 36 horas. Nestas condições os caprinos podem ser considerados legítimos agentes dispersores.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interaction between increasing neutral detergent fiber content and particle sizes on ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Forty-eight lactating, multiparous Saanen and Alpine goats, with average milk production of 1.4 ±0.57 kg d-1, around 60th ±12 day of lactation were distributed in a 3 x 4 factorial completely randomized design. The diets consisted: three particles sizes (02, 05 or 15 cm) and four levels of neutral detergent fiber (34, 41, 49 or 57% NDFf) from forage (Tifton 85 hay). The ingestive behavior was monitored during 24 hours. A regression and a multivariate time series cluster analysis were performed. No interaction was found (p > 0.05) between treatments. Feeding time was different according to the particle size, having an increasing linear effect. Rumination and idle times were not affected (p > 0.05). The temporal feeding behavior was clustered into two groups according to the profile of particle size of the diet. Rumination peaks were randomly distributed with more intense activity before morning and afternoon meals. The increase in NDFf content in the diet did not change the ingestive behavior. The multivariate cluster analysis in a time series data is useful to interpret animal feeding behavior.

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