RESUMO

As a global industry, sport makes potentially significant contributions to climate change through both carbon emissions and influence over sustainability practices. Yet, evidence regarding impacts is uneven and spread across many disciplines. This paper investigates the impacts of sport emissions on climate and identifies knowledge gaps. We undertook a systematic and iterative meta-analysis of relevant literature (1992-2022) on organized and individual sports. Using a defined search protocol, 116 sources were identified that map to four sport-related themes: (1) carbon emissions and their measurement; (2) emissions control and decarbonization; (3) carbon sinks and offsets; and (4) behavior change. We find that mega sport events, elite sport, soccer, skiing, and golf have received most attention, whereas grass-roots and women's sport, activity in Africa and South America, cricket, tennis, and volleyball are understudied. Other knowledge gaps include carbon accounting tools and indicators for smaller sports clubs and active participants; cobenefits and tradeoffs between mitigation-adaptation efforts in sport, such as around logistics, venues, sports equipment, and facilities; geopolitical influence; and scope for climate change litigation against hosts and/or sponsors of carbon-intensive events. Among these, researchers should target cobenefits given their scope to deliver wins for both climate mitigation and risk management of sport.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Recentemente, uma ampla variedade de organizações (notadamente a ONU e organizações não governamentais) tem usado o esporte como uma ferramenta de intervenção para a pacificação. Este artigo examina e teoriza sobre essas iniciativas através da expansão do setor de “esporte para o desenvolvimento e a paz” (EDP). Para iniciar, foram localizados projetos de EDP dentro de seus contextos históricos, como elementos significativos dentro da “sociedade civil global” emergente. Posteriormente, delimitou-se três modelos de tipos ­ideais de projetos em EDP: “técnico”, “dialógico” e “crítico”. Cada modelo é examinado através de um conjunto comum de heurísticas sociais, tais como seus objetivos centrais e métodos paradigmáticos. O modelo pode ser empregado para analisar outros campos de pacificação e desenvolvimento. Os dois primeiros modelos são mais influentes entre os projetos de EDP existentes; os benefícios potenciais do modelo “crítico” são também delineados.

In recent years, a wide variety of organizations (notably the UN and nongovernmental organizations) have used sport as an interventionist tool to nurture peacemaking across divided communities. This paper examines and theorizes these peacemaking initiatives across the expanding ‘sport, development and peace’(SDP) sector. I begin by locating SDP projects within their historical contexts, and as significant elements within the emerging ‘global civil society’. I then set out three ideal­type models of SDP project; namely, the ‘technical’, ‘dialogical’, and ‘critical’. Each model is examined through a set of common social heuristics, such as its core objectives and paradigmatic methods. The models may be employed to analyse other peacemaking and development fields. The first two models are most influential among existing SDP projects; the potential benefits of the ‘critical’ model are also outlined.

Recientemente, una gran variedad de organizaciones (en particular las Naciones Unidas y organizaciones no­gubernamentales) han utilizado el deporte como herra­ mienta de intervención para la pacificación. Este artículo analiza y teoriza estas ini­ciativas a través de la expansión del sector de “deporte para el desarrollo y la paz” (DDP). Empiezo por la localización de los proyectos de procesamiento electrónico de datos dentro de sus contextos históricos como elementos importantes dentro dela “sociedad civil global” emergente. Entonces delimitar tres modelos de los tipos ideales de los proyectos en DDP: “técnico”, “dialógico” y “crítico”. Cada modelo se examina a través de un conjunto común de heurísticas sociales, tales como sus objetivos fundamentales y los métodos de paradigma. El modelo puede ser utiliza­ do para analizar otros campos de la paz y el desarrollo. Los dos primeros modelos son algunos de los diseños más influyentes. Los beneficios potenciales del modelo“crítico” también se encuentran delimitados.

Assuntos