RESUMO
The Membrane Attack Complex-Perforin (MACPF) family is ubiquitously found in all kingdoms. They have diverse cellular roles, however MACPFs with pore-forming toxic function in venoms and poisons are very rare in animals. Here we present the structure of PmPV2, a MACPF toxin from the poisonous apple snail eggs, that can affect the digestive and nervous systems of potential predators. We report the three-dimensional structure of PmPV2, at 17.2 Å resolution determined by negative-stain electron microscopy and its solution structure by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We found that PV2s differ from nearly all MACPFs in two respects: it is a dimer in solution and protomers combine two immune proteins into an AB toxin. The MACPF chain is linked by a single disulfide bond to a tachylectin chain, and two heterodimers are arranged head-to-tail by non-covalent forces in the native protein. MACPF domain is fused with a putative new Ct-accessory domain exclusive to invertebrates. The tachylectin is a six-bladed ß-propeller, similar to animal tectonins. We experimentally validated the predicted functions of both subunits and demonstrated for the first time that PV2s are true pore-forming toxins. The tachylectin "B" delivery subunit would bind to target membranes, and then the MACPF "A" toxic subunit would disrupt lipid bilayers forming large pores altering the plasma membrane conductance. These results indicate that PV2s toxicity evolved by linking two immune proteins where their combined preexisting functions gave rise to a new toxic entity with a novel role in defense against predation. This structure is an unparalleled example of protein exaptation.
Assuntos
Complexo de Ataque à Membrana do Sistema Complemento/ultraestrutura , Lectinas/ultraestrutura , Perforina/ultraestrutura , Conformação Proteica , Sequência de Aminoácidos/genética , Animais , Membrana Celular/química , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Complexo de Ataque à Membrana do Sistema Complemento/química , Complexo de Ataque à Membrana do Sistema Complemento/imunologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Dimerização , Lectinas/química , Lectinas/imunologia , Modelos Moleculares , Perforina/química , Perforina/imunologia , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , Espalhamento a Baixo Ângulo , Caramujos/ultraestrutura , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Telithromycin is a new ketolide antimicrobial, that can be useful for the treatment of respiratory infections. AIM: To compare in vitro activity of telithromycin against respiratory pathogens, isolated in outpatient clinics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred eighty strains isolated from patients with respiratory infections, were studied. The strains studied were S pneumoniae, penicillin sensitive (SPNS:57); intermediate (SPNI:35), resistant (SPNR:25); S pyogenes (SP:57); H influenzae (HIN 51); M catarrhalis (MC:25) and S aureus meticillin sensitive (SAUS:30). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution was studied for telitrhomycin and levofloxacin in all strains. Other antimicrobials studied, but not in all strains were erythromycin, clindamycin, trimetoprim sulphamethoxazole, oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime. RESULTS: All strains were sensible to telithromycin at a concentration -4 microg/ml. MIC 90 and its range for SPNS was 0.03 microg/ml (-0.004-0.12), for SPNI was 0.03 microg/ml (-0.004-025), for SPNR was 0.06 microg/ml (-0.004-0.25), for HIN was 2 microg/ml (0.12-4), for SP was 0.5 microg/ml (-0.004-2), for MC was 0.5 microg/ml (0.06-2) and for SAU was 0.25 microg/ml (0.06-0.25). CONCLUSIONS: All studied pathogens were sensible to telithromycin in vitro. This antimicrobial is an alternative for the treatment of community acquired respiratory infections.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cetolídeos/farmacologia , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Haemophilus influenzae/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Moraxella catarrhalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pyogenes/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Introducción: Nuestro grupo recientemente demostró una asociación significativa entre periodontitis, placas coronarias aguda y extensión de la enfermedad coronaria aterosclerótica en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo experimental animal para estudiar el posible efecto pro-aterogénico de la inducción de periodontitis por Porphyromona Gingivalis (PG) en ratones deficientes en la apolipoproteína E (APO-E KO). Métodos: En 12 ratones APO-E KO mantenidos con dieta hiperlipidémica se realizaron tocaciones con PG cepa ATCC 53977 en el surco gingival de los molares mandibulares a las 8 semanas de vida. Igual número de ratones APO-E KO fue intervenido con el mismo procedimiento, pero sólo con el vehículo de las tocaciones. Estos procedimientos se repitieron a las 48, 72 y 120 hrs de la infección inicial. Luego de 4 semanas post-inoculación con PG se realizaron estudios histomorfométricos en la aorta proximal para medir la severidad de las lesiones ateromatosas y en las mandíbulas, para evaluar la pérdida del hueso alveolar. Resultados: No se observó una diferencia significativa en el daño del hueso alveolar en las mandíbulas de los animales infectados versus el grupo control. En las aortas, la razón tamaño placa/pared vascular fue mayor en el grupo infectado con PG que en el grupo control (0.132 ± 0.2 versus 0.103 ± 0.15, respectivamente), pero esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: El diseño experimental del presente estudio no permitió establecer si la periodontitis inducida por PG es capaz o no de acelerar el proceso aterogénico de los ratones APO-E KO. Será necesario aplicar un protocolo de infección periodontal más agresivo en estos animales para evaluar más adecuadamente el efecto de PG sobre la ateroesclerosis.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Arteriosclerose/microbiologia , Infecções por Bacteroidaceae/complicações , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Periodontite/complicações , Periodontite/microbiologia , Aorta/patologia , Apolipoproteínas E/deficiência , Dieta Aterogênica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hiperlipidemias , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Camundongos Knockout/microbiologiaRESUMO
Background: Telithromycin is a new ketolide antimicrobial, that can be useful for the treatment of respiratory infections. Aim: To compare in vitro activity of telithromycin against respiratory pathogens, isolated in outpatient clinics. Material and methods: Two hundred eighty strains isolated from patients with respiratory infections, were studied. The strains studied were S pneumoniae, penicillin sensitive (SPNS:57); intermediate (SPNI:35), resistant (SPNR:25); S pyogenes (SP:57); H influenzae (HIN 51); M catarrhalis (MC:25) and S aureus meticillin sensitive (SAUS:30). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution was studied for telitrhomycin and levofloxacin in all strains. Other antimicrobials studied, but not in all strains were erythromycin, clindamycin, trimetoprim sulphamethoxazole, oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime. Results: All strains were sensible to telithromycin at a concentration ¡4 µg/ml. MIC 90 and its range for SPNS was 0.03 µg/ml (¡0.004-0.12), for SPNI was 0.03 µg/ml (¡0.004-025), for SPNR was 0.06 µg/ml (¡0.004-0.25), for HIN was 2 µg/ml (0.12-4), for SP was 0.5 µg/ml (¡0.004-2), for MC was 0.5 µg/ml (0.06-2) and for SAU was 0.25 µg/ml (0.06-0.25). Conclusions: All studied pathogens were sensible to telithromycin in vitro. This antimicrobial is an alternative for the treatment of community acquired respiratory infections.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyogenesRESUMO
Parotiditis crónica recurrente infantil(PCRI) es una inflamación parotidea recurrente asociada a sialectasia no obstructiva de parótida, con aumento doloroso uni o bilateral de la glándula. El objetivo del estudio es analizar su clínica, etiología microbiana y respuesta al tratamiento local. Se estudian 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de PCRI y sus recurrencias y 20 pacientes controles sin antecedentes de parotidomegalia. En los casos el diagnóstico se confirmó por sialografía. Las muestras de saliva se obtuvieron por aspiración postmasaje glandular. Se realiza cultivo microbiano con recuento y serología para virus parotiditis. Resultados: Los casos de PCRI presentaron una edad de 5,6 años promedio, sin diferencia por sexo. El 100 por ciento de los casos presentó dolor y el 72 por ciento fiebre. En 49 de los casos hubo asociación a infección respiratoria. En el 66 por ciento, la saliva fue purulenta aislándose S. pneumoniae en 38 por ciento de los casos y H. influenzae en 18 por ciento. Sólo en el 20 por ciento no se identificó agente etiológico. En el 48,1 por ciento de S. pneumoniae se confirmó resistencia a penicilina. En tres pacientes y dos controles la serología para virus parotiditis, fue positiva. En 19 de los 50 casos se observaron de 1 a 4 recurrencias posteriores y una paciente con 9 recurrencias. El tratamiento con lavados intraglandular con sustancia yodada hidrosaluble, fue eficaz, con remisión en 3 a 14 días y desaparición de signos clínicos. Sólo 5 casos, requirieron uso de antimicrobianos. Conclusiones: PCRI es una patología infecciosa compleja que evoluciona con recurrencias afectando la calidad de vida del paciente. El tratamiento local resultó ser eficaz en el control del cuadro, disminuyendo las recurrencias y el uso de antimicrobianos.
Assuntos
Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Recém-Nascido , Criança , Doenças Parotídeas , ParotiditeRESUMO
To assess the effect of sympathectomy on rat tooth eruption, the effect of a unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) on eruption rate of ipsi- and contralateral lower incisors was examined. Two experiments were performed. In a first experiment, the eruption rate of ipsilaterally denervated incisors was similar to that of contralaterally innervated incisors, when assessed for up to 28 days after surgery. In a second experiment, under conditions of unilateral unimpeded eruption of incisors performed ipsilaterally or contralaterally to a unilateral SCGx, a significantly lower eruption rate of denervated incisors at the impeded eruption side, and a significantly higher eruption rate of denervated incisors at the unimpeded side were observed, when computed every 2 days. Significant differences in individual Student's t tests at every time interval occurred mainly during the first and the last week of examination. When average daily eruption rate was computed in weekly intervals, a significant interaction between SCGx and the side of impeded or unimpeded eruption was found in a factorial ANOVA, that is, for each of the 4 weeks of examination, sympathetically denervated incisors showed lower eruption rates at the impeded eruption side, and higher eruption rates at the unimpeded side. These results indicate that incisor eruption is not modified by a local sympathetic denervation unless the contralateral lower rat incisor is cut out of occlusion.
Assuntos
Incisivo/inervação , Incisivo/fisiologia , Gânglio Cervical Superior/fisiologia , Erupção Dentária/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Gânglio Cervical Superior/cirurgia , SimpatectomiaRESUMO
The aim of the present work was to assess the effects of experimental diabetes on mandible growth in rats. Experimental diabetes was induced in rats, aged 26 d, by a single dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. of Streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty-one d post STZ or vehicle injection, the animals were killed. Mandibles were resected to determine Mandibular Skeletal Units dimensions (MSU) and overall mandible growth. Statistical analysis of results revealed, for STZ treated animals as compared to the control group: 1) a decrease in b.w.; 2) an increase in food intake; 3) an increase in glucemia (200%); 4) normal hemoglobin, creatinine and plasma urea values; 5) a reduction in growth of symphyseal (9%), coronoid (16%), and alveolar (13%) heights, condyloid (11%), angular (8%), and base (3%) lengths, and condyloid width (8%). Mandibular length (4%), height (8%) and length of base (6%) were significantly lower in diabetic animals as compared to the control group. No significant differences in length of symphyseal process, alveolar length and height of base were found between groups. Rats on a restricted diet, resulting in a decreased b.w., and the control group exhibited similar mandibular dimensions. These data show that STZ-induced diabetes reduces mandibular growth, resulting in some deformity of the structure.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Mandíbula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Processo Alveolar/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Processo Alveolar/patologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Peso Corporal , Cefalometria , Creatinina/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Dieta , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Hemoglobinas/análise , Masculino , Mandíbula/patologia , Côndilo Mandibular/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Côndilo Mandibular/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estatística como Assunto , Estreptozocina , Ureia/sangue , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes is determined by a variety of structural molecules, toxins and complex enzymes. Pyrogenic exotoxins cause fever, erythematous reactions, cytotoxic and immunological effects. AIM: To assess the frequency of speA, SpeB and SpeC genes in Chilean Streptococcus pyogenes strains and their association with the invasiveness of infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genes for pyrogenic exotoxins SpeA, SpeB and SpeC were determined by polymerase chain reactions in 114 strains of group A Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from Chilean patients with invasive or non invasive infections. RESULTS: The gene for SpeA was present in 30.7% of isolates, the gene for SpeB was present in 69.3% and the gen for SpeC in 44.7% of isolates. The gene for SpeA was present in 20 of 33 invasive infections and in 15 of 81 non invasive infections (p < 0.0001). On the contrary, the gene for SpeC was present in 11 of 33 invasive infections and in 41 of 81 non invasive infections (p < 0.05). The frequency of speB was similar in invasive and non invasive infections. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear relationship between the presence of SpeA genes and the severity of infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Cisteína Endopeptidases/genética , Exotoxinas/genética , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Pirogênios/genética , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pyogenes/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pyogenes/patogenicidade , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
The effects of anemia on different physiological parameters have been the object of permanent study. There are no studies in the literature on the effects of this disorder on the process on bone healing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, histologically and histomorphometrically, the process of osteogenesis in the post-extraction alvcolus of the lower molar, and in the peri-implant environment of rats. Twenty male Wistar rats (body weight (b.w.): 60 +/- 7 g) were grouped into two experimental sets. The control group (n:10) was given 0.5 mL saline solution i.p. The anemic group (n:10) was injected with 6 mg/100 g of b.w. or 3 mg/100 g b.w. phenylhidrazine, a well known hemolytic agent. Under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia the rats were submitted to extraction of the first lower molars, and to implantation in the tibia in keeping with the "laminar test" procedure. Other parameters, i.e. body weight (b.w.), food intake (FI), hematocrit (Htc), and hemoglobinemia (Hb) were monitored every 48 hs. The results showed a reduction in b.w., FI, Htc and Hb in the experimental group. The histological and histomorphometrical data show that the condition of anemia affects osteogenesis quali-quantitatively in the post-extraction alveolus and peri-implant microenvironment. Both bone reparative situations showed that ostegenesis is "sensitive" to anemia and/or the associated conditions, causing a delay in bone healing.
Assuntos
Anemia/fisiopatologia , Osseointegração/fisiologia , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Anemia/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Implantação Dentária Endóssea , Implantes Experimentais , Masculino , Fenil-Hidrazinas , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tíbia , Extração Dentária , Alvéolo Dental/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The effects of anemia on different physiological parameters have been the object of permanent study. There are no studies in the literature on the effects of this disorder on the process on bone healing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, histologically and histomorphometrically, the process of osteogenesis in the post-extraction alvcolus of the lower molar, and in the peri-implant environment of rats. Twenty male Wistar rats (body weight (b.w.): 60 +/- 7 g) were grouped into two experimental sets. The control group (n:10) was given 0.5 mL saline solution i.p. The anemic group (n:10) was injected with 6 mg/100 g of b.w. or 3 mg/100 g b.w. phenylhidrazine, a well known hemolytic agent. Under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia the rats were submitted to extraction of the first lower molars, and to implantation in the tibia in keeping with the [quot ]laminar test[quot ] procedure. Other parameters, i.e. body weight (b.w.), food intake (FI), hematocrit (Htc), and hemoglobinemia (Hb) were monitored every 48 hs. The results showed a reduction in b.w., FI, Htc and Hb in the experimental group. The histological and histomorphometrical data show that the condition of anemia affects osteogenesis quali-quantitatively in the post-extraction alveolus and peri-implant microenvironment. Both bone reparative situations showed that ostegenesis is [quot ]sensitive[quot ] to anemia and/or the associated conditions, causing a delay in bone healing.
RESUMO
The effects of anemia on different physiological parameters have been the object of permanent study. There are no studies in the literature on the effects of this disorder on the process on bone healing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, histologically and histomorphometrically, the process of osteogenesis in the post-extraction alvcolus of the lower molar, and in the peri-implant environment of rats. Twenty male Wistar rats (body weight (b.w.): 60 +/- 7 g) were grouped into two experimental sets. The control group (n:10) was given 0.5 mL saline solution i.p. The anemic group (n:10) was injected with 6 mg/100 g of b.w. or 3 mg/100 g b.w. phenylhidrazine, a well known hemolytic agent. Under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia the rats were submitted to extraction of the first lower molars, and to implantation in the tibia in keeping with the [quot ]laminar test[quot ] procedure. Other parameters, i.e. body weight (b.w.), food intake (FI), hematocrit (Htc), and hemoglobinemia (Hb) were monitored every 48 hs. The results showed a reduction in b.w., FI, Htc and Hb in the experimental group. The histological and histomorphometrical data show that the condition of anemia affects osteogenesis quali-quantitatively in the post-extraction alveolus and peri-implant microenvironment. Both bone reparative situations showed that ostegenesis is [quot ]sensitive[quot ] to anemia and/or the associated conditions, causing a delay in bone healing.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: During the last decade, there has been a progressive increase in the resistance of gram (+) cocci to betalactamics and other antimicrobials. Therefore, vancomycin and teicoplanin have incorporated as alternative antimicrobial drugs. AIM: To assess the susceptibility of gram (+) cocci to different antimicrobials including vancomycin and teicoplanin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 447 strains of gram (+) cocci coming from ambulatory and hospitalized patients. These included 308 Enterococcus sp strains, 99 Staphylococcus aureus strains and 40 coagulase negative Staphylococci strains. Enterococci susceptibility was measured using minimal inhibitory concentrations in agar and that of Staphylococci, through diffusion. Susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin was measured using minimal inhibitory concentrations in all strains. RESULTS: Enterococcus faecalis was 100% susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin, 23% susceptible to tetracyclin and 47% to chloramphenicol. Susceptibility of E faecium was 61% to penicillin, 49% to chloramphenicol, 41% to tetracyclin, 100% to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Of 19 Enterococcus spp strains, 90% were susceptible to ampicillin, 80% to penicillin, 55% to chloramphenicol and 45% to tetracyclin. Only one E casseiflavus strain had a low level resistance to vancomycin and was susceptible to teicoplanin. No Staphylococcus aureus strain was resistant to vancomycin or teicoplanin. CONCLUSIONS: A permanent surveillance of gram (+) cocci antimicrobial susceptibility is required to update therapeutic schemes.
Assuntos
Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
With the purpose of studying the effect of diphenylhydantoin on mandibular skeletal-unit growth, 28 male Wistar rats weighing 60.0 +/- 0.8 g were assigned to five different groups. One group received saline serving as normal controls; three others were injected intra peritoneally once daily with either 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg body wt diphenylhydantoin for 30 days; the fifth group was put on a restricted diet (20% below normal intake) for the same time. On day 31, the rats were killed by ether overdose and their mandibles were evaluated for differential skeletal-unit growth. Body-weight gain of diphenylhydantoin-injected rats was up to 24% less than controls, regardless of drug dose. Diet-restricted rats showed a similar difference. The amount of food consumed by diphenylhydantoin-injected rats was 21% less than that consumed by controls, regardless of drug doses. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase and haemoglobin in rats treated with 50 or 100 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin was lower than in controls and diet-restricted rats. However, plasma urea and total calcium were similar in diphenylhydantoin-treated rats and controls. Mean appetite quotient, and the efficiency of protein and energy utilization, did not appear to change in response to the particular diphenylhydantoin dose or to the restricted diet. Mandibular dimensions of rats injected with 25 or 50 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin were not statistically different from those of the control and diet-restricted groups. With using 100 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin for 30 days, the growth of symphysial and basal heights, condylar and angular lengths and condylar width was significantly less than in the control and diet-restricted groups. The remaining mandibular skeletal units did not exhibit significant differences from those of control and diet-restricted rats. The disharmonious growth of the mandible does not appear to depend on suboptimal energy intake, efficiency of protein-energy utilization, renal failure and anaemia, but would suggest a differential toxicological effect of diphenylhydantoin on the osseous component and/or its associated non-skeletal tissues.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Ósseo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mandíbula/efeitos dos fármacos , Mandíbula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fenitoína/toxicidade , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Animais , Ingestão de Energia , Metabolismo Energético , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Privação de Alimentos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Masculino , Côndilo Mandibular/efeitos dos fármacos , Côndilo Mandibular/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Numerosas patologías pediátricas, tanto agudas como crónicas, requieren tratamiento con glucocorticoides (GC) por tiempos variables. Estos fármacos constituyen el tratamiento de elección en cuadros tan variados como asma bronquial, enfermedades autoinmunes, alérgicas y en algunas patologías malignas, por su potente efecto antiinflamatorio así como por sus propiedades inmunomoduladoras. También se indican en prevención del rechazo a transplante, cuadros de aumento de presión intracraneana y shock séptico, por nombrar sólo algunos de sus múltiples usos. Si bien sus indicaciones así conu) su dosificación están relativamente claras para la mayoría de los pediatras, no ocurre lo mismo al momento de decidir la suspensión, existiendo para ello innumerables criterio, la mayor parte basados en experiencias empíricas personales. Para muchos esta situación constituye una interconsulta para el endocrinólogo infantil. Este artículo intenta ayudar al pediatra a decidir correctanwnte la suspensión de la terapia con GC en niños
Assuntos
Humanos , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Glucocorticoides , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Posologia Homeopática , Sistema Hipotálamo-HipofisárioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infantile chronic recurrent parotitis (ICRP) is characterized by episodes of recurrent swelling of the parotid gland with decreased salivary flow and purulent secretion. The etiology of this little unknown clinical condition has been attributed to multiple causes such as canalicular system malformations, ascending bacterial infection, hyposialia, parotitis sequelae, viral infections and immunologic disorders, among others. METHODS: We studied the types (with counts) of microorganisms involved in ICRP. Saliva samples were obtained from 56 patients and 20 controls, inoculated onto enriched media and incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotyping of the isolated organisms isolated were performed. RESULTS: Of 57 saliva samples from ICRP patients, 52 (91%) were culture-positive. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Thirteen of twenty (65%) samples were also culture-positive, mostly for viridans streptococci. However, colony counts were lower than in clinical samples (P < 0.004). Approximately one-third of S. pneumoniae strains resistant or moderately resistant to penicillin, and all H. influenzae strains were susceptible to all of the antimicrobials tested. CONCLUSIONS: S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae were isolated in high concentrations in IRCP cases but not in controls, suggesting that these microorganisms may have a role in the development of this clinical entity. Quantitative cultures are very important in assessment of the pathogenic role of these microorganisms in patients but not in controls.
Assuntos
Haemophilus influenzae/isolamento & purificação , Parotidite/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Aerobiose , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Anaerobiose , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Feminino , Haemophilus influenzae/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Resistência às Penicilinas , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Recidiva , Saliva/microbiologia , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , TetraciclinasRESUMO
With the purpose of studying the effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) administration on the growth of the functional components of the rat skull, male Wistar rats weighing 61.6 +/- 0.6g were assigned to 1 out of 4 different groups. One of them received saline and was taken as normal control. The others were injected once daily with 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg of b.w. of DPH i.p. for 20 days. Another group of rats was put under a restricted diet (RD) (20% of normal intake) for the same time for evaluation of the cranial dimensions. On day 21 the rats were killed by ether overdose and fifteen cranial dimensions were evaluated as previously described employing Pucciarelli's method. The body weight gain of DPH injected rats was up to 20.7% lower independently of drug dose. The rats of the RD group showed a similar reduction. The amount of food consumed by DPH rats was 16% lower than that consumed by controls independently of drug doses. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase and hemoglobin in rats treated with 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. of DPH was lower than in controls and RD-animals. However, urea and total calcium in plasma were unchanged in DPH-treated rats as compared to controls. Mean appetite quotient, efficiency of protein and energy utilization did not appear to change in response to the treatment with DPH or maintained under a restricted diet. The cranial dimensions of rats, injected with 25 mg/kg b.w. of DPH were not statistically different from those of the control and RD-groups. When the dose of DPH injected was 50 mg/kg b.w. the neurocranial width and height and the spachnocranial length were significantly lower than controls and RD-values. Moreover, all the dimensions corresponding to neurocranium and splachnocranium (width, height and length) of the rats injected with 100 mg/kg b.w. of DPH were significantly lower than those of control and RD-groups. The disharmonius growth of the skull do not appear to be dependent on suboptimal energy intake, efficiency of protein, energy utilization renal failure and anemia.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Fenitoína/farmacologia , Crânio/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Crânio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Crânio/fisiologiaRESUMO
Uranium salts, such as uranyl nitrate, induce severe renal dysfunction and tubular necrosis and a significant impairment of both oxygen dependent erythropoietin production and response to recombinant human erythropoietin. All effects are transient and reach maximal severity on the 7th day post injection. We investigated the effects of ethane 1-hydroxy-1, 1-bisphosphonate, which counteracts the inhibitory effect of uranyl nitrate on bone formation, on the negative erythropoietic effects of uranyl nitrate. Adult female Wistar rats received 1 mg/kg body weight of uranyl acetate by the i.v. route. Ethane 1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate was injected simultaneously at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg by the same route. Seven days after drug injections, plasma erythropoietin was estimated after hypobaric hypoxemia or cobalt chloride administration. The response to exogenous erythropoietin was also measured in uranyl nitrate- and/or ethane 1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate-injected rats made polycythemic by transfusion. The erythroid response was quantitated in terms of red blood cell 59iron uptake. Ethane 1-hydroxy-1, 1-bisphosphonate counteracted the effect of uranyl nitrate on oxygen-dependent and cobalt-dependent erythropoietin production, but did not correct the right shift of the dose-response relationship for exogenous erythropoietin induced by uranyl nitrate in the polycythemic rat.
Assuntos
Eritropoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Etidrônico/farmacologia , Nitrato de Uranil/toxicidade , Animais , Interações Medicamentosas , Eritropoetina/administração & dosagem , Eritropoetina/biossíntese , Eritropoetina/farmacologia , Ácido Etidrônico/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Proteínas Recombinantes , Nitrato de Uranil/administração & dosagem , Nitrato de Uranil/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
With the purpose of studying the effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) administration on the growth of the functional components of the rat skull, male Wistar rats weighing 61.6 + 0.6g were assigned to 1 out of 4 different groups. One of them received saline and was taken as normal control. The others were injected once daily with 25,50 or 100 mg/Kg of b.w. of DPH i.p. for 20 days. Another group of rats was put under a restricted diet (RD) (20 percent of normal intake) for the same time for evaluation of the cranial dimensions. On day 21, the rats were killed by ether overdose and fifteen cranial dimensions were evaluated as peviously described employing Pucciarellis method. The body weight gain of DPH injected rats was up to 20.7 percent lower independently of drug dose. The rats of the RD group showed a similar reduction. The amount of food consumed by DPH rats was 16 percent lower than that consumed by controls independently of drug doses. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase and hemoglobin in rats treated with 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. of DPH was lower than in controls and RD-animals. However, urea and total calcium in plasma were unchanged in DPH-treated rats as compared to controls. Mean appetite quotient, efficiency of protein and energy utilization did not appear to change in response to the treatment with DPH or maintained under a restricted diet. That cranial dimensions of rats, injected with 25mg/kg b.w. of DPH were not statistically different from those of the control and RD-groups. When the dose of DPH injected was 50 mg/kg b.w. the neurocranial width an height and the spachnocranial length were significantly lower than controls and RD-values. Moreover, all the dimensions corresponding to neurocranium and splachnocranium (width, height and length) of the rats injected with 100 mg/kg b.w. of DPH were significantly lower than those of control and RD-groups. The disharmonius growth of the skull do not appear to be dependent on suboptimal energy intake, efficiency of protein, energy utilization renal failure and anemia. (AU)
Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Masculino , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , Fenitoína/farmacologia , Crânio/efeitos dos fármacos , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Crânio/fisiologia , Crânio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ratos WistarRESUMO
With the purpose of studying the effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) administration on the growth of the functional components of the rat skull, male Wistar rats weighing 61.6 + 0.6g were assigned to 1 out of 4 different groups. One of them received saline and was taken as normal control. The others were injected once daily with 25,50 or 100 mg/Kg of b.w. of DPH i.p. for 20 days. Another group of rats was put under a restricted diet (RD) (20 percent of normal intake) for the same time for evaluation of the cranial dimensions. On day 21, the rats were killed by ether overdose and fifteen cranial dimensions were evaluated as peviously described employing Pucciarelli's method. The body weight gain of DPH injected rats was up to 20.7 percent lower independently of drug dose. The rats of the RD group showed a similar reduction. The amount of food consumed by DPH rats was 16 percent lower than that consumed by controls independently of drug doses. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase and hemoglobin in rats treated with 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. of DPH was lower than in controls and RD-animals. However, urea and total calcium in plasma were unchanged in DPH-treated rats as compared to controls. Mean appetite quotient, efficiency of protein and energy utilization did not appear to change in response to the treatment with DPH or maintained under a restricted diet. That cranial dimensions of rats, injected with 25mg/kg b.w. of DPH were not statistically different from those of the control and RD-groups. When the dose of DPH injected was 50 mg/kg b.w. the neurocranial width an height and the spachnocranial length were significantly lower than controls and RD-values. Moreover, all the dimensions corresponding to neurocranium and splachnocranium (width, height and length) of the rats injected with 100 mg/kg b.w. of DPH were significantly lower than those of control and RD-groups. The disharmonius growth of the skull do not appear to be dependent on suboptimal energy intake, efficiency of protein, energy utilization renal failure and anemia.