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Silk degumming is considered the first point in the preparation of silk-based materials since this process could modify the silk fiber and the properties of its related products. This study evaluated the differences in morphology, secondary structure, amino acid content, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of two types of raw materials, defective cocoons (DC) and silk fibrous waste (SW), degummed by chemical (C) and autoclaving (A) methods. Subsequently, silk fibroin films were prepared by dissolving each type of degummed fibers, and thermal and structural films properties were determined. The findings demonstrated that autoclaving is an efficient alternative to remove silk sericin, as the resulting fibers presented improved structural, thermal, and mechanical properties compared to those obtained by the chemical method. For films preparation, autoclave resulted in a good option, but dissolution parameters need to be adjusted for defective cocoons. Furthermore, similarities between the physicochemical properties of fibers and films from both fibrous wastes suggest that SW is a promising raw material for producing fibrous resources and regenerated silk fibroin materials. Overall, these findings suggest new recycling methods for fibrous waste and by-products generated in the silk textile production process.
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Fibroínas , Seda , Filmes Cinematográficos , Têxteis , AminoácidosRESUMO
RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es discutir los aspectos relativos al tratamiento y diagnóstico de la otitis media en el perro, haciendo énfasis en las complicaciones más frecuentes observadas luego de una ablación total del canal auditivo con osteotomía de la bulla timpánica, procedimiento que en la actualidad se considera el tratamiento de elección. Además, se expone el ámbito clínico en el cual se indica esta intervención considerando otras condiciones diferentes de la otitis media. Se contrasta de manera crítica la experiencia de los autores con la literatura publicada referente a este tema en algunos aspectos que conciernen a la técnica quirúrgica y el diagnóstico.
SUMARY The purpose of this article is to discuss the aspects related to the treatment and diagnosis of otitis media in dogs, emphasizing the most frequent complications observed after a total ablation of the auditory canal with osteotomy of the tympanic bulla, a procedure that is currently considered the treatment of choice. Additionally, the clinical setting in which this intervention is indicated is exposed, considering other conditions other than otitis media. The experience of the authors with the published literature regarding this topic is critically contrasted in some aspects that concern the surgical technique and the diagnosis.
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Ecuadorians originated from a complex mixture of Native American indigenous people with Europeans and Africans. We analyzed Y-chromosome STRs (Y-STRs) in a sample of 415 Ecuadorians (145 using the AmpFlSTR® Yfiler™ system [Life Technologies, USA] and 270 using the PowerPlex®Y23 system [Promega Corp., USA]; hereafter Yfiler and PPY23, respectively) representing three main ecological continental regions of the country, namely Amazon rainforest, Andes, and Pacific coast. Diversity values are high in the three regions, and the PPY23 exhibits higher discrimination power than the Yfiler set. While summary statistics, AMOVA, and RST distances show low to moderate levels of population stratification, inferred ancestry derived from Y-STRs reveal clear patterns of geographic variation. The major ancestry in Ecuadorian males is European (61%), followed by an important Native American component (34%); whereas the African ancestry (5%) is mainly concentrated in the Northwest corner of the country. We conclude that classical procedures for measuring population stratification do not have the desirable sensitivity. Statistical inference of ancestry from Y-STRS is a satisfactory alternative for revealing patterns of spatial variation that would pass unnoticed when using popular statistical summary indices.
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Cromossomos Humanos Y , Genética Populacional , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Equador , Haplótipos , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de MicrossatélitesRESUMO
Background: Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam) is considered a fruit with a high potential for exportation due to its exotic aroma, its bittersweet taste and the bright green color of its pulp. As a climacteric fruit is harvested when the fruit has reached full development, and 75% of the ripening is apparent by its characteristic yellow color with some small green points. However, this parameter is not enough to decide the right time for the crop, due to the irregularity of the fruits, especially for selling purposes in international markets, hence studies have been conducted to establish the changes during ripening and postharvest. Objectives: The aim of this work was to determine the relationship between color measurement and the other physicochemical parameters in the six ripening stages of lulo Castilla variety, in order to define the optimal harvesting time. Methods: Three fruits were studied for each stage, and were analyzed in the fresh state: ° Brix, pH, titratable acidity and color changes in the cortex, according to CIELab system. Results: The ranges obtained for the six evaluated stages were: ° Brix: 4.2 - 10.3, pH: 3.67 - 3.90, acidity: 2.63 - 3.00 and color (ΔE): 0 - 53. We found that the epicarp of the fruit varies from green to yellow intense, indicating the maturity for consumption. Total soluble solids increased with fruit maturation and the tritatable acidity decreased reaching a minimum values at stage 3, which was considered optimum for harvesting. The pH increased in stage 5 due to the drop of vacuolar H+ ion concentration. Conclusion: By measuring color parameters, 3 ripening stages were defined: green (0, 1, 2); semi ripe (3, 4) and ripe (5).
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Acidez , CorRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the salivary carriage of Treponema denticola and its association with demographic variables in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-seven chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and a control group of 51 healthy subjects (HC) were selected. Periodontal status was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, attachment loss, extent, and severity of periodontal breakdown. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to determine the occurrence of T. denticola in saliva samples. Risk indicators for CP were assessed individually and adjusted for confounding and/or interaction using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of age >or=30 years, smoking, and salivary carriage of T. denticola with CP, after logistic regression analysis, the association between age >or=30 years/smoking and CP persisted, whereas salivary carriage of T. denticola failed to achieve statistical significance. An interaction effect was significantly detected between these three variables. CONCLUSION: Although salivary carriage of T. denticola may be a risk indicator for CP, its pathogenicity should not be exclusively endorsed to its detection in saliva, but it might be associated with the synergistic biological interaction of the bacterium with some demographic characteristics of the susceptible host.
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Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Treponema denticola/patogenicidade , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Estudos Transversais , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fumar , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Treponema denticola/isolamento & purificação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción: Las mujeres están en mayor riesgo de depresión que los hombres, especialmente durante los años reproductivos. La diferencia en la depresión varía a través del ciclo vital, con un predominio de las mujeres sobre los hombres, que comienza al principio de la adolescencia y persiste en la madurez. Durante esos años las mujeres pueden asumir innumerables funciones y responsabilidades, es más probable que experimenten violencia sexual y doméstica y, con frecuencia, se encuentran en desventaja en términos de condición social y económica. Método: En este artículo se reseñan siete factores de vulnerabilidad para depresión en las mujeres: hipótesis de artefacto, factores hormonales, factores genéticos, ansiedad preexistente, estilos de socialización y de acoplamiento específicos de las mujeres, acontecimientos vitales traumáticos y condición social y roles. Conclusiones: Las investigaciones acerca de las diferencias entre sexos y depresión deben evaluar la importancia relativa de los factores de riesgo desde diferentes dominios: aspectos biológicos, psicológicos y socioculturales; además, dado que las mujeres tienen diferentes necesidades de atención durante su ciclo vital, los servicios de atención deben prestarlos equipos de salud mental interdisciplinarios, a fin de contribuir a su salud mental y bienestar...
Introduction: Women are at a higher risk for depression than men, especially during the reproductive years. Differences in depression rates vary along the vital cycle, with a predominance of women over men, starting at the beginning of adolescence and persisting into maturity. During those years women tend to assume numerous functions and responsibilities, shes more likely to experiment sexual and domestic violence, and frequently finds herself at a disadvantage in social and economic conditions. Method: In this article seven factors explaining the vulnerability of women for depression are portrayed: Artefact hypothesis, hormonal factors, genetic factors, pre-existing anxiety, socializing and coupling styles specific to women, traumatic vital experiences, and social conditions and roles. Conclusions: Research of gender differences and depression should evaluate the relative importance of risk factors from these different domains: Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural aspects. Since women have different needs during their vital cycle, health services should be rendered by interdisciplinary mental health teams in order to contribute more effectively to her health and well-being...
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Depressão , Mulheres , Vulnerabilidade SocialRESUMO
Women are at greater risk for developing depression than men, especially during the reproductive years. The difference in depression varies during the life cycle, with the female-to-male predominance beginning in early adolescence and persisting through midlife. During those years, women shoulder myriad roles and responsibilities, are more likely to experience sexual and domestic violence, and are frequently disadvantaged in terms of both social and financial status. Women experience depressive symptoms in relation to reproductive cycle events, such as premenstrual period, during the postpartum period, and during the perimenopause. Hormonal factors related to the reproductive cycle may play a role in womens increased vulnerability to depression. Other hormonal factors that may contribute to womens vulnerability to mood disorders include sex differences related to the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis and to thyroid function. Women have been shown to be more sensitive than men to becoming depressed following a stressful life event. Although genetic vulnerability is critical to the development of depression, the incidence of depressive disorders is low in the absence of environmental stressors.
Las mujeres están en mayor riesgo de depresión que los hombres, especialmente durante los años reproductivos. La diferencia en la depresión varía a través del ciclo vital, con un predominio de las mujeres sobre los hombres, comenzando al principio de la adolescencia y persistiendo en la madurez. En estos años las mujeres podrían asumir innumerables funciones y responsabilidades, es más probable que experimenten violencia sexual y doméstica, y con frecuencia se encuentran en desventaja en términos de condición social y económica. Las mujeres experimentan síntomas depresivos en relación a los eventos del ciclo reproductivo tales como el período premenstrual, durante el posparto y la menopausia. Los factores hormonales relacionados con el ciclo reproductivo pueden jugar un papel en el incremento de la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres a la depresión. Otros factores hormonales que pueden contribuir a la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres a los trastornos del humor incluyen diferencias de sexo relacionadas con el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal y la función tiroidea. Las mujeres han mostrado ser más sensibles a deprimirse después de un evento vital estresante. Aunque la vulnerabilidad genética es fundamental para el desarrollo de la depresión, la incidencia de los trastornos depresivos es baja en ausencia de los factores de estrés ambientales.
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Humanos , Feminino , Depressão , Mulheres , Saúde da Mulher , Fatores Sexuais , Vulnerabilidade em SaúdeRESUMO
This study evaluated Pap screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge in a population of Colombian women as a possible contributing factor of low cervical cancer screening success. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis of 454 women who were approached in five different hospitals and clinics throughout Medellín, Colombia. Of them, 449 females agreed to participate and answered a standardized face-to-face questionnaire regarding Pap screening and HPV knowledge. Using logistic regression, predictors of both Pap and HPV knowledge were examined. Overall, 76.3% of the participants exhibited a high level of Pap screening knowledge, while only 7.8% showed high level of HPV knowledge. Of the 449 women, 71.5% reported that it had been 1 year or less since their last Pap test, while 7.8% reported never having had a Pap test or not having had a recent test. Factors influencing Pap screening knowledge included education level and insurance; factors influencing HPV knowledge included education level and age. The high level of Pap screening knowledge and use do not explain the high cervical cancer rates in Colombia. The results of this study suggest that educational efforts should be focused on increasing women's knowledge and awareness of HPV in anticipation of the availability of HPV vaccines and HPV tests for screening.
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Conhecimento , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
Objetivo: Examinar la literatura actual sobre los factores que producen estrés en la madre embarazada, con posibles repercusiones en el neurodesarrollo del feto. Método: Se realiza una revisión de artículos relevantes relacionados con el tema en MedLine y otras fuentes científicas. Conclusiones:La mayoría de los trastornos mentales y del neurodesarrollo no se deben únicamente a una causa lineal; son el resultado de la interacción de factores de riesgo genético y ambiental. El estrés materno puede provenir de factores psicosociales, complicaciones obstétricas, enfermedades psiquiátricas, respuesta emocional al embarazo u otras causas. Estas variables producen respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas en la madre, las cuales repercuten en feto. Las respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas de la madre a los estresores se traducen en cambios fisiológicos y metabólicos, como hipoxia, aumento de los niveles de cortisol, desnutrición y presencia de sustancias tóxicas. El feto puede responder en forma adaptativa o desadaptativa. Solamente en las últimas décadas hemos podido comprender que nuestra vida fuera del útero es determinada en gran parte por las 40 semanas que vivimos dentro de él. Existen suficientes pruebas de que muchos de los trastornos neurológicos y del comportamiento tienen sus orígenes durante la vida fetal.
Objective: The objective of this revision is to examine recent literature in relation to the factors that produce stress in the pregnant mother which could affect her physical and mental health with possible repercussions in the neurodevelopment of the fetus. Method: A review was undertaken of relevants articles on MedLine and other scientific sources. Conclusion: Most of the mental and neurodevelopment disorders are not due only to one lineal cause; they are the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Maternal stress can be attributed to psychosocial factors, obstetric complications, psychiatric disorders, emotional response to pregnancy and other causes. These variables produce funemotional and physiological responses in the mother, these in turn, can influence the fetal wellbeing. The physiological and emotional responses of the mother to stressors are in turn reflected in physiological and metabolic changes, such as hypoxia, increase of cortical levels, malnutrition, the existence of toxic substances that may affect the maternal fetal unity and of course, the uterine environment. The fetus may respond in an adaptative or non-adaptative way. Only in the last decades we have been able to understand that our life outside the uterus is determined in great extent by the 40 weeks that we live inside it. There is enough evidence alluding to the fact that many of the neurological and behavioral disorders have their origins during life in the uterus.
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Most of the mental and neurodevelopment disorders are not due only to one lineal cause; they are the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Maternal stress can be attributed to psychosocial factors, obstetrical complications, psychiatric disorders, emotional response to pregnancy and other causes. These variables produce emotional and physiological responses in the mother, these in turn, can influence the fetal well being. The physiological and metabolic changes, such as hypoxia increase of cortical levels, malnutrition, the existence of toxic substances that may affect the maternal fetal unity and of course the uterine environment. The fetus may respond in an adaptative or non-adaptative way. This chain of events generates a vicious circle between maternal and fetal health only in the last decades we have been able to understand that our life outside the uterus is determined in great extent by the 40 weeks that we live inside it. There is enough evidence alluding to the fact that many of the neurological and behavioral disorders which are evidence after birth have its origins during life in the uterus.
La mayoría de los trastornos mentales y del neurodesarrollo no se deben únicamente a una causa lineal, son el resultado de la interacción entre factores de riesgo genético y ambiental. El estrés materno puede provenir de factores psicosociales, complicaciones obstétricas, enfermedades psiquiátricas, respuesta emocional al embarazo u otras causas. Estas variables producen respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas en la madre, las cuales repercuten en el bienestar fetal. Las respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas de la madre a los estresores, se traducen en cambios fisiológicos y metabólicos como la hipoxia, el aumento de los niveles de cortisol, la desnutrición, presencia de sustancias tóxicas, que pueden afectar la unidad materno fetal y por supuesto el ambiente uterino. El feto puede responder en forma adaptativa o desadaptativa. Esta cadena de situaciones generaría un círculo vicioso entre la salud materna y salud fetal. Solamente en las últimas décadas hemos podido comprender que nuestra vida fuera del útero es determinada en gran parte por las cuarenta semanas que vivimos dentro de él. Existe suficiente evidencia respecto a que muchos de los trastornos neurológicos y del comportamiento, los cuales se expresan después del nacimiento, tienen sus orígenes durante la vida fetal.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/etiologia , Estresse Psicológico , Psicopatologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Acontecimentos que Mudam a VidaRESUMO
Allele frequencies and haplotype analysis have been performed for eight Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS385 I and II, DYS389 I and II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393). Population data was obtained from a sample of 400 unrelated individuals living in Antioquia (Colombia). A total of 270 different haplotypes were found, and the haplotype diversity was 0.989. The first and second most frequent haplotypes where shared by 8 and 6% of the individuals, respectively.
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Cromossomos Humanos Y , Genética Populacional , Haplótipos , Sequências de Repetição em Tandem , Colômbia , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Con base en la controversia existente acerca delefecto y el tiempo de tratamiento con la rejillaen pacientes con mordida abierta anteriorcausada por habito de dedo y/o lengua, seestudiaron 20 pacientes a los cuales se les realizoun examen estomatológico completo,incluyendo modelos de estudio y radiografíacefálica lateral antes y después del tratamiento.A todos se les coloco una rejilla durante 6 mesesy al cabo de este tiempo se encontró unadiferencia altamente significativa entre lasobremordida vertical antes (-2.67 mm) ydespués del tratamiento (1.68 mm), lo queindica que la rejilla es efectiva para corregir lamaloclusión. En tejidos blandos no seencontraron diferencias estadísticamentesignificativas después del tratamiento, pero siun aumento en la distancia de la línea estéticaal labio superior, al labio inferior y al puntosubmental. Hubo un incremento en la alturafacial anterior y posterior y en la longitud delmaxilar. Además un aumento vertical yhorizontal del tercio inferior...