RESUMO
Las mariposas de la tribu Ithomiini son uno de los modelos biológicos más estudiados en años recientes en trabajos de biogeografía, taxonomía y evolución. Sin embargo, aun cuando la biología y distribución de sus especies es mejor conocida que la de otros grupos de mariposas, existen aspectos de la historia natural poco estudiados que permitirían un mejor entendimiento del comportamiento de sus poblaciones y las interacciones con su ambiente. En este trabajo, se estudió la historia natural de la mariposa, Mechanitis menapis mantineus Hewitson (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) y sus enemigos naturales en el oeste de Ecuador. Para ello, se realizó la identificación de las plantas hospederas, se estudió el ciclo de vida y los factores de mortalidad de los estados inmaduros. Adicionalmente, se identificaron los parasitoides asociados a la especie en la zona de estudio. Se identificaron tres plantas hospederas, las cuales son nuevos registros para la especie en la región. Asimismo, se describió la morfología de los estados inmaduros y su tiempo de desarrollo. Finalmente, se identificaron los principales enemigos naturales y se describieron aspectos de la historia natural y comportamiento de Hyposoter sp. (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae), principal parasitoide de larvas. Los resultados de este trabajo, proporcionan información esencial para la revisión taxonómica del género Mechanitis F. y para continuar el estudio de la interacción de esta especie con sus plantas hospederas y enemigos naturales.
Life cycle and natural enemies of Mechanitis menapis (Lepidoptera: Ithomiini). The butterflies of the Ithomiini tribe are one of the most-studied biological models of recent years in terms of biogeography, taxonomy, and evolution. However, even though their biology and distribution is better known than many other groups of butterflies, there are unknown aspects of their natural history that would improve our understanding of their behavior, population dynamics, and interactions with their environment. In this work, we studied the natural history of the butterfly Mechanitis menapis mantineus Hewitson (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini), and its natural enemies, in Western Ecuador. We identified three host plants, which are new records for the species in this region. We documented the life cycle and described the morphology of the immature stages, their development time, and studied the factors associated with mortality of these immature stages. Additionally, we identified the parasitoids associated with the species in the study area. In particular, we documented aspects of the natural history and behavior of Hyposoter sp. (Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae), the main parasitoid of the larvae. The results of this work provide essential information for the taxonomic revision of the genus Mechanitis F. as well as the continued study of the interactions between the butterfly, its host plants, and natural enemies.
Assuntos
Animais , Lepidópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plantas/classificação , Equador , Defesa das Plantas contra HerbivoriaRESUMO
There is a lack of information about the methods used for bovine platelet-rich plasma (PRP)/platelet-rich gel (PRG) procurement, including information on platelet (PLT), white blood cell (WBC) in PRP, and growth factor release from PRG supernatants. The aims of this study were to compare and to correlate the PLT, WBC, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1), and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) concentrations in bovine whole blood, plasma, and four PRP layers and their respective PRG supernatants: A and B (obtained by a single centrifugation tube method at 720g/5 min) and C and D (obtained by a double centrifugation tube method, by using two centrifugation episodes at 720g/5 min). PLT and WBC counts were significantly higher in PRP-C, followed by whole blood, PRP-A, PRP-B, and PRP-D. TGF-ß1 concentrations were significantly higher in PRG-B supernatants and its correspondent PRP-B lysate when compared to the other PRG supernatants and plasma. Supernatants from PRG-A, PRG-B, and PRG-D had equivalent TGF-ß1 concentrations. PDGF-BB concentrations were not statistically different between the hemoderivatives. Significant Pearson correlations were noted between PLT counts and WBC counts (0.8) and between PLT counts and PLT distribution width (0.6). Further studies should be performed to assess the potential clinical applications of these PRPs.
RESUMO
Understanding why species richness peaks along the Andes is a fundamental question in the study of Neotropical biodiversity. Several biogeographic and diversification scenarios have been proposed in the literature, but there is confusion about the processes underlying each scenario, and assessing their relative contribution is not straightforward. Here, we propose to refine these scenarios into a framework which evaluates four evolutionary mechanisms: higher speciation rate in the Andes, lower extinction rates in the Andes, older colonization times and higher colonization rates of the Andes from adjacent areas. We apply this framework to a species-rich subtribe of Neotropical butterflies whose diversity peaks in the Andes, the Godyridina (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini). We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of the Godyridina and fitted time-dependent diversification models. Using trait-dependent diversification models and ancestral state reconstruction methods we then compared different biogeographic scenarios. We found strong evidence that the rates of colonization into the Andes were higher than the other way round. Those colonizations and the subsequent local diversification at equal rates in the Andes and in non-Andean regions mechanically increased the species richness of Andean regions compared to that of non-Andean regions ('species-attractor' hypothesis). We also found support for increasing speciation rates associated with Andean lineages. Our work highlights the importance of the Andean slopes in repeatedly attracting non-Andean lineages, most likely as a result of the diversity of habitats and/or host plants. Applying this analytical framework to other clades will bring important insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the most species-rich biodiversity hotspot on the planet.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Borboletas/genética , Especiação Genética , Filogenia , Animais , Ecossistema , América do SulRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a lack information on the effects of the most commonly used anticoagulants for equine platelet rich plasmas (PRPs) elaboration on cell counts and growth factor release from platelet rich gels (PRGs). The aims of this study were 1) to compare the effects of the anticoagulants sodium citrate (SC), acid citrate dextrose solution A (ACD-A) and ACD-B on platelet (PLT), leukocyte (WBC) and on some parameters associated to platelet activation including mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) between whole blood, pure PRP (P-PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP); 2) to compare transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß(1)) and platelet-derived growth factor isoform BB (PDGF-BB) concentrations in supernatants from pure PRG (P-PRG), platelet-poor gel (PPG), P-PRP lysate (positive control) and plasma (negative control); 3) to establish the possible correlations between all the studied cellular and molecular parameters. RESULTS: In all cases the three anticoagulants produced P-PRPs with significantly higher PLT counts compared with whole blood and PPP. The concentrations of WBCs were similar between P-PRP and whole blood, but significantly lower in PPP. The type of anticoagulant did not significantly affect the cell counts for each blood component. The anticoagulants also did not affect the MPV and PDW parameters. Independently of the anticoagulant used, all blood components presented significantly different concentrations of PDGF-BB and TGF-ß(1). The highest growth factor (GF) concentrations were observed from P-PRP lysates, followed by PRG supernatants, PPP lysates, PPG supernatants and plasma. Significant correlations were observed between PLT and WBC counts (ρ = 0.80), PLT count and TGF-ß(1) concentration (ρ = 0.85), PLT count and PDGF-BB concentration (ρ = 0.80) and PDGF-BB and TGF-ß(1) concentrations (ρ = 0.75). The type of anticoagulant was not correlated with any of the variables evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The anticoagulants did not significantly influence cell counts or GF concentrations in equine PRP. However, ACD-B was apparently the worst anticoagulant evaluated. It is necessary to perform additional research to determine the effect of anticoagulants on the kinetics of GF elution from P-PRG.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Citratos/farmacologia , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia , Glucose/análogos & derivados , Cavalos/sangue , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-sis/análise , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/análise , Animais , Becaplermina , Plaquetas/química , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Glucose/farmacologia , Cavalos/fisiologia , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Masculino , Ativação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Plaquetas/veterinária , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/química , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/citologia , Citrato de SódioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is no information on the effects of the breed, gender and age on the cellular content and growth factor (GF) release from equine pure-platelet rich plasma (P-PRP) and pure-platelet rich gel (P-PRG). The objectives of this study were: 1) to compare the cellular composition of P-PRP with whole blood and platelet poor plasma (PPP); 2) to compare the concentration of transforming GF beta 1 (TGF-ß1) and platelet derived GF isoform BB (PDGF-BB) between P-PRP treated with non-ionic detergent (P-PRP+NID), P-PRG (activated with calcium gluconate -CG-), PPP+NID, PPP gel (PPG), and plasma and; 3) to evaluate and to correlate the effect of the breed, gender and age on the cellular and GF concentration for each blood component. Forty adult horses, 20 Argentinean Creole Horses (ACH) and, 20 Colombian Creole Horses (CCH) were included. Data were analyzed by parametric (i.e.: t-test, one way ANOVA) and non parametric (Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test) tests. Correlation analysis was also performed by using the Spearman and Pearson tests. A p ≤ 0.05 was set as significant for all tests. All the blood components were compared for platelet (PLT), leukocyte (WBC), TGF-ß1 and PDGF-BB concentrations. The effect of the breed, gender and age on these variables was analyzed. A P ≤ 0.05 was accepted as significant for all the tests. RESULTS: PLT counts were 1.8 and 0.6 times higher in P-PRP than in whole blood and PPP, respectively; WBC counts were 0.5 and 0.1 times lower in P-PRP, in comparison with whole blood and PPP, respectively. TGF-ß1 and PDGF-BB concentrations were 2.3 and 262 times higher, respectively, in P-PRG than in plasma, and 0.59 and 0.48 times higher, respectively, in P-PRG than in PPG. P-PRG derived from CCH females or young horses presented significantly (P < 0.001) higher PDGF-BB concentrations than P-PRG derived from ACH males or older horses. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that P-PRP obtained by a manual method was affected by intrinsic factors such as the breed, gender and age. Equine practitioners should be aware that cellular and GF release from P-PRP/P-PRG could change according with the intrinsic variables associated with a patient in particular.
Assuntos
Plaquetas/metabolismo , Cavalos/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/citologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Plaquetas/fisiologia , Feminino , Cavalos/fisiologia , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Masculino , Contagem de Plaquetas/veterinária , Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/fisiologia , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/fisiologia , Isoformas de Proteínas , Fatores Sexuais , Especificidade da Espécie , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/fisiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: se describe una osteotomía tipo Chevron modificada para la corrección de hallux valgus adicionando el desplazamiento plantar de la osteotomía convencional. La motivación para llevar a cabo dicha modificación se basa en que la osteotomía de Chevron presenta grados variables de acortamiento del primer metatarsiano que pueden generar metatarsalgia por transferencia en pacientes con pie griego (index minus) en el cual el segundo metatarsiano es más largo. Materiales y métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de hallux valgus asociado a pie griego clínico o radiológico, metatarsalgia o callo plantar que fueron sometidos a cirugía de osteotomía tipo Chevron con desplazamiento plantar entre el 2008 y el 2010 en la Clínica del Campestre, Medellín. Todas las cirugías fueron realizadas por el mismo cirujano. En el posquirúrgico se evaluó la presencia y la intensidad del dolor, la persistencia del callo plantar y la presencia de arco transverso. Se usaron las escalas AOFAS y VASFA. Resultados: se evaluaron 27 cirugías, con una mediana de seguimiento de 5 meses (rango entre 1 y 18 meses). La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue 51 años (rango entre 31 y 68 años). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino. En la evaluación prequirúrgica, 93% presentaban pie tipo griego clínico y 96% radiológico (index minus). El tipo de arco plantar transverso predominante fue el convexo en el 59% de los casos, cóncavo en el 22,5% y plano en el 18,5%. El 78% presentaban metatarsalgia; 85%, callo plantar, y 29%, deformidad del segundo dedo. La mediana de los ángulos IM y MTF fue 11° (rango entre 6° y 16°) y 27,5° (rango entre 13° y 38°), respectivamente. En la evaluación posquirúrgica, 7 casos continuaban presentando metatarsalgia ocasional y 1 callo plantar. El 95% de los casos recuperaron o mantuvieron el arco transverso; el 86% no tenían limitación o ésta era mínima con el uso del calzado. En cuanto a la actividad, 80% no presentaban limitaciones de ningún tipo. Discusión: los resultados obtenidos en esta serie de pacientes muestran hallazgos positivos a corto plazo por la pérdida del callo plantar y la recuperación del arco transverso con mejoría de la sintomatología.
Assuntos
Calosidades , Pé , Hallux Valgus , Metatarsalgia , OsteotomiaRESUMO
Los abscesos pleurales son una complicación frecuente en caballos con pleuroneumonía. Su tratamiento resulta difícil, requiere tiempo y dinero. Un caballo criollo argentino, castrado, de 13 años de edad presentó una pleuroneumonía grave que posteriormente se complicó con abscesos pleurales. El uso de anti-inflamatorios no esteroidales (fenilbutazona), una antibioterapia agresiva (ceftiofur, ampicilina y gentamicina), el drenaje eco-guiado y el lavado de los abscesos con una solución de yodopovidona al 0.05% permitió la recuperación exitosa del paciente de este reporte.
Pleural abscesses are a frequent complication in horses with pleuropneumonia. Their treatment is not easy, and requires time and it is expensive. A 13 years old creole argentine gelding presented a severe pleuropneumonia subsequently complicated with pleural abscess. The use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (fenylbutazone), an aggressive antibiotherapy (ceftiofur, ampicillin, and gentamicin), echoguide drainage and lavage with yodopovidone to 0.05% of the abscesses permitted the successful recuperation of the patient of this case report.
Os abscessos pleurais são uma complicação comum em cavalos com pleuropneumonia. Seu tratamento é difícil e requer tempo e dinheiro. Um cavalo crioulo argentino, castrado, 13 anos de idade apresentou uma grave pleuropneumonia que posteriormente se tornou complicado com abscesso pleural. O uso de não-esteróides antiinflamatórios (fenilbutazona), uma agressiva terapia antibiótica (cetfiofur, ampicilina e gentamicina), eu drenagem eco-guiado e da lavagem dos abscessos com uma solução de yodopovidona de 0.05%, permitiu o sucesso da recuperação do paciente deste relato de caso.