RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) in the population has been poorly described in developing countries. Population data on child sexual abuse in Brazil is very limited. This paper aims to estimate lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and associated factors in a representative sample of the population aged 14 and over in a city of southern Brazil. METHODS: A two-stage sampling strategy was used and individuals were invited to respond to a confidential questionnaire in their households. CSA was defined as non-consensual oral-genital, genital-genital, genital-rectal, hand-genital, hand-rectal, or hand-breast contact/intercourse between ages 0 and 18. Associations between socio-demographic variables and CSA, before and after age 12, were estimated through multinomial regression. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 1936 respondents from 1040 households. Prevalence of CSA among girls (5.6% 95%CI [4.8;7.5]) was higher than among boys (1.6% 95%CI [0.9;2.6]). Boys experienced CSA at younger ages than girls and 60% of all reported CSA happened before age 12. Physical abuse was frequently associated with CSA at younger (OR 5.6 95%CI [2.5;12.3]) and older (OR 9.4 95%CI [4.5;18.7]) ages. CSA after age 12 was associated with an increased number of sexual partners in the last 2 months. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that CSA takes place at young ages and is associated with physical violence, making it more likely to have serious health and developmental consequences. Except for gender, no other socio-demographic characteristic identified high-risk sub-populations.
Assuntos
Abuso Sexual na Infância/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Abuso Sexual na Infância/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Violência Doméstica/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the prevalence of postnatal depression (PND) show rates ranging from 5% to 36.7%. The investigation of age, race, educational levels, religion and income as risk factors for PND has yielded conflicting results. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of PND in women residing in Southern Brazil and the associated risk factors. METHODS: This is population-based cross-sectional study of women residing in Porto Alegre who delivered in June 2001. A sample of 271 participants were selected from the Record of Living Newborn Infants of the State Health Department (the official Brazilian database and stores the name and address of all women who give birth to living newborn infants) using a process based on pseudo-random numbers which choose a random sample from 2.000 records. Once the addresses were identified, the women were visited at their place of residence (home, hotel, boarding house and prison), with the interviews taking place between the 6th and the 8th week after delivery. The association between the risk factors and PND was investigated through bivariate analysis using Pearson's chi-square test. Student's t-test was used to analyze the continuous variables. To identify independent risk factors, multivariate analysis was performed using hierarchical levels with a predefined model that took into account the time relationship between PND and the risk factors. Cox's regression was used to calculate the prevalence ratios. RESULTS: The PND prevalence rate found was 20.7% (CI 95% 15.7 - 25.7). After adjusting for confounding variables, per capita income was found to have a significant association with PND. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PND is higher than the figures found in most developed countries and similar to the figures found in developing countries. Differences in PND by regions or countries can be partially explained by the effect of income on the mediation of risk factors. In low income populations, women should be routinely evaluated for postnatal depression, and those with no partner or spouse are likely to require further care from health services and should be given the benefit of mental health prevention programs.
Assuntos
Depressão Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Área Programática de Saúde , Estudos Transversais , Demografia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Prevalência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Foram investigados os óbitos infantis pós-perinatais ocorridos no período de um ano em 10 cidades gaúchas, incluindo a regiäo metropolitana de Porto Alegre, por meio de estudo de casos e controles. Setenta e duas mortes súbitas na infância (MSI) foram identificadas através de amplo sistema de monitorizaçäo de óbitos e investidas em pormenores através de entrevistas médicas com os pais da criança e revisäo de prontuários ambulatorias e hospitalares. Os óbitos foram mais comuns em meninos, no primeiro trimestre de vida e durante o inverno. A comparaçäo de cada caso de MSI com duas crianças-controle da mesma vizinhança, através de regressäo logística condicional múltipla, identificou os seguintes fatores de risco: baixo nível socioeconômico (medido através da renda familiar e da escolaridade materna), baixo peso ao nascer, presença de outras crianças no domicílio, mäes jovens e fumantes e aleitamento misto ou artificial. Nenhuma das 72 MSI foi reconhecida como tal pelos médicos que preencheram os atestados de óbito, sendo as mesmas atribuídas predominantemente a "broncopneumonias"