RESUMO
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Also, the DRN contains a small population of cells that express dopamine (DRNDA neurons). However, the physiological role of dopamine (DA) in the DRN and its interaction with serotonergic (5-HT) neurons is poorly understood. Several works have reported moderate levels of D1, D2, and D3 DA receptors in the DRN. Furthermore, it was found that the activation of D2 receptors increased the firing of putative 5-HT neurons. Other studies have reported that D1 and D2 dopamine receptors can interact with glutamate NMDA receptors, modulating the excitability of different cell types. In the present work, we used immunocytochemical techniques to determine the kind of DA receptors in the DRN. Additionally, we performed electrophysiological experiments in brainstem slices to study the effect of DA agonists on NMDA-elicited currents recorded from identified 5-HT DRN neurons. We found that D2 and D3 but not D1 receptors are present in this nucleus. Also, we demonstrated that the activation of D2-like receptors increases NMDA-elicited currents in 5-HT neurons through a mechanism involving phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes. Possible physiological implications related to the sleep-wake cycle are discussed.
Assuntos
Núcleo Dorsal da Rafe , Receptores de Dopamina D2 , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos , Animais , Núcleo Dorsal da Rafe/metabolismo , Núcleo Dorsal da Rafe/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/fisiologia , Masculino , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D3/metabolismo , N-Metilaspartato/farmacologia , N-Metilaspartato/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D1/agonistas , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacologia , Ratos , Fosfolipases Tipo C/metabolismo , Ratos WistarRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: dislocation of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a common injury seen in young adults. The objective is to describe a surgical technique that can restore the horizontal and vertical stability of the AC joint. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we describe a surgical technique that can restore horizontal and vertical stability using an allograft for the anatomical reconstruction of the CC and AC ligaments, for AC grade III-V dislocations according to the Rockwood classification. RESULTS: this is a surgical technique with anatomical and biological reconstruction of the CC and AC ligaments, using an allograft. Two bone tunnels are made in the clavicle, passing the lateral end of the graft below the acromion; then the two ends are fixed with two bioabsorbable screws, restoring vertical and horizontal stability. CONCLUSION: this procedure allows to restore the vertical and horizontal stability of the AC joint. Follow up studies are required to report functional and radiological results, in order to ensure advantages compared to existing techniques.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la luxación de la articulación acromioclavicular (AC) es una lesión frecuente que se observa en adultos jóvenes. El objetivo es describir una técnica quirúrgica que pueda restablecer la estabilidad horizontal y vertical de la articulación AC. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se describe una técnica quirúrgica utilizando un aloinjerto para la reconstrucción anatómica de los ligamentos coracoclaviculares (CC) y AC para luxaciones AC grado III-V de acuerdo con la clasificación de Rockwood. RESULTADOS: es una técnica quirúrgica con reconstrucción anatómica y biológica de los ligamentos CC y AC con injerto. Se realizan dos túneles óseos en la clavícula pasando el cabo lateral del injerto por debajo del acromion; posteriormente se fijan los dos cabos con dos tornillos bioabsorbibles, restaurando de esta manera la estabilidad vertical y horizontal. CONCLUSIÓN: este procedimiento permite restablecer la estabilidad vertical y horizontal de la articulación AC. Se requieren estudios de seguimiento para reportar resultados funcionales y radiológicos con el fin de poder asegurar ventajas en comparación con las técnicas existentes.
RESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: la luxación de la articulación acromioclavicular (AC) es una lesión frecuente que se observa en adultos jóvenes. El objetivo es describir una técnica quirúrgica que pueda restablecer la estabilidad horizontal y vertical de la articulación AC. Material y métodos: se describe una técnica quirúrgica utilizando un aloinjerto para la reconstrucción anatómica de los ligamentos coracoclaviculares (CC) y AC para luxaciones AC grado III-V de acuerdo con la clasificación de Rockwood. Resultados: es una técnica quirúrgica con reconstrucción anatómica y biológica de los ligamentos CC y AC con injerto. Se realizan dos túneles óseos en la clavícula pasando el cabo lateral del injerto por debajo del acromion; posteriormente se fijan los dos cabos con dos tornillos bioabsorbibles, restaurando de esta manera la estabilidad vertical y horizontal. Conclusión: este procedimiento permite restablecer la estabilidad vertical y horizontal de la articulación AC. Se requieren estudios de seguimiento para reportar resultados funcionales y radiológicos con el fin de poder asegurar ventajas en comparación con las técnicas existentes.
Abstract: Introduction: dislocation of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a common injury seen in young adults. The objective is to describe a surgical technique that can restore the horizontal and vertical stability of the AC joint. Material and methods: we describe a surgical technique that can restore horizontal and vertical stability using an allograft for the anatomical reconstruction of the CC and AC ligaments, for AC grade III-V dislocations according to the Rockwood classification. Results: this is a surgical technique with anatomical and biological reconstruction of the CC and AC ligaments, using an allograft. Two bone tunnels are made in the clavicle, passing the lateral end of the graft below the acromion; then the two ends are fixed with two bioabsorbable screws, restoring vertical and horizontal stability. Conclusion: this procedure allows to restore the vertical and horizontal stability of the AC joint. Follow up studies are required to report functional and radiological results, in order to ensure advantages compared to existing techniques.
RESUMO
There is increasing evidence supporting the immune memory in invertebrates, but the studies are relatively neglected in insect vectors other than mosquitoes. Therefore, we tested two hypotheses: 1) Rhodnius prolixus insects possess immune memory against Trypanosoma cruzi, and 2) their immune memory is costly. The Dm28c and Y strains of T. cruzi were used, the former being more infective than the latter. On the one hand, the triatomines subjected to dual challenges with the Dm28c strain did not show significant differences in survival than those of the heterologous challenge groups control-Dm28c and Y-Dm28c. On the other hand, the insects survived longer after a dual Y-Y challenge than after the corresponding heterologous challenge (control-Y). The Y-Y, Dm28c-Y, and naïve groups showed similar survival. There was more prolonged survival following the Y-Y versus Dm28c-Dm28c dual challenge. The Dm28c-Dm28c group exhibited moulting sooner than the control-Dm28c or naïve group. In contrast, there were no differences in the probability of moulting between the Y-Y and naïve groups. The results suggest that triatomines have immune memory against the Y but not the Dm28c strain. Further investigation on triatomine and T. cruzi interaction is needed to determine if infectivity accelerates or delay growth due to innate immune memory.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas , Rhodnius , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Análise Custo-Benefício , Memória Imunológica , Mosquitos VetoresRESUMO
Before a population becomes extinct, there are hidden costs in the physiology at the individual level that provide valuable insights into their condition. Here, we study two dams with one species in common (Argia anceps Garrison, 1996) to evaluate whether their physiological condition differed (total protein quantity, prophenoloxidase (proPO) and phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and protein carbonylation) during two consecutive years. The first dam, "El Gallinero" (contaminated, C), contains organic input from mines and agricultural activity, whereas the second, "Paso de Vaqueros" (non-contaminated, NC), is part of a biosphere reserve. Although at a phenological level, some physiological differences were observed (2012 vs 2013), individuals from the contaminated population had less total protein (2012, median = 1.815 µg/µL; 2013, 0.081 µg/µL) and more carbonylations in their proteins (2012, median = 19.00 nmol/mg; 2013, median = 121.69 nmol/mg) compared with the non-contaminated population (protein quantity in 2012, median = 3.716 µg/µL; 2013, median = 0.054 µg/µL; protein carbonylations in 2012, median = 0.00 nmol/mg; 2013, median = 99.44 nmol/mg). However, no significant differences were found in prophenoloxidase (C, median = 0.002 Vmax; NC, median = 0.002 Vmax) and phenoloxidase activity (C, median = 0.002 Vmax; NC, median = 0.001 Vmax). In addition, the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Zn were more elevated in the C than NC population (C, BOD = 11.7, Zn = 0.17; NC, BOD = 8, Zn = 0.14). The results show that the impact of human activity can be observed not only through the extinction of species, but also at the physiological level of the individuals composing the populations through the evaluation of biomolecular damage, which can be observed at a much shorter scale compared with species extinction.
Assuntos
Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Odonatos/fisiologia , Animais , Organismos Aquáticos , Catecol Oxidase , Monitoramento Ambiental , Precursores Enzimáticos , Proteínas de Insetos , México , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase , Carbonilação ProteicaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: el estudio pretende caracterizar la depuración de lactato (DL) en pacientes críticamente enfermos, a gran altitud. DISEÑO: estudio prospectivo de cohorte. ÁMBITO: unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos del Hospital del Norte de la ciudad de El Alto, La Paz (Bolivia), a 4 150 metros sobre el nivel del mar, periodo 25 de abril 2016-01 de junio 2018. PACIENTES: todos los pacientes ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos, nativos de gran altitud, así como residentes de la misma por lo menos los últimos 6 meses. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 250 pacientes, con sobrevida de 68%, promedio de edad 50 años; en el grupo de 170 supervivientes, poco más de la cuarta parte del lactato de ingreso fue depurado (26%), a comparación del grupo de 80 fallecidos, en el cual incluso el valor de lactato se vio incrementado alrededor de la quinta parte del lactato de ingreso (21%), ambos con p ≤ 0.05 mediante el test de ANOVA. En pacientes críticamente enfermos a gran altitud, el riesgo relativo entre depuración de lactato ≥ 26% y sobrevida es de 2.7 con sensibilidad 0.72 y especificidad de 1. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: la depuración de lactato en individuos críticamente enfermos nativos de gran altitud, se asocia a mayor sobrevida y debería ser considerado como un objetivo durante la reanimación en pacientes críticos, de forma similar a estudios realizados en otras latitudes
OBJECTIVE: to characterize the lactate clearance on critically ill patients, at high altitude. DESIGN: prospective cohort study. FIELD: critical Care Unit of "Hospital del Norte" in El Alto, La Paz (Bolivia), during the period April 25, 2016 June 01, 2018. PARTICIPANTS: critically ill patients residents of high altitude at least the last 6 months, admitted to the Adult Critical Care Unit. RESULTS: 250 patients were included, with survival of 68%, age average of 50 years; in the 170 survivors, lactate clearance average was 26%, in contrast with 80 deceased patients who presented an increased lactate level of 25%, p ≤ 0.05, both of them through ANOVA test. In high landers critically ill patients, relative risk of lactate clearance ≥ 26% and survival was 2.7 with sensitivity 0.72 and specificity 1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: lactate clearance in critically ill high landers dwellers, is associated with survival and it should be considered also as a reanimation objective, comparable to other studies developed in different latitudes
Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidados Críticos , Estado Terminal , Ácido Láctico/classificação , Cuidados Críticos/tendênciasRESUMO
Acute leukemia is rare during pregnancy, affects about 1 in 75,000 pregnancies, of all leukemias diagnosed only 28% are acute lymphoblastic leukemia, this is a risk factor to develop spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome, it's a oncologic complication potentially deadly if the prophylactic treatment its avoided. Cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with pregnancy has been poorly documented in the literature the association of these two entities to pregnancy is the first report published worldwide, so the information is limited.
Assuntos
Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/complicações , Complicações na Gravidez , Síndrome de Lise Tumoral/complicações , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
Ecological immunology assumes that the host immune efficiency is correlated with its survival after pathogen challenge. To test this hypothesis, we challenged Phyllophaga polyphylla (Bates) larvae with the naturally occurring fungus Metarhizium pingshaense on two consecutive years (2011 and 2012). In each year, we injected the blastospores of M. pingshaense and then used levels of prophenoloxidase (proPO), phenoloxidase (PO) and total haemolymph serum protein as indicators of immune efficiency. Larvae were injected with (1) phosphate buffered saline (PBS) + Tween and viable blastospores of M. pingshaense, (2) PBS + Tween and non-viable blastospores of M. pingshaense, (3) PBS + Tween, or (4) non-manipulated. Overall, levels of PO, proPO and total haemolymph serum protein in larvae after 12 h were similar amongst treatments within each year of collection. However, larvae collected in 2011 showed higher PO and proPO activity but lower total haemolymph serum protein compared with larvae collected in 2012. A survival study injecting viable blastospores showed that larvae collected in both years died within 48 h; however, when non-viable blastospores were injected, which were still toxic to larvae, mortality was greater in larvae collected in 2011 compared with larvae collected in 2012. Altogether, these results indicate that PO, proPO and total haemolymph serum protein do not predict immune strength of P. polyphylla against blastospores of M. pingshaense, but higher values of PO and proPO were correlated with higher survival rates against non-infective but toxic agents. The possible role of some abiotic factors over the differences observed for immune components of P. polyphylla in different years of collection is discussed.
Assuntos
Besouros/imunologia , Metarhizium/patogenicidade , Animais , Besouros/microbiologia , Hemolinfa/imunologia , Proteínas de Insetos/análise , Larva/imunologia , Larva/microbiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains large populations of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. This nucleus receives GABAergic inhibitory afferents from many brain areas and from DRN interneurons. Both GABAergic and 5-HT DRN neurons express functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Previous studies have demonstrated that nicotine increases 5-HT release and 5-HT DRN neuron discharge rate by stimulating postsynaptic nAChRs and by increasing glutamate and norepinephrine release inside DRN. However, the influence of nicotine on the GABAergic input to 5-HT DRN neurons was poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the effect of nicotine on GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) of 5-HT DRN neurons and the subtype of nAChR(s) involved in this response. Experiments were performed in coronal slices obtained from young Wistar rats. GABAergic sIPSCs were recorded from post hoc-identified 5-HT DRN neurons with the whole cell voltage patch-clamp technique. Administration of nicotine (1 µM) increased sIPSC frequency in 72% of identified 5-HT DRN neurons. This effect was not reproduced by the α4ß2 nAChR agonist RJR-2403 and was not influenced by TTX (1 µM). It was mimicked by the selective agonist for α7 nAChR, PNU-282987, and exacerbated by the positive allosteric modulator of the same receptor, PNU-120596. The nicotine-induced increase in sIPSC frequency was independent on voltage-gated calcium channels and dependent on Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR). These results demonstrate that nicotine increases the GABAergic input to most 5-HT DRN neurons, by activating α7 nAChRs and producing CICR in DRN GABAergic terminals.
Assuntos
Núcleo Dorsal da Rafe/fisiologia , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Inibidores/efeitos dos fármacos , Nicotina/farmacologia , Agonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/fisiologia , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa7/fisiologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/fisiologia , Animais , Sinalização do Cálcio , Núcleo Dorsal da Rafe/citologia , Núcleo Dorsal da Rafe/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Neurológicos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Neurônios Serotoninérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Serotonina/metabolismoRESUMO
Recent studies have suggested that courtship trait expression indicates immune strength. However, most studies have measured only one immune parameter, have not assessed individual differences in immune ability according to time and have not controlled for ecological differences among individuals after an immune challenge. In this work, we tested this hypothesis and controlled for these factors using males of the American rubyspot damselfly which bear a wing red spot whose size is evolutionarily maintained via male-male territorial competition. Our general hypothesis was that territorial, large-spotted males, had a better immune ability compared to nonterritorial, small-spotted males. We expected that the following variables were greater in territorial males compared to nonterritorial males: spot size, phenoloxidase (PO) and hydrolytic enzymatic (HE) activity in males challenged and nonchallenged with a nylon implant, PO and HE activity rate; PO activity after a Serratia marcescens challenge, and survival after a nylon challenge controlling for activity and feeding differences. We found that territorial males showed larger spot areas, greater PO and HE activity (independently of whether they were challenged or not), a higher rate of PO and HE activity (but only expressed at 8h), greater PO production after the bacterial challenge, and a higher survival after the challenge. These results corroborate that males with more pronounced sexual traits have a superior immune function.
Assuntos
Insetos/imunologia , Animais , Insetos/enzimologia , Masculino , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/imunologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/imunologia , Pigmentação/imunologia , Infecções por Serratia/imunologia , Serratia marcescens/imunologia , Fatores Sexuais , Territorialidade , Asas de Animais/imunologiaRESUMO
Recent evolutionary studies have suggested that females have a more robust immune system than males. Using two damselfly species (Hetaerina americana and Argia tezpi), we tested if females produced higher immune responses (as phenoloxidase and hydrolytic enzymes), had a higher survival (using a nylon implant inserted in the abdomen and measuring survival after 24h) and fewer parasites (gregarines and water mites) than males. We also tested whether immune differences should emerge in different body areas (thorax vs. abdomen) within each sex with the prediction that only females will differ with the abdomen having a higher immune response than their thorax since the former area, for ecological and physiological reasons, may be a target zone for increased immune investment. Animals were adults of approximately the same age. In both species, females were more immunocompetent than males, but only in H. americana females were immune responses greater in the abdomen than in the thorax. However, there were no differences in survival and parasite intensity or the probability of being parasitised between the sexes in either of the two species. Thus, this study lends partial support to the principle that females are better at defending than males despite the null difference in parasitism and survival.
Assuntos
Insetos/imunologia , Abdome/fisiologia , Animais , Apicomplexa/fisiologia , Tamanho Corporal/imunologia , Feminino , Hidrolases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Insetos/enzimologia , Insetos/parasitologia , Masculino , Ácaros/fisiologia , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Fatores Sexuais , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tórax/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Mexico giardiosis is the most prevalent parasitic disease in children. Treatment with antiparasitics derived from: nitroimidazoles, benzimidazoles and nitrofuranes have been used; but, some of them have undesirable side effects. Recently nitazoxanide (Ntz) was introduced in Mexico; however, there are few studies on Giardia duodenalis susceptibility to Ntz. OBJECTIVE: To determine G. duodenalis sensitivity to Ntz and compare it to tinidazole (Tnz). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Assays were performed in four G. duodenalis isolates: INP231087MM, INP210897-AXA1 obtained from humans infections, INP170693HG8, INP300693-CP5 from a cat and a dog, respectively. Half million trophozoites were exposed to different Ntz or Tnz concentrations in TYI-S-33, for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Trophozoite viability was tested by the colorimetric method of MTT-tetrazolium salts reduction to MTT-formazan. To analyze ultrastructural damage, control and experimental samples were processed by standard electron microscopy methods. Experiments were carried out, in a double blind in triplicate and repeated four times. Results were analyzed by variance analysis. RESULTS: Susceptibility at 100% were in a Ntz concentration ranging from 1 microgram to 7 micrograms and in a Tnz concentration ranging from 1 microgram to 4 micrograms. There were significant differences when sensitivities to Ntz were compared between them (P < 0.001). The ultrastructural analysis showed changes in trophozoite volume, loss of characteristic shape and swelling. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of G. duodenalis susceptibility to Ntz performed in isolates from different hosts. G. duodenalis isolates were more susceptible to Tnz than Ntz.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Giardia/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Método Duplo-Cego , Resistência a Medicamentos , Duodeno/parasitologia , Giardia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/veterinária , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nitrocompostos , Especificidade da Espécie , Tinidazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
We present a case of Cholestasis and pregnancy that developed associated in the puerperium, to tecaluteinic ovaries and hemoperitoneum. For this reason it was necessary surgical management. We considered that it is a very unusual case so we felt interest on presenting it. To finish we would to make reference to itns possible patogenia, symptoms, and management of it.
Assuntos
Colangite/diagnóstico , Colestase Intra-Hepática/diagnóstico , Adulto , Colangite/complicações , Colangite/patologia , Colangite/cirurgia , Colestase Intra-Hepática/patologia , Colestase Intra-Hepática/cirurgia , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Icterícia/etiologia , Cistos Ovarianos/complicações , Cistos Ovarianos/patologia , Cistos Ovarianos/cirurgia , Paridade , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Prurido/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of maintenance treatment with ranitidine to prevent recurrence of duodenal ulcer disease. BACKGROUND: Duodenal ulcer disease after complete healing by acid-suppression therapy, but without maintenance, recurs in about 50 to 90 percent of patients within 12 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty patients with healed duodenal ulcer confirmed by endoscopy were double blind randomized for maintenance treatment with ranitidine, 150 mg, or placebo at bed time for 12 months. Each patient gave informed consent and the trial was approved by the regional ethics committee. Patients were monitored every month and examined by endoscopy at the 6th and 12th month follow-up, or more often if major ulcer-like symptoms occurred. Comparisons were performed using chi-square test. RESULTS: The relapse rates in the ranitidine group were 30.4 percent while in the placebo group were 63.6 percent (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These differences were highly significant hence it might be expected that ranitidine given nightly at mentioned dosis is safe and reduces the risk of recurrence of duodenal ulcer.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Duodenal/prevenção & controle , Ranitidina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , RecidivaRESUMO
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that isoxsuprine is an effective, quick hypotensive of easy management in the hypertension of pregnancy that does not have adverse effects on the mother-fetus binomial. This study was carried out at the Obstetric Intensive Care Unit at the Gyneco-Obstretrics Hospital in the Centro Médico Nacional La Raza of the IMSS. Fifty patients were chosen and managed according to the protocol management of the hospital; they had a diagnosis of severe toxemia or preeclampsia in patients with 24 weeks or more of pregnancy, with hypertension, edema, convulsions and/or coma state or without concomitant or previous pathological states. All of the patients received isoxsuprine (50 mg in 250 ml of DW5%). We evaluated the hypotensive effect of isoxsuprine according to the time and average dose administered, and its effect on the mother and fetus heart frequency according to the basal values. We valued the APGAR score at minute one and minute five, seconds after the delivery. We analyzed according to the degrees of toxemia and at the end of the obstetric event. We demonstrated a significant decrease in the arterial tension after administration fifteen minutes later with a dose of nine drops (0.29 mcg/min) average and demonstrated at the same time that there are no adverse effects on the mother fetus binomial. Isoxsuprine is an affective, quick and economical hypotensive of easy management that has no adverse effects on mother-fetus glycemia, obstetric bleeding and APGAR score.