RESUMO

Although Brazil has a great bird diversity, information on the health status of free living psittacine is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites and the ratio of gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria in the feces of free-living adult Hyacinth and Green-winged macaws. Fecal samples were collected placing camouflaged sheet covers on bird foraging areas. Fifty-five swabs were evaluated by gram staining technique and 101 fecal samples were analyzed using flotation and centrifugation methods. None of the samples presented parasites or ova. The presence of gram-negative bacteria was detected in 1.8% of the fecal samples. These results suggest that parasites and gram-negative bacteria may be transient in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy free-living psittacine birds. This situation is quite different from what is observed for birds in captivity, where stressful events and improper husbandry facilitate the dysbiosis and high parasite loads, with an imbalance in the host-parasite relationship.(AU)

Embora o Brasil tenha uma grande diversidade de aves, as informações sobre o estado sanitário de psitacídeos de vida livre são escassas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de endoparasitas e a relação entre bactérias gram-negativas e gram-positivas nas fezes de Arara-azuis e Araras-vermelhas-grandes adultas em vida-livre. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas empregando-se lonas camufladas onde as aves se reuniam para forragear. Cinquenta e cinco esfregaços foram avaliados pela técnica de gram e 101 amostras de fezes foram analisadas pelos métodos de flutuação e centrífugo-flutuação.  Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para a presença de ovos ou formas adultas de parasitas. A presença de bactérias gram-negativas foi detectada em 1.8% das amostras fecais. Esses resultados sugerem que parasitas e bactérias gram-negativas podem ser apenas transientes no trato gastrointestinal de psitacídeos saudáveis de vida livre. Essa situação é bastante diversa do que ocorre em cativeiro, onde situações de estresse e manejo inadequado facilitam a disbiose e o aumento das cargas parasitárias, com um desequilíbrio na relação hospedeiro-parasita.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Although Brazil has a great bird diversity, information on the health status of free living psittacine is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites and the ratio of gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria in the feces of free-living adult Hyacinth and Green-winged macaws. Fecal samples were collected placing camouflaged sheet covers on bird foraging areas. Fifty-five swabs were evaluated by gram staining technique and 101 fecal samples were analyzed using flotation and centrifugation methods. None of the samples presented parasites or ova. The presence of gram-negative bacteria was detected in 1.8% of the fecal samples. These results suggest that parasites and gram-negative bacteria may be transient in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy free-living psittacine birds. This situation is quite different from what is observed for birds in captivity, where stressful events and improper husbandry facilitate the dysbiosis and high parasite loads, with an imbalance in the host-parasite relationship.

Embora o Brasil tenha uma grande diversidade de aves, as informações sobre o estado sanitário de psitacídeos de vida livre são escassas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de endoparasitas e a relação entre bactérias gram-negativas e gram-positivas nas fezes de Arara-azuis e Araras-vermelhas-grandes adultas em vida-livre. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas empregando-se lonas camufladas onde as aves se reuniam para forragear. Cinquenta e cinco esfregaços foram avaliados pela técnica de gram e 101 amostras de fezes foram analisadas pelos métodos de flutuação e centrífugo-flutuação.  Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para a presença de ovos ou formas adultas de parasitas. A presença de bactérias gram-negativas foi detectada em 1.8% das amostras fecais. Esses resultados sugerem que parasitas e bactérias gram-negativas podem ser apenas transientes no trato gastrointestinal de psitacídeos saudáveis de vida livre. Essa situação é bastante diversa do que ocorre em cativeiro, onde situações de estresse e manejo inadequado facilitam a disbiose e o aumento das cargas parasitárias, com um desequilíbrio na relação hospedeiro-parasita.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Rediscovered in the wild twenty years ago, the breeding biology of wild Blue-throated Macaws remains largely unexplored, yet is essential to its effective conservation and recovery. Here, we analyse reproductive parameters in an intensively managed wild population of Blue-throated Macaws, providing the first data on the breeding biology of this critically endangered species. During the six-year study period, 2007-2012, the number of active breeding pairs either remained constant or decreased, depending on the site, and no new breeding pairs were discovered despite extensive searching. We documented nesting attempts in natural cavities in dead palms or live hardwoods, and artificial nest boxes. Egg-laying was concentrated during the end of dry season and the beginning of the wet season, August through December. Hatching failure was the greatest cause of egg losses. Half of the breeding attempts of Blue-throated Macaws produced at least one fledging, on average two, after a 85 days nestling period. An average of 4.3 nestlings per year fledged from all known wild nests combined. Each pair lost roughly 65% of its initial reproductive investment at each nesting attempt. In most successful nesting attempts of individualized pairs, a new nesting attempt was not detected the following year. All monitored breeding pairs showed high nest site fidelity, reusing hardwood-tree cavities and nest boxes. Our findings will aid conservation efforts by refining current actions and prompting new approaches towards the conservation and recovery of the Blue-throated Macaw.

Assuntos