RESUMO
Reflexión sobre la necesidad de comprender el impacto que tienen las que se llamarán exigencias laborales de género, sobre los problemas de salud de las mujeres: Se parte de la confluencia de dos campos de conocimiento: la salud en el trabajo y la perspectiva de género. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica referida a esos campos y se ejemplificó con información de México. La elección de los ejes de discusión responde a la funcionalidad de estas exigencias en la reproducción social mediante los trabajos "productivo" y "reproductivo" de las mujeres
Reflection on the need to understand the impact of what will be called gender labor demands on women's health problems: It starts from the confluence of two fields of knowledge: occupational health and the gender perspective. A bibliographical review referring to these fields was carried out and exemplified with information from Mexico. The choice of the axes of discussion responds to the functionality of these demands in social reproduction through the "productive" and "reproductive" work of women.
Assuntos
Humanos , Mulheres , Saúde da Mulher , Perspectiva de Gênero , Identidade de Gênero , Reprodução , Saúde OcupacionalRESUMO
Las personas que laboran en la costura enfrentan condiciones de trabajo y de vida precarias, el trabajo a domicilio intensifica la nocividad de sus procesos, por lo cual se ven forzadas a desempeñarse en condiciones laborales que repercuten negativamente en su salud. En este estudio, se planteó identificar condiciones de trabajo nocivas, potencialmente estresantes y su asociación con los daños a la salud en un grupo dedicado a las labores de la costura en México, D.F.. Se aplicaron 138 encuestas con información demográfica, socioeconómica, de riesgos y exigencias laborales y salud. Se aplicó un cuestionario de estrés, otro de carga de trabajo doméstica y una guía de observación de proceso de trabajo. Se realizó análisis univariado y bivariado. Fueron entrevistados 26 varones y 112 mujeres con edad promedio de 40.8 años (DS±10.3). Se reportaron diversos riesgos y exigencias potencialmente estresantes. La tasa de morbilidad fue de 390 daños (por cada 100). Los padecimientos más frecuentes fueron conjuntivitis crónica, várices, lumbalgia, trastornos musculoesqueléticos, fatiga crónica, cefalea, ansiedad, trastornos del sueño, hipoacusia, rinofaringitis crónica, depresión, hemorroides y dermatitis. El estrés mostró una prevalencia de 23 (por cada 100). Se encontraron, entre otras asociaciones significativas: posiciones incómodas y asiento incómodo con lumbalgia, repetitividad y trabajo pesado con fatiga crónica, trabajo aburrido con depresión y jornada prolongada; la jornada prolongada, la exposición a ruido, la repetitividad y no poder desatender su tarea más de 5 minutos se asoció con estrés. Se concluye que los padecimientos identificados se encuentran relacionados con condiciones de trabajo; son urgentes medidas ergonómicas y organizacionales, rediseño del puesto y cobertura de servicios de salud.
People who work in sewing face precarious working and living conditions; the domestic setting of this work increases harm, as many workers are subjected to working conditions that can adversely affect their health. The aim of this study was to identify hazardous and potentially stressful working conditions and their association with adverse health outcomes in a group of seamstresses and tailors in Mexico City. One hundred thirty-eight surveys were administered, centered on demographic, socioeconomic, and occupational risk factors, together with job demands and health. We applied a stress questionnaire, a domestic workload questionnaire and a guide to observe the work process. We performed univariate and bivariate analysis. We interviewed 26 men and 112 women; mean age was 40.8 years (SD ± 10.3). Several occupational risks and potentially stressful demands were reported; morbidity was 390 incidents per 100 workers. The most common adverse health effects were chronic conjunctivitis, varicose veins, back pain, musculoskeletal disorders, chronic fatigue, headache, anxiety, sleep disorders, hearing loss, chronic nasopharyngitis, depression, hemorrhoids, and dermatitis. The prevalence of stress was 23 per 100 workers. Among others, the following statistically significant associations were found: prolonged awkward positions and uncomfortable seating with back pain, repetitive and heavy work with chronic fatigue, monotonous work with depression; long working hours, exposure to noise, repetitiveness and inability to be away from work for more than 5 minutes was associated with stress. We conclude that these adverse health effects are associated with poor working conditions. Interventions targeted at work organization, ergonomics, job redesign and better coverage of health services are urgently needed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Esgotamento Profissional , Danos Globais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Identidade de Gênero , Serviços de Saúde , Mortalidade , Prevalência , Saúde OcupacionalRESUMO
La salud bucal de los trabajadores no recibe interés suficiente en estudios sobre salud laboral, problemas dentales se suman a sus perfiles patológicos agravándose cuando no tienen una atención odontológica oportuna. Se realizó un estudio transversal, entre trabajadores de la costura en México, D.F., cuyo objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de caries, higiene bucal y pérdida de dientes asociándola con condiciones socioeconómicas, laborales, acceso a servicios dentales y autopercepción de salud bucal. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 93 trabajadores que fueron examinados usando los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), respecto al índice CPOD que mide el promedio de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados, obteniendo los siguientes resultados: 85% fue del género femenino, la edad de 14 a 64 años con una media y DS de 41.56 ± 10.7. El índice CPOD alcanzó 13,7 siendo más alto 17,56 para los de 55-64 años, asociándose los dientes perdidos con edad, ser mujer y el número de hijos (p < 0.05). La visita al dentista durante los últimos 12 meses fue por dolor en 38,7%, a un dentista privado 62%, asociándose con escolaridad y mejores ingresos (p < 0.05). La autopercepción de su salud bucal fue mala y muy mala en 48,5% relacionándose con dientes cariados (p < 0.05). Se concluyó que el CPOD y los dientes perdidos aumentaron conforme la edad, siendo junto con dientes cariados los valores más altos del índice. Se identificaron necesidades no atendidas y peores condiciones de salud bucal en mujeres.
Oral health has not been adequately addressed in occupational health. Dental caries and treatment needs affect low income workers, particularly those with no suitable access to dental services. We estimated the prevalence of dental caries, poor oral hygiene and tooth loss in garment workers in Mexico City, and examined their association with socioecomic status, employment and self-perceived oral health. This was a cross-sectional survey of 93 participants who completed a questionnaire. Oral examination was performed following standards recommended by the World Health Organization. Dentition status and treatment needs were calculated, along with counts of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). The age ranged from 14 to 64 years (mean ± SD, 41.56 ± 10.7); 85% of subjects were women. Mean DMFT for all age groups was 13.7, with the highest mean (17.64) being in the 55 to 64 year age group. The missing tooth component was related to age, being a woman and number of children (p < 0.05). Tooth pain was the main reason to visit a dentist (38.7%); 62% sought care through a private dentist and this was closely associated with a higher level of education and income (p < 0.05). Oral health was self-perceived as bad or very bad in 48.5% of cases and was associated with decayed tooth component. Mean DMFT and missing teeth increased with age; missing and decayed teeth had the highest scores within the DMFT. These findings indicate that the dental treatment needs of the study population are unmet and that this situation is worse among women.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Assistência Odontológica , Diagnóstico Bucal , Inquéritos de Saúde Bucal , Saúde Bucal , Administração de Serviços de Saúde , Assistência Odontológica Integral , Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify the main problems that the drug supply chain (DSCh) faces in the state health systems (SHS); establishing how they relate to the degree of outsourcing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Officials of the SHS hospitals and health centers were interviewed in a sample of 12 entities during the first half of 2008. Transcripts of the interviews were processed through the qualitative analysis program Atlas.ti 5.0; the analysis was aimed at reconstructing the phases of DSCh for identifying problems narrated by informants using the phenomenological approach to discourse analysis. RESULTS: There is a marked tendency to replace the conventional model by one that is characterized by greater involvement of private providers; all the models show specific problems that might be derived from the degree of outsourcing. CONCLUSION: The supply of drugs in the studied SHS differ from the pattern implemented according to the modality adopted; outsourcing is not exempt of problems and does not seem to fully resolve the difficulties encountered in conventional ways.
Assuntos
Pessoas sem Cobertura de Seguro de Saúde , Assistência Farmacêutica/normas , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/provisão & distribuição , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , México , Programas Nacionais de SaúdeRESUMO
OBJETIVO. Identificar las principales problemáticas que muestra la cadena de abasto de medicamentos (CAM) en los Sistemas Estatales de Salud (SESA), estableciendo la relación que guardan con la tercerización. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se entrevistó a funcionarios de los SESA y de hospitales y centros de salud de una muestra de 12 entidades durante la primera mitad de 2008. Las transcripciones de las entrevistas se procesaron en el programa de análisis cualitativo Atlas.ti 5.0; el análisis se orientó a reconstruir las fases de la CAM e identificar las problemáticas narradas por los informantes mediante el enfoque fenomenológicodeanálisisdel discurso. RESULTADOS. Existe una marcada tendencia a sustituir el modelo convencional por otro caracterizado por una mayor participación de proveedores privados; los modelos muestran problemáticas particulares que no parecen derivarse del grado de tercerización. CONCLUSIÓN. El abasto de medicamentos en los SESA estudiados difiere según la modalidad adoptada; la tercerización no está exenta de problemáticas y no parece resolver totalmente las dificultades identificadas en las formas convencionales.
OBJECTIVE. To identify the main problems that the drug supply chain (DSCh) faces in the state health systems (SHS); establishing how they relate to the degree of outsourcing. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Officials of the SHS hospitals and health centers were interviewed in a sample of 12 entities during the first half of 2008. Transcripts of the interviews were processed through the qualitative analysis program Atlas.ti 5.0; the analysis was aimed at reconstructing the phases of DSCh for identifying problems narrated by informants using the phenomenological approach to discourse analysis. RESULTS. There is a marked tendency to replace the conventional model by one that is characterized by greater involvement of private providers; all the models show specific problems that might be derived from the degree of outsourcing. CONCLUSION. The supply of drugs in the studied SHS differ from the pattern implemented according to the modality adopted; outsourcing is not exempt of problems and does not seem to fully resolve the difficulties encountered in conventional ways.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoas sem Cobertura de Seguro de Saúde , Assistência Farmacêutica/normas , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/provisão & distribuição , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , México , Programas Nacionais de SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Different studies have documented that the differential distribution of the health-illness process depends upon economic, political and cultural factors. For the purpose of identifying and explaining the relationship between gender as related to occupation and psychiatric morbility, an analysis is made of the distribution of the statistics for these disorders for one population of mental patients. METHODS: Documentary research was conducted throughout the 1993-1995 period, during which the clinical records of those patients who had been admitted for the first time to a psychiatric hospital in Mexico City over a three-year period were reviewed, obtaining the main socioeconomic and diagnosis-related data. A second stage consisted of the statistical analysis in which the relationship among the gender, occupation and diagnosis variables was measured. RESULTS: A total of 1,084 individuals with some mental disorder were recorded, statistically significant differences having been found between men and women with regard to their occupation and to the specific mental disorder with which they were diagnosed, especially as far as depression and drug use-related disorders were concerned. CONCLUSIONS: The gender and occupation-related segregation due to said gender are social processes involved in the differential distribution of mental disorders, this being a relationship which is revealed in specific patterns of detriment to the mental health of the males and females who were cared for at this hospital.