RESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: To identify specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of epidural fluid collections associated with infection, hematoma, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Interpretation of postoperative MRI can be challenging after lumbar fusion. The purpose of this study was to identify specific MRI characteristics of epidural fluid collections associated with infection, hematoma, or CSF. METHODS: The study population includes consecutive patients between 2006 and 2010 who had MRIs performed within 2 weeks after elective surgery for evaluation of possible CSF fluid collection, hematoma, or infection. Patients with known previous infection (discitis/osteomyelitis) or inadequate MRIs were excluded from the study. Medical records were reviewed to determine the diagnosis (infection, hematoma, or pseudomeningocele) underlying the fluid collection. MRIs were retrospectively evaluated by a musculoskeletal radiologist and orthopedic spine attending who were blinded to the pathologic diagnosis for characteristics of the fluid collection. MRI characteristics include location of lesion: osseous involvement, disk location, anterior versus posterior versus anteroposterior, soft-tissue involvement, and iliopsoas involvement. Characteristics of the lesion include: volume of lesion, loculation, satellite lesions, multiple loci, destructive characteristics, and mass effect upon thecal sac. Enhancement was scored based upon the following variables: rim enhancement, smooth versus irregular, thin versus thick, heterogeneity, diffuse enhancement, nonenhancement, and rim thickness. General fluid collection intensity and complexity on T1, T2, and T1 postcontrast images was scored as high, medium, and low. The χ test was used to compare the incidence of imaging characteristics between patient groups (infection, hematoma, and CSF). RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were identified who met inclusion criteria. There were 13 (39%) with infection, 9 (27%) with hematoma, and 11 (33%) with CSF collection. Factors that were associated with infection were osseous involvement (R=0.392, P=0.024) and destructive characteristics (R=0.461, P=0.007). Factors that were correlated with hematoma include mass effect (R=0.515, P=0.002) and high T1-signal intensity (R=0.411, P=0.019), absence of thecal sac communication (R=-0.389, P=0.025), and absence of disk involvement (R=-0.346, P=0.048). Pseudomeningocele was associated with thecal sac communication (R=0.404, P=0.02), absence of mass effect (R=-0.48, P=0.005), low T1 signal (R=-0.364, P=0.04), and low T2 complexity (R=-0.479, P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Specific characteristics of the postoperative MRI can be used to distinguish infection from noninfectious fluid collections. The strongest predictors of infection were osseous involvement and destructive bony changes. Hematoma was associated with mass effect on the thecal sac, high T1-signal intensity, and absence of thecal sac communication and disk involvement. CSF collections were distinguished by absence of mass effect, low T2-signal complexity, low T1-signal intensity, and communication with the thecal sac.
Assuntos
Rinorreia de Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/diagnóstico por imagem , Hematoma Epidural Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Rinorreia de Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/etiologia , Feminino , Hematoma Epidural Espinal/etiologia , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Infecções/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess whether or not attempted closed reduction of fifth metacarpal neck fractures results in decreased fracture angulation at final follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients aged 18 and older managed for isolated fifth metacarpal neck fractures between 2004 and 2014. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients managed for an isolated boxer fracture met inclusion criteria. Twenty-three patients underwent attempted reduction and 43 patients did not. Patients undergoing attempted reduction had a statistically significant improvement in fracture angulation following reduction compared with patients not undergoing attempted reduction. At final follow-up, there was no difference in fracture angle between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Closed reduction and splint immobilization of fifth metacarpal neck fractures was not an effective means of maintaining a significant improvement in fracture alignment upon healing. Other means, such as closed reduction with pin fixation or open reduction internal fixation, should be considered when maintenance of reduction is desired. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.