RESUMO
This article aimed to present a basic questionnaire and minimum methodological criteria for consideration in future Surveys on Working Conditions, Employment, and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. A virtual and face-to-face consensus process was conducted with participation by a group of international experts who used the surveys available up until 2013 as the point of departure for defining the proposal. The final questionnaire included 77 questions grouped in six dimensions: socio-demographic characteristics of workers and companies; employment conditions; working conditions; health status; resources and preventive activities; and family characteristics. The minimum methodological criteria feature the interviewee's home as the place for the interview and aspects related to the quality of the fieldwork. These results can help improve the comparability of future surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean, which would in turn help improve information on workers' heath in the region.
Assuntos
Emprego , Inquéritos e Questionários , Região do Caribe , Humanos , América LatinaRESUMO
Somatising tendency, defined as a predisposition to worry about common somatic symptoms, is importantly associated with various aspects of health and health-related behaviour, including musculoskeletal pain and associated disability. To explore its epidemiological characteristics, and how it can be specified most efficiently, we analysed data from an international longitudinal study. A baseline questionnaire, which included questions from the Brief Symptom Inventory about seven common symptoms, was completed by 12,072 participants aged 20-59 from 46 occupational groups in 18 countries (response rate 70%). The seven symptoms were all mutually associated (odds ratios for pairwise associations 3.4 to 9.3), and each contributed to a measure of somatising tendency that exhibited an exposure-response relationship both with multi-site pain (prevalence rate ratios up to six), and also with sickness absence for non-musculoskeletal reasons. In most participants, the level of somatising tendency was little changed when reassessed after a mean interval of 14 months (75% having a change of 0 or 1 in their symptom count), although the specific symptoms reported at follow-up often differed from those at baseline. Somatising tendency was more common in women than men, especially at older ages, and varied markedly across the 46 occupational groups studied, with higher rates in South and Central America. It was weakly associated with smoking, but not with level of education. Our study supports the use of questions from the Brief Symptom Inventory as a method for measuring somatising tendency, and suggests that in adults of working age, it is a fairly stable trait.
Assuntos
Sintomas Inexplicáveis , Transtornos Somatoformes/epidemiologia , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde , América Central , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor Musculoesquelética/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Ocupações , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , América do Sul , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un cuestionario básico y criterios metodológicos mínimos, para ser considerados en futuras Encuestas sobre Condiciones de Trabajo, Empleo y Salud (ECTES) en América Latina y el Caribe. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un proceso de consenso, tanto virtual como presencial, con la participación de un grupo internacional de expertos que, para definir la propuesta, partieron de las encuestas disponibles en la región hasta 2013. El cuestionario final incluyó 77 preguntas agrupadas en seis dimensiones: características sociodemográficas del trabajador y la empresa; condiciones de empleo; condiciones de trabajo; estado de salud; recursos y actividades preventivas; y características familiares. Entre los criterios metodológicos mínimos destacan el domicilio de la persona entrevistada como lugar de la entrevista y los relacionados con la calidad del trabajo de campo. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a mejorar la comparabilidad de las futuras ECTES en América Latina y el Caribe, lo que contribuiría a mejorar la información en salud laboral en la región.
Abstract: This article aimed to present a basic questionnaire and minimum methodological criteria for consideration in future Surveys on Working Conditions, Employment, and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. A virtual and face-to-face consensus process was conducted with participation by a group of international experts who used the surveys available up until 2013 as the point of departure for defining the proposal. The final questionnaire included 77 questions grouped in six dimensions: socio-demographic characteristics of workers and companies; employment conditions; working conditions; health status; resources and preventive activities; and family characteristics. The minimum methodological criteria feature the interviewee's home as the place for the interview and aspects related to the quality of the fieldwork. These results can help improve the comparability of future surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean, which would in turn help improve information on workers' heath in the region.
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um questionário básico e critérios metodológicos mínimos, para serem considerados em futuras pesquisas sobre Condições de Trabalho, Emprego e Saúde (ECTES) na América Latina e Caribe. Para tal, foi realizado um processo de consenso, tanto virtual como presencial, com a participação de um grupo internacional de expertos que, para definir a proposta, partiram das pesquisas disponíveis na região até 2013. O questionário final incluiu 77 perguntas agrupadas em seis dimensões: características sociodemográficas do trabalhador e a empresa; condições de emprego; condições de trabalho; estado de saúde; recursos e atividades preventivas; assim como características familiares. Entre os critérios metodológicos mínimos destacam-se o domicílio da pessoa entrevistada como lugar da entrevista e os relacionados com a qualidade do trabalho de campo. Estes resultados podem ajudar a melhorar a comparabilidade das futuras ECTES na América Latina e Caribe, o que contribuiria para melhorar a informação sobre saúde do trabalhador na região.
Assuntos
Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Emprego , Região do Caribe , América LatinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Examine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in the six Spanish-speaking countries of Central America using a single standardized instrument, the First Survey on Working Conditions and Health in Central America in workers from all manual and non-manual labor sectors, using social security coverage as an indicator of formal versus informal employment. METHODS: The workers (n = 12 024) were surveyed in their homes. The age-adjusted prevalence of MSP during the previous month was calculated for pain in the back (upper, or cervical; middle, or thoracic; and lower, or lumbar) and arm joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist). Prevalence was estimated by sex, occupation (manual or non-manual), economic sector (agriculture, industry, or services), and social security coverage. Poisson regression models were used to calculate the prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals, with stratification by country and anatomical site. RESULTS: By sites, the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical-dorsal MSP was the highest, especially in El Salvador (47.8%) and Nicaragua (45.9%), and lumbar MSP was less prevalent, especially in Panama (12.8%) and Guatemala (14.8%). After additional adjustments, the prevalence of MSP was higher in women and manual workers for all the sites and in all the countries. There were no differences in MSP in terms of social security coverage or sector of economic activity. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of MSP in Central America, regardless of sector of activity or social security coverage, indicates that the prevention of MSP should be a priority in occupational health programs in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women and manual workers.
Assuntos
Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Dor Musculoesquelética/epidemiologia , Ocupações , Adulto , América Central/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor Musculoesquelética/economia , Especificidade de Órgãos , Prevalência , Previdência Social/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Examinar la prevalencia de dolor musculoesquelético (DME) en los seis países de habla hispana de América Central con un instrumento único, la I Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud, en trabajadores de todos los sectores, manuales y no manuales, y con cobertura o no de la seguridad social como un indicador de formalidad o informalidad. MÉTODOS: Trabajadores encuestados en sus domicilios (n = 12 024). Se calculó la prevalencia ajustada por edad en el último mes de DME en la espalda (alta o cervical, media o dorsal y baja o lumbar) o en las articulaciones de los miembros superiores (hombro, codo y muñeca). La prevalencia fue estimada por sexo, ocupación (manual o no), sector económico (agrícola, industrial y servicios) y cobertura de la seguridad social. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión Poisson para calcular las razones de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza de 95%, con estratificación por país y localización anatómica. RESULTADOS: Por localizaciones, la prevalencia ajustada por edad de DME cervical-dorsal es la más elevada, en especial en El Salvador (47,8%) y Nicaragua (45,9%), y la de DME lumbar la menos frecuente, sobre todo en Panamá (12,8%) y Guatemala (14,8%). Tras ajustes adicionales, la prevalencia de DME fue mayor en mujeres y los trabajadores manuales en todas las localizaciones y países. No hubo diferencias de DME respecto a la cobertura de la seguridad social y el sector de actividad económica. CONCLUSIONES: La elevada prevalencia de DME en América Central, independiente del sector de actividad y cobertura o no de la seguridad social, indica que la prevención de los DME debe constituir también una prioridad en salud laboral en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en especial en mujeres y trabajadores manuales.
Objective: Examine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in the six Spanish-speaking countries of Central America using a single standardized instrument, the First Survey on Working Conditions and Health in Central America in workers from all manual and non-manual labor sectors, using social security coverage as an indicator of formal versus informal employment. Methods: The workers (n = 12 024) were surveyed in their homes. The age-adjusted prevalence of MSP during the previous month was calculated for pain in the back (upper, or cervical; middle, or thoracic; and lower, or lumbar) and arm joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist). Prevalence was estimated by sex, occupation (manual or non-manual), economic sector (agriculture, industry, or services), and social security coverage. Poisson regression models were used to calculate the prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals, with stratification by country and anatomical site. Results: By sites, the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical-dorsal MSP was the highest, especially in El Salvador (47.8%) and Nicaragua (45.9%), and lumbar MSP was less prevalent, especially in Panama (12.8%) and Guatemala (14.8%). After additional adjustments, the prevalence of MSP was higher in women and manual workers for all the sites and in all the countries. There were no differences in MSP in terms of social security coverage or sector of economic activity. Conclusions: The high prevalence of MSP in Central America, regardless of sector of activity or social security coverage, indicates that the prevention of MSP should be a priority in occupational health programs in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women and manual workers.
Assuntos
Saúde Ocupacional , Dor Musculoesquelética/prevenção & controle , América CentralRESUMO
Objetivo. Examinar la prevalencia de dolor musculoesquelético (DME) en los seis países de habla hispana de América Central con un instrumento único, la I Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud, en trabajadores de todos los sectores, manuales y no manuales, y con cobertura o no de la seguridad social como un indicador de formalidad o informalidad. Métodos. Trabajadores encuestados en sus domicilios (n = 12 024). Se calculó la prevalencia ajustada por edad en el último mes de DME en la espalda (alta o cervical, media o dorsal y baja o lumbar) o en las articulaciones de los miembros superiores (hombro, codo y muñeca). La prevalencia fue estimada por sexo, ocupación (manual o no), sector económico (agrícola, industrial y servicios) y cobertura de la seguridad social. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión Poisson para calcular las razones de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza de 95%, con estratificación por país y localización anatómica. Resultados. Por localizaciones, la prevalencia ajustada por edad de DME cervical-dorsal es la más elevada, en especial en El Salvador (47,8%) y Nicaragua (45,9%), y la de DME lumbar la menos frecuente, sobre todo en Panamá (12,8%) y Guatemala (14,8%). Tras ajustes adicionales, la prevalencia de DME fue mayor en mujeres y los trabajadores manuales en todas las localizaciones y países. No hubo diferencias de DME respecto a la cobertura de la seguridad social y el sector de actividad económica. Conclusiones. La elevada prevalencia de DME en América Central, independiente del sector de actividad y cobertura o no de la seguridad social, indica que la prevención de los DME debe constituir también una prioridad en salud laboral en países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en especial en mujeres y trabajadores manuales.
Objective. Examine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in the six Spanishspeaking countries of Central America using a single standardized instrument, the First Survey on Working Conditions and Health in Central America in workers from all manual and non-manual labor sectors, using social security coverage as an indicator of formal versus informal employment. Methods. The workers (n = 12 024) were surveyed in their homes. The age-adjusted prevalence of MSP during the previous month was calculated for pain in the back (upper, or cervical; middle, or thoracic; and lower, or lumbar) and arm joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist). Prevalence was estimated by sex, occupation (manual or non-manual), economic sector (agriculture, industry, or services), and social security coverage. Poisson regression models were used to calculate the prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals, with stratification by country and anatomical site. Results. By sites, the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical-dorsal MSP was the highest, especially in El Salvador (47.8%) and Nicaragua (45.9%), and lumbar MSP was less prevalent, especially in Panama (12.8%) and Guatemala (14.8%). After additional adjustments, the prevalence of MSP was higher in women and manual workers for all the sites and in all the countries. There were no differences in MSP in terms of social security coverage or sector of economic activity. Conclusions. The high prevalence of MSP in Central America, regardless of sector of activity or social security coverage, indicates that the prevention of MSP should be a priority in occupational health programs in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women and manual workers.
Assuntos
Ocupações em Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde Ocupacional , América Central , Emprego , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde Ocupacional , América CentralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Low levels of safety climate and training have been associated with higher occurrence of occupational-related health outcomes; workplace violence and verbal abuse could be considered an early indicator of escalating psychological workplace violence. We examined whether low level of safety factors were associated with a higher prevalence of verbal abuse at the workplace. METHODS: We used data from a cross-sectional survey administered among a stratified random sample of 1,000 employees from 10 of the 29 public hospitals in Costa Rica. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using survey logistic regression models to estimate the association between safety factors and verbal abuse from the following sources: administrators, supervisors, patients, patients' relatives and coworkers. RESULTS: There was a high prevalence of verbal abuse among the healthcare workforce from both external (i.e., patients and patients' relatives) and internal workplace sources (i.e., coworkers, supervisors and administrators). A low level of safety climate was associated with verbal abuse from all sources with associations ranging from verbal abuse from administrators (OR=6.07; 95%CI: 2.05-17.92) to verbal abuse from patients (OR=2.24; 95%CI: 1.23-4.09). CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need to address organizational characteristics of the workplace that may increase the risk of verbal abuse for the future development of prevention interventions in this setting.
Assuntos
Hospitais Públicos , Relações Interprofissionais , Gestão da Segurança/normas , Comportamento Verbal , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Local de Trabalho/psicologia , Pessoal Administrativo/educação , Pessoal Administrativo/normas , Adulto , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Capacitação em Serviço/normas , Capacitação em Serviço/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ocupações/estatística & dados numéricos , Cultura Organizacional , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Psicometria , Gestão da Segurança/métodos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Violência/psicologia , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Despite international efforts to implement smoking bans, several national legislations still allow smoking and recommend mechanical systems, such as ventilation and air extraction, to eliminate secondhand smoke (SHS) health-related risks. We aimed to quantify the relative contribution of mechanical systems and smoking bans to SHS elimination. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected establishments from 4 Mexican cities (3 with no ban). SHS exposure was assessed using nicotine passive monitors. Establishment characteristics, presence of mechanical systems, and enforcement of smoking policies were obtained through direct observation and self-report. Multilevel models were used to assess relative contributions to SHS reduction. RESULTS: Compared with Mexico City, nicotine concentrations were 3.8 times higher in Colima, 5.4 in Cuernavaca, and 6.4 in Toluca. Mechanical systems were not associated with reduced nicotine concentrations. Concentration differences between cities were largely explained by the presence of smoking bans (69.1% difference reduction) but not by mechanical systems (-5.7% difference reduction). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking bans represent the only effective approach to reduce SHS. Tobacco control regulations should stop considering mechanical systems as advisable means for SHS reduction and opt for complete smoking bans in public places.
Assuntos
Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Ventilação , Ar/análise , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , México , Nicotina/química , RestaurantesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perceptions and appreciations over smoke-free environments of restaurant and bar managers from four cities in central Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Managers from 219 restaurants and bars from Mexico City, Colima, Cuernavaca and Toluca were surveyed about smoke-free environments opinions and implementation. Simultaneously, environmental nicotine was monitored. RESULTS: The majority of surveyed managers considered public places should be smoke-free, although more than half were concerned with potential economic loses. Implementation of smoke-free environments was more frequent in Mexico City (85.4%) than in the other cities (15.3% overall), with consequently lower environmental nicotine concentrations. CONCLUSION: Managers acknowledge the need to create smoke-free environments. Concerns over economic negative effects derived from the prohibition could explain, at least partially, the rejection of this sector towards the implementation of this type of policy.
Assuntos
Atitude , Restaurantes , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To quantify environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico to promote policies of 100% smoke-free environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In hospitals, schools and public offices of Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City 20% of inner areas were monitored. Median nicotine concentrations were estimated by city, type of public space and type of inner area. RESULTS: Median concentration in areas where nicotine was detected was 0.06 µg/m³ (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m³). Higher concentrations were found in Mexico City and in public offices. Nicotine was not detected in 75% of monitored areas. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring environmental nicotine is a useful tool to evaluate compliance of public places with the smoke-free environments legislation, and could constitute an important source of information to strengthen implementation efforts.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análise , México , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivo. Analizar las percepciones y apreciaciones sobre espacios libres de humo de tabaco de los responsables de bares y restaurantes en cuatro ciudades del centro de México. Material y métodos. Se encuestó a los administradores de 219 bares y restaurantes de la Ciudad de México, Colima, Cuernavaca y Toluca, acerca de opiniones e implementación de espacios libres de humo. Simultáneamente, se monitorearon concentraciones de nicotina ambiental. Resultados. La mayoría de los encuestados consideró que los espacios públicos deben ser libres de humo, más de la mitad refirió preocupación por pérdidas económicas. La implementación de espacios libres de humo fue más frecuente en la Ciudad de México (85.4 por ciento) que en las demás ciudades (15.3 por ciento global), lo que se refleja en menores concentraciones de nicotina ambiental. Conclusión. Los administradores reconocen la necesidad de crear espacios libres de humo. La preocupación sobre posibles efectos económicos negativos de la prohibición podría explicar, al menos parcialmente, el rechazo a la implementación de este tipo de políticas.
Objective. To analyze the perceptions and appreciations over smoke-free environments of restaurant and bar managers from four cities in central Mexico. Material and Methods. Managers from 219 restaurants and bars from Mexico City, Colima, Cuernavaca and Toluca were surveyed about smoke-free environments opinions and implementation. Simultaneously, environmental nicotine was monitored. Results. The majority of surveyed managers considered public places should be smoke-free, although more than half were concerned with potential economic loses. Implementation of smoke-free environments was more frequent in Mexico City (85.4 percent) than in the other cities (15.3 percent overall), with consequently lower environmental nicotine concentrations. Conclusion. Managers acknowledge the need to create smoke-free environments. Concerns over economic negative effects derived from the prohibition could explain, at least partially, the rejection of this sector towards the implementation of this type of policy.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Atitude , Restaurantes , Fumar/prevenção & controle , MéxicoRESUMO
Objetivo. Cuantificar la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno (HTA) en lugares públicos de México, con el fin de impulsar políticas locales de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco. Material y métodos. Se monitoreó aleatoriamente 20 por ciento de las áreas interiores de hospitales, escuelas y oficinas públicas de Monterrey, Guadalajara y la Ciudad de México. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por ciudad, tipo de espacio público y área interior. Resultados. La concentración mediana en los espacios donde se detectó nicotina fue de 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3), las mayores concentraciones se obtuvieron en la Ciudad de México y en las oficinas públicas. No se detectó nicotina en 75 por ciento de los espacios monitoreados. Conclusiones. El monitoreo ambiental de nicotina es una herramienta útil para fortalecer la implementación y evaluar el cumplimiento de la política de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco.
Objective. To quantify environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico to promote policies of 100 percent smoke-free environments. Materials and Methods. In hospitals, schools and public offices of Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City 20 percent of inner areas were monitored. Median nicotine concentrations were estimated by city, type of public space and type of inner area. Results. Median concentration in areas where nicotine was detected was 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3). Higher concentrations were found in Mexico City and in public offices. Nicotine was not detected in 75 percent of monitored areas. Conclusions. Monitoring environmental nicotine is a useful tool to evaluate compliance of public places with the smoke-free environments legislation, and could constitute an important source of information to strengthen implementation efforts.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/análise , México , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
This essay tries o develop classification criteria to identify smoke-free spaces using environmental monitoring, direct inspection and worker reports, comparing their agreement and deriving a proposal useful for the epidemiological surveillance of environmental tobacco smoke. Environmental nicotine monitoring, direct inspections and workers surveys regarding tobacco smoke presence were conducted in ten institutions. For each method, criteria were defined to classify institutions as smoke-free spaces. Results were compared to evaluate between-methods agreement. Good agreement between environmental monitoring and direct inspections were observed, although they disagreed in 20% of the cases. Worker reports were too frequent to discriminate. Combining environmental monitoring and inspection would provide the most sensitive classification. Cost-effectiveness studies are required to identify the best strategy.
Assuntos
Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Este texto pretende establecer criterios para identificar espacios libres de humo de tabaco ambiental (HTA) utilizando monitoreo, inspección directa y reporte de los trabajadores, comparando su capacidad de discriminación y derivando una propuesta con aplicación a un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica. En 10 instituciones se monitoreó nicotina ambiental, realizando inspecciones y obteniendo el reporte de los trabajadores sobre la presencia de HTA. Para cada método se definieron criterios para clasificar a las instituciones como espacios libres de HTA. Los resultados fueron comparados para analizar el nivel de acuerdo entre métodos. Se observó buen acuerdo entre monitoreo ambiental e inspección directa, discrepando en 20 por ciento de las decisiones. El reporte de los trabajadores fue demasiado frecuente para discriminar. La combinación del monitoreo ambiental con la inspección proporcionaría la clasificación más sensible. Se requieren estudios de costo-efectividad para identificar la mejor estrategia.
This essay tries o develop classification criteria to identify smoke-free spaces using environmental monitoring, direct inspection and worker reports, comparing their agreement and deriving a proposal useful for the epidemiological surveillance of environmental tobacco smoke. Environmental nicotine monitoring, direct inspections and workers surveys regarding tobacco smoke presence were conducted in ten institutions. For each method, criteria were defined to classify institutions as smoke-free spaces. Results were compared to evaluate between-methods agreement. Good agreement between environmental monitoring and direct inspections were observed, although they disagreed in 20 percent of the cases. Worker reports were too frequent to discriminate. Combining environmental monitoring and inspection would provide the most sensitive classification. Cost-effectiveness studies are required to identify the best strategy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Injury-related statistics in developing countries are rare. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between occupational and safety-related risk factors and absences from work during the preceding 6 months due to work-related injury among public hospital employees in Costa Rica. METHODS: Data were used from a cross-sectional survey conducted in December 2000 among a stratified random sample of 1000 employees from 10 of the 29 public hospitals in Costa Rica. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, occupational exposures, and organizational risk factors. A dichotomous variable was created to indicate work-injury absence. At-risk employees (n = 466) were classified as having had a work-injury absence if they reported having been absent for at least 1 day in the preceding 6 months because of a work-related injury. OR and 95% CI were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: There is a greater likelihood of injury-related absence in non-professional occupational positions (ie, auxiliary personnel (OR = 2.29) and general services employees (OR = 5.55)) than in professional positions, and in employees who show poor compliance with safety practices (OR = 2.03) and have high interference from their job task (OR = 3.79) compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Work-injury absence appears not only to be a function of work injury, but also a function of occupation and degree of compliance with safety practices.