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BACKGROUND: Family caregivers are primarily responsible for the care of older adults with dementia, and the demands of this care increase as the end of life approaches. Experiencing the end of a family member's life can be stressful, and caregivers consider important to know how to identify when their loved one is approaching the end of life in order to prepare for this moment. Thus, as the family is primarily responsible for the older adult with dementia, it is essential to know the meanings of the end of life attributed by family caregivers. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the perceptions of family caregivers of older adults with dementia about the end of life. METHODS: This is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. The convenience sample consisted of family caregivers of older adults with dementia. The inclusion criteria were being a family member directly involved in the care of the older adult with dementia and being 18 years of age or older. Data were collected from individual semi-structured interviews. The number of participants was defined during the interviews using the saturation criterion. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. RESULTS: A total of 63 family caregivers participated, 74.6% of whom were women, predominantly wives and daughters. Two themes resulted from the data analysis: (i) Different perspectives on the end of life: from death itself to a sad, painful and long grief process; and (ii) End of life in the perspective of transcendence. The meaning of the end of life was perceived in different ways by family caregivers. Understanding how they perceive and experience the end-of-life process of the older adult with dementia helps to clarify the best ways for the health professionals to approach and intervene with these families.

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Long-term care facilities for older adults (LTCFs) were directly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to discuss the perceptions of occupational therapists about deaths and other losses in LTCFs during the pandemic. This qualitative study is anchored in social phenomenology, and conducted in-depth interviews with eight occupational therapists who worked in LTCFs. Thus, two themes were generated after the Thematic Analyses: "The proximity of death" and "Losses associated with living and dying in a LTCF." In the first theme, the interviewees addressed the feeling of imminent death in the daily life of the LTCF, and feelings related to their own death, that of their family members and other older adults. In the second, the professionals highlighted three groups of losses: social, functional, and psychological/cognitive. These results highlighted the challenges faced by occupational therapists and can contribute to improve behavior and care for institutionalized older adults during the pandemic.

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A cultura condiciona as representações de velhice e de gênero com reflexos nas percepções sobre a saúde, a doença e o cuidado. A interface entre esses fenômenos é objeto deste estudo, fundamentado na perspectiva da antropologia médica, que pretende investigar como os homens idosos da comunidade expressam e percebem a relação entre saúde, doença, masculinidade e envelhecimento, e como esses construtos se relacionam com os subsistemas de cuidado informal e profissional. Foram entrevistados 27 homens com 60 anos ou mais, residentes em Bambuí (MG) e assistidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, acerca de suas atividades cotidianas, sua saúde e suas formas de cuidado. O modelo de signos, significados e ações, utilizado na coleta e análise dos dados, permitiu reconhecer as maneiras típicas de pensar e agir de homens idosos em relação ao processo saúde-doença-cuidado, bem como suas interações e contradições junto aos setores profissional e informal do sistema de cuidado em saúde. A produção material e simbólica dos entrevistados demonstra a identidade masculina ligada ao conceito de saúde, o qual se vincula às relações sociais, que fundamentam o cuidado informal à saúde. Contrapondo-se a essa percepção está a visão de envelhecimento inexoravelmente relacionada à doença, em que se ancora o sistema profissional de cuidado. Assim, homens idosos restringem a procura por cuidados em saúde em parte pela própria construção sociocultural da masculinidade que renega a fragilidade, mas também porque as ações e os profissionais de saúde desconsideram as especificidades de gênero e o valor dado pelos homens idosos à independência funcional.

Culture determines representations of old age and gender that influence the perceptions of health, illness and care. The interface between these phenomena is the object of this study, based on the perspective of medical anthropology, which aims to investigate how older men from community express and perceive the relationship between health, disease, aging and masculinity, and how these social constructs relate to subsystems informal and professional care. We interviewed 27 men aged 60 or older, living in Bambuí (MG) and assisted by the Family Health Strategy, about their daily activities, their health and their forms of healthcare. The model of signs, meanings and actions, used in the collection and analysis of data, allowed recognizing the typical ways of thinking and acting of older men in relation to the health-illness-care process, as well as their interactions and contradictions regarding to the professional and informal sectors of healthcare system. The material and symbolic production of the respondents shows that in general the male identity is linked to the concept of health, which is tied to the social relations that underlie the informal healthcare. Opposed to this perception is the aging view inexorably related to sickness, in which the professional care system is anchored. Thus, older men restrict their demand for healthcare in part because their own socio-cultural construction of masculinity denies the frailty, but also this is due to the health actions and health professionals that ignore the specificities of gender and the value of the functional independence to older men.

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This study assessed factors associated with functional disability in old age in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The theoretical model was based on predisposing (socio-demographic), extra-individual (social support, use of health services), and intra-individual factors (health conditions). The study was conducted in a probabilistic sample of 1,786 subjects aged > 60 years. The dependent variable was disability defined as mild (some difficulty) or severe (total dependence) in performing at least one basic activity of daily living. Prevalence of disability was 16% (8% mild; 8% severe). Age and worse self-rated health were independently and positively associated with mild and severe disability. Self-reported hypertension and arthritis were associated with mild disability, while diabetes and stroke were associated with severe disability. Severe disability was independently and negatively associated with number of visits by friends in the previous 30 days. According to the results, chronic conditions associated with disability in the study population are preventable, and severely disabled elderly had less extra-family social support.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional entre idosos na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O modelo teórico adotado foi baseado em características predisponentes (sócio-demográficas), fatores extra-individuais (apoio social, uso de serviços de saúde) e intra-individuais (condições de saúde). Participaram do estudo 1.786 idosos (> 60 anos) selecionados por meio de amostra probabilística. A variável dependente foi a incapacidade funcional, definida como incapacidade leve ou moderada (alguma dificuldade) e grave (total dependência) para realizar atividades da vida diária. A prevalência da incapacidade foi de 16 por cento (8 por cento leve e 8 por cento grave). Idade e pior auto-avaliação da saúde apresentaram associações positivas e independentes com ambos os níveis de incapacidade. Hipertensão e artrite apresentaram associações com incapacidade leve ou moderada, enquanto diabetes e acidente vascular cerebral apresentaram associações com incapacidade grave. Associação negativa com incapacidade grave foi observada para visita de amigos nos últimos trinta dias. Esses resultados mostram que as condições crônicas associadas à incapacidade na população estudada são passíveis de prevenção e que o apoio social externo à família é menor em idosos com incapacidade grave.

This study assessed factors associated with functional disability in old age in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The theoretical model was based on predisposing (socio-demographic), extra-individual (social support, use of health services), and intra-individual factors (health conditions). The study was conducted in a probabilistic sample of 1,786 subjects aged > 60 years. The dependent variable was disability defined as mild (some difficulty) or severe (total dependence) in performing at least one basic activity of daily living. Prevalence of disability was 16 percent (8 percent mild; 8 percent severe). Age and worse self-rated health were independently and positively associated with mild and severe disability. Self-reported hypertension and arthritis were associated with mild disability, while diabetes and stroke were associated with severe disability. Severe disability was independently and negatively associated with number of visits by friends in the previous 30 days. According to the results, chronic conditions associated with disability in the study population are preventable, and severely disabled elderly had less extra-family social support.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as características do processo de cuidar e a experiência de mulheres que cuidam de seus maridos idosos em Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Entre os participantes do Projeto Bambuí, selecionaram-se dez idosos que necessitavam de cuidador e disseram ser cuidados por suas esposas. As dez esposas foram entrevistadas, utilizando-se de um roteiro de questões, com os grandes eixos temáticos sugeridos pela literatura. A análise dos dados inspirou-se na corrente interpretativa da antropologia e nos remete a uma cultura que define o papel, as responsabilidades e as obrigações da mulher, determina as regras que regem as relações conjugais, dita normas e modelos de comportamento e estabelece que cuidar de um idoso dependente é uma obrigação "natural" da mulher. Apesar de todas as evidências, as mulheres têm dificuldade em dissociar o cuidado de seu papel de esposas e em admitir o fardo. Cuidador e necessitados de cuidados vivem a dura realidade da incapacidade funcional, de modo integral, intuitivo e improvisado. Essa reflexão reforça a responsabilidade pela sistematização do cuidado domiciliário no nosso meio.

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This paper investigates the characteristics of caregiving and the experience of women that care for their elderly husbands in Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Among the elderly population in this community, the authors interviewed ten wives, using a survey exploring the main themes on the subject of caregiving. The data were interpreted based on an anthropological model of analysis. This model places the interaction between the individual and the context in the center of the interpretative process, underlying the construction and expression of diverse forms of human experience. The results of the survey highlighted the role, responsibilities, and obligations of women in Brazilian society with respect to caregiving for dependent elders. Women are seen as "natural" caregivers, whereby it is their given obligation to take care of their husbands, providing all kinds of support. Both the individual in need of care and the caregiver live the reality of functional disability in a society lacking the proper mechanisms to provide for the elderly population. The current study clearly shows the need to systematize home caregiving in Brazilian society.

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The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the needs of caregivers for older adults living in the community. All residents (n = 1,742) of Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (15,000 inhabitants) aged > or = 60 years were selected. Of these, 92% were interviewed and 86% were examined. The dependent variable "need for a caregiver" was defined as the inability to perform at least one of the basic activities of daily living and/or a Mini Mental score under 13. Some 23% of the elderly required caregivers. After adjustment for confounding, independent and positive associations with the need for a caregiver were found for: age, single marital status, history of alcohol abuse, hypertension, obesity, and use of > or = 2 prescription drugs. Independent and negative associations were found for: level of schooling, familiar income, living alone, total cholesterol > 240 mmHg, and having a private health plan. Those requiring caregivers presented evidence of worse socioeconomic and health status. The study provides evidence that care of the dependent elderly is a public health problem.

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Este estudo tem por objetivo determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados com a necessidade de cuidador entre idosos residentes na comunidade. Foram selecionados todos os residentes na cidade de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com > 60 anos de idade (n = 1.742). Destes, 92 por cento foram entrevistados e 86 por cento examinados. A variável dependente - necessidade de cuidador - foi definida como: (1) relato de incapacidade para realizar pelo menos uma das atividades da vida diária e/ou (2) escore inferior a 13 no Mini Mental State Examen. A prevalência da necessidade de cuidador foi de 23 por cento. Apresentaram associações positivas e independentes com a necessidade de cuidador: idade, ser solteiro, história de alcoolismo prévio, hipertensão arterial, obesidade e uso de medicamentos prescritos. Observaram-se associações negativas e independentes para: escolaridade, renda familiar, viver só, colesterol total > 240mmHg e ter plano privado de saúde. Assim, a necessidade de cuidador em Bambuí estava associada a piores condições sócio-econômicas e de saúde. O cuidado dos idosos dependentes é um problema de saúde pública.

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