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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has been associated with negative results in patients with A blood group and with a better evolution in O blood group individuals. AIM: Because the evidence regarding ABO blood groups and COVID was empirically not that clear in our country, we tested the association regarding COVID-19 and blood groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult patients were enrolled in this prospective, case-control, observational multicenter study. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were assigned to one of three groups based on the clinical presentation of the infection. Age, gender, ABO and Rh blood groups, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure, and smoking were recorded directly or from their clinical charts. ABO blood group was obtained from 5,000 blood donors (50% each gender). Atherothrombotic variables were compared with a nation-wide data collection. RESULTS: A total of 2,416 patients with COVID-19 were included (women:39.6%; men:60.4%). There were no significant differences between cases and controls in terms of age. O blood group was the most frequently found in healthy donors and COVID-19 patients, but this blood group was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients vs. healthy donors. ABO blood group was not associated with the final health status in COVID-19 patients. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking were significantly more frequent among COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: The proposed protective effect of the O blood group in COVID-19 patients could not be reproduced in the Mexican population while some atherothrombotic risk factors had a significant effect on the clinical evolution.
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Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos , COVID-19 , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Resumen Las plaquetas tienen un papel central en diferentes escenarios fisiológicos, incluyendo la hemostasia; se unen unas con otras en la agregación plaquetaria, lo cual permite formar un coágulo plaquetario. Para que la agregación sea apropiada se requiere del complejo glicoproteico IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) en la superficie plaquetaria. Toda alteración funcional plaquetaria, hereditaria o adquirida, impide la formación adecuada del coágulo y se manifiesta como hemorragia. Las enfermedades plaquetarias hereditarias son raras y, hasta recientemente, fueron ignoradas. Una de las más reconocidas y estudiadas es la trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG), entidad en la cual el número de plaquetas puede ser normal pero la función está alterada. Es un padecimiento autosómico y recesivo que causa hemorragia de diferente intensidad toda la vida y en la cual el problema radica en precisamente en la GPIIb/IIIa. Las hemorragias son típicamente mucocutáneas: equimosis, púrpura, epistaxis, gingivorragia; menos frecuentes son la hemorragia gastrointestinal, hemartrosis o en sistema nervioso central. La hiperpolimenorrea es común en las mujeres y llega a ser tan importante que amerita transfusiones en la menarca. La TG afecta a todos los grupos étnicos y su prevalencia varía entre 1/40,000 y 1/400,000. A pesar de esta información acerca de la TG en el mundo, hay pocas guías o recomendaciones basadas en la opinión de expertos y experiencias unicéntricas. En México la TG es rara y no se cuenta con una recomendación general para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este documento fue establecer un consenso y hacer sugerencias generales para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Abstract Platelets have a central role in several physiological scenarios including hemostasis. Platelets bind each other during platelet aggregation allowing the proper formation of the clot; to be appropriate, platelet aggregation requires the glycoproteic complex IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa). Every platelet function abnormality both, congenital or acquired, impedes clot formation and favors bleeding episodes. Hereditary platelet abnormalities are rare and, until recently, they were almost ignored. Among these disorders, Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) is a widely recognized abnormality in which platelet counts may be normal, but their function is affected. GT is an autosomal, recessive disease that causes life-long bleeding of different intensity. Main biochemical abnormality resides in GPIIb/IIIa. Bleeding is typically mucocutaneous: easy bruising, purpura, and nose and gum bleeds; less frequently are gastrointestinal bleeds, hemarthrosis, or intracranial. Menorrhagia and hyperpolymenorrhea are common findings in in women and may be the cause of anemia requiring blood transfusions at fertile age. GT affects all ethnic groups and its prevalence ranges between 1/40,000 to 1/400,000. Despite this worldwide information regarding GT, only a few guidelines and recommendations have been published, most of them based on expert opinions. In Mexico, GT is rare and there is not a general recommendation regarding its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this document was to establish a consensus to suggest a general guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GT in Mexico.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has a high case fatality rate. Most severely ill patients develop a special type of coagulopathy that had not been described before and that is now considered the main cause of death. For this reason, anticoagulant treatment has become one of the cornerstones of the treatment of this infection. However, the rate at which the evidence regarding the use of anticoagulants is generated is quite fast, and sometimes it is difficult to interpret and conflicting. After having performed an extensive review of the published literature, this proposal for the use of anticoagulant treatment is made, taking into account available resources in Mexico.
La infección por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) es la causante de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), con un índice de letalidad alto. La mayoría de los pacientes graves desarrollan un tipo especial de coagulopatía no descrito hasta ahora y la cual se considera ahora la principal causa de muerte. Por esta razón, el tratamiento anticoagulante se ha convertido en una de las piedras angulares del tratamiento de esta infección. Sin embargo, la velocidad con la que se genera la evidencia respecto al uso de anticoagulantes es muy rápida y, en ocasiones difícil de interpretar y contradictoria. Luego de hacer una revisión extensa de la literatura publicada, se hace esta propuesta para el uso del tratamiento anticoagulante tomando en cuenta los recursos disponibles en México.
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Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/etiologia , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/terapia , COVID-19/complicações , Adulto , Algoritmos , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/prevenção & controle , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Resumen La infección por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) es la causante de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), con un índice de letalidad alto. La mayoría de los pacientes graves desarrollan un tipo especial de coagulopatía no descrito hasta ahora y la cual se considera ahora la principal causa de muerte. Por esta razón, el tratamiento anticoagulante se ha convertido en una de las piedras angulares del tratamiento de esta infección. Sin embargo, la velocidad con la que se genera la evidencia respecto al uso de anticoagulantes es muy rápida y, en ocasiones difícil de interpretar y contradictoria. Luego de hacer una revisión extensa de la literatura publicada, se hace esta propuesta para el uso del tratamiento anticoagulante tomando en cuenta los recursos disponibles en México.
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has a high case fatality rate. Most severely ill patients develop a special type of coagulopathy that had not been described before and that is now considered the main cause of death. For this reason, anticoagulant treatment has become one of the cornerstones of the treatment of this infection. However, the rate at which the evidence regarding the use of anticoagulants is generated is quite fast, and sometimes it is difficult to interpret and conflicting. After having performed an extensive review of the published literature, this proposal for the use of anticoagulant treatment is made, taking into account available resources in Mexico.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/etiologia , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/terapia , COVID-19/complicações , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/prevenção & controle , Algoritmos , Guias como Assunto , MéxicoRESUMO
Previous studies demonstrated that the majority of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients achieve response after treatment, while 5% become refractory. Studies analyzing the role of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood are limited. This investigation sought to evaluate peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and soluble MHC class I chain-related proteins A and B (sMIC-A/B) and their correlation with survival in patients with newly diagnosed HL. The study recruited 36 patients and 72 healthy donors. HL patients showed a decrease in CD4, B, monocytes, NK, and NKT cells; and an increase in γ-δ T cells and soluble MIC-A serum levels. Higher values of s-MIC-A >100 ng/mL and NKT cells >40 µL correlated with poor overall survival (OS). In conclusion, in HL peripheral blood CD4 T and B cells, monocytes, NK, and NKT cells were decreased, while s-MIC-A and γ-δ T cells increased. Higher values of s-MIC-A and NKT cells correlated with poor survival.
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Doença de Hodgkin , Células T Matadoras Naturais , Humanos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos TRESUMO
resumen está disponible en el texto completo
Abstract Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion transmitted infections) or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology charachterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.
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INTRODUCTION: Development of inhibitors is the most serious complication in patients with haemophilia (PWH). The prevalence of inhibitors in patients with severe haemophilia A (HA) is approximately 25%-30%. Inhibitor prevalence differs among populations. Some studies report a prevalence of almost twice in Hispanic as compared to Caucasian patients. Most data available, on the prevalence of inhibitors and their predisposing factors, originate from centres in developed countries. AIM: Establish the prevalence of inhibitors of FVIII and FIX in Mexico. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. The records of all patients diagnosed with haemophilia A (HA) or B (HB), with and without inhibitors, were included. Clinical and demographical characteristics of patients with inhibitors were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 22. The Ethics Committees of the various participating institutions approved this study. RESULTS: A total of 1455 patients from the 20 participating centres were recruited, from which 1208 (83.02%) had HA and 247 (16.97%) were diagnosed with HB. The presence of inhibitors in severe HA was reported in 93/777(11.96%), and 10/162 (6.17%) in severe HB. Of them, 91.7% exhibited high titres in HA and 100% in HB. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, the general prevalence of inhibitors varies considerably among centres. This study established a basis of comparison for future development and advances in the treatment and follow-up of patients. These findings also augment our understanding of risk factors related to inhibitor development.
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Hemofilia A/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , América Latina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Acquired hemophilia (AH) is an autoimmune hemostatic disorder mediated by autoantibodies directed against factor VIII: C. In 52% of cases, the cause is unknown or is not associated with other pathological entities; in the rest, there are concomitant factors: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, pregnancy, and medications. In Mexico, there is not a registry of AH, and awareness of the disease among health personnel is low. The groups with the highest incidence are women of childbearing age and individuals older than 70 years. It is characterized by severe bleeding, especially after trauma and normal childbirth or cesarean delivery, and large ecchymoses in the trunk and extremities. The suspicion is simple, it just takes for sudden, severe hemorrhage and a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time that is not corrected with plasma to concur in an individual. Treatment involves achieving hemostasis and eradicating the antibody. The former is achieved with recombinant activated factor VII or activated prothrombin complex concentrate. Cyclophosphamide, prednisone or rituximab are used to eradicate the antibody. Most cases of AH are not diagnosed, which translates into a high mortality rate. Given that awareness about the disease among physicians is low, it is not suspected, neither diagnosed, and nor is it treated. This document reviews the most recent data on AH and expands on its diagnosis and treatment.
La hemofilia adquirida (HA) es un trastorno hemostático autoinmune ocasionado por autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra el factor VIII: C. En 52 % de los casos, la causa se desconoce o no se asocia con otra entidad patológica; en el resto, existen factores concomitantes: lupus, artritis reumatoide, cáncer, embarazo y medicamentos. En México no existe registro ni conciencia de la enfermedad entre el personal de salud. Los grupos de mayor incidencia son las mujeres en edad reproductiva y los individuos mayores de 70 años. Se caracteriza por hemorragia grave, sobre todo posterior a traumatismos y parto o cesárea, y equimosis grandes en tronco y extremidades. La sospecha es simple, basta que concurran hemorragia súbita, grave y un TTPa prolongado que no se corrige con plasma. El tratamiento consiste en lograr la hemostasia y erradicar el anticuerpo; lo primero se logra con el factor VII activado recombinante o concentrado del complejo de protrombínico activado. La ciclofosfamida, prednisona o rituximab sirven para erradicar el anticuerpo. La mayoría de los casos no son diagnosticados y la mortalidad es alta. Ya que los médicos desconocen el problema, no se sospecha, no se diagnostica y no se trata. Este documento revisa los datos más recientes de la HA y abunda en el diagnóstico y tratamiento.
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Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Fator VIII/imunologia , Hemofilia A/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Equimose/etiologia , Feminino , Hemofilia A/complicações , Hemofilia A/epidemiologia , Hemofilia A/terapia , Hemorragia/etiologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/etiologia , Prognóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen La hemofilia adquirida (HA) es un trastorno hemostático autoinmune ocasionado por autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra el factor VIII: C. En 52 % de los casos, la causa se desconoce o no se asocia con otra entidad patológica; en el resto, existen factores concomitantes: lupus, artritis reumatoide, cáncer, embarazo y medicamentos. En México no existe registro ni conciencia de la enfermedad entre el personal de salud. Los grupos de mayor incidencia son las mujeres en edad reproductiva y los individuos mayores de 70 años. Se caracteriza por hemorragia grave, sobre todo posterior a traumatismos y parto o cesárea, y equimosis grandes en tronco y extremidades. La sospecha es simple, basta que concurran hemorragia súbita, grave y un TTPa prolongado que no se corrige con plasma. El tratamiento consiste en lograr la hemostasia y erradicar el anticuerpo; lo primero se logra con el factor VII activado recombinante o concentrado del complejo de protrombínico activado. La ciclofosfamida, prednisona o rituximab sirven para erradicar el anticuerpo. La mayoría de los casos no son diagnosticados y la mortalidad es alta. Ya que los médicos desconocen el problema, no se sospecha, no se diagnostica y no se trata. Este documento revisa los datos más recientes de la HA y abunda en el diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Abstract Acquired hemophilia (AH) is an autoimmune hemostatic disorder mediated by autoantibodies directed against factor VIII: C. In 52% of cases, the cause is unknown or is not associated with other pathological entities; in the rest, there are concomitant factors: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, pregnancy, and medications. In Mexico, there is not a registry of AH, and awareness of the disease among health personnel is low. The groups with the highest incidence are women of childbearing age and individuals older than 70 years. It is characterized by severe bleeding, especially after trauma and normal childbirth or cesarean delivery, and large ecchymoses in the trunk and extremities. The suspicion is simple, it just takes for sudden, severe hemorrhage and a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time that is not corrected with plasma to concur in an individual. Treatment involves achieving hemostasis and eradicating the antibody. The former is achieved with recombinant activated factor VII or activated prothrombin complex concentrate. Cyclophosphamide, prednisone or rituximab are used to eradicate the antibody. Most cases of AH are not diagnosed, which translates into a high mortality rate. Given that awareness about the disease among physicians is low, it is not suspected, neither diagnosed, and nor is it treated. This document reviews the most recent data on AH and expands on its diagnosis and treatment.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Fator VIII/imunologia , Hemofilia A/imunologia , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/etiologia , Prognóstico , Equimose/etiologia , Hemofilia A/complicações , Hemofilia A/terapia , Hemofilia A/epidemiologia , Hemorragia/etiologia , Imunossupressores/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality globally, but it is far more important in non-developed countries. PPH represents 25% of all maternal deaths worldwide. Women with von Willebrand disease (VWD) and other inherited haemorrhagic disorders are at increased risk of PPH. Our aim was to establish a probable association of severe PPH in women with a history of haemostatic abnormalities. METHODS: An observational, controlled study of adult women with a one or more episodes of severe PPH requiring treatment in an intensive care unit or >10 units of blood products during the 24-hour period after diagnosis and their controls. The tests performed were blood cell count, blood group, renal, viral, liver function and haemostatic tests, fibrinogen, activity of the plasma factors and specific test to diagnose and classify VWD. RESULTS: We included 124 women with 133 PPH events and their controls. The median age at the first event was 25.5 years old. Results were significantly different between the groups in terms of fibrinogen concentration, VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo and FVIII. A specific diagnosis was established in 69 (55.6) and 4 (3.2%) patients in the PPH group and controls, respectively. Of 61 patients with VWD, 57 had type 1, two had type 2A, and another two had type 2B. CONCLUSION: Our results show a relationship between PPH and inherited haemostatic disorders. VWD was the most frequent diagnosis. Appropriate and opportune diagnosis before pregnancy of inherited haemostatic disorders may be important to effectively prevent and treat PPH.
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Transtornos de Proteínas de Coagulação/complicações , Hemostáticos/metabolismo , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/etiologia , Doenças de von Willebrand/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease characterized by antitumoral immune dysfunction. The objective of the present study was to determine lymphocyte subsets (B, T, NK, NKT, iNKT, dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells) in 68 newly diagnosed patients and 113 healthy donors. Lymphocyte subsets were studied in the same patients 6 months after treatment. Pre-treatment values of CD4+ T cells, NK cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and B cells in MM patients were lower than in healthy donors. Forty patients (59%) received MPT treatment and 28 (41%) thal-dex. Patients with no response to treatment, exhibited a decrease in CD4+ T cells and NK cells, as well as an increase in Treg cell numbers. Median DFS and OS was lower in patients not achieving response, in patients having low numbers of NK cells, and higher values of LDH. The number of CD4 T cells, NK, DC2, and B cells at diagnosis is lower in patients with MM. Non-responder patients had lower CD4 and NK, but higher Treg cell values. Patients in which response is not achieved, and those holding lower values of NK cells and higher levels of LDH, have poor DFS and OS.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Células Matadoras Naturais , Mieloma Múltiplo , Idoso , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Melfalan/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mieloma Múltiplo/sangue , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiplo/mortalidade , Prednisolona/administração & dosagem , Taxa de Sobrevida , Talidomida/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The treatment of hemophilia generates a disproportionally large economic impact relative to its prevalence. OBJECTIVE: To determine the economic impact of hemophilia A and B in Mexico in 2011 from the perspective of public health institutions. METHODS: Hemophilia was epidemiologically characterized in Mexico during the year of interest, direct costs (diagnosis, monitoring or follow-up, care of bleeding events, and consumption of hemostatic factors), as well as absenteeism associated with illness (indirect costs) were estimated. Records, surveys and official data were supplemented by expert opinion to assess costs. RESULTS: The investment in hemostatic factors is the primary source of cost: 68.6 and 74.3% of total investment in hemophilia A and B, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most decisive variable is the cost of acquisition of hemostatic factors, including bypass agents. The second most important source of cost is the attention to bleeding events, being significantly higher in patients receiving on-demand treatment compared with those receiving prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, hemophilia is a condition whose treatment requires a large amount of financial resources associated with the cost of hemostatic factors and care of hemorrhage, the latter being lower in patients on prophylaxis relative to on-demand.
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Hemofilia A/economia , Hemofilia B/economia , Adulto , Criança , Custos e Análise de Custo , Hemofilia A/terapia , Hemofilia B/terapia , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To identify inherited factors: Protein C (PC), protein S (PS), antithrombin (AT), plasminogen (Plg), the activated PC resistance (APCR), prothrombin (PT) mutation G20210 A (PTG20210 A) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677 T polymorphism (MTHFR C677 T), as well as acquired-risk factors such as: diabetes mellitus, surgeries, smoking, obesity, hypertension, trauma, alcoholism, family history; and their association, in Mexican patients with diagnostic of thrombophilia. METHODS: Overall, 200 patients diagnosed with thrombophilia and 100 healthy controls. Commercial kits were used for the coagulometric tests and polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism for molecular alterations. RESULTS: Alterations were found with an estimated prevalence to PC 0.65%, AT 2.04% and Plg 2.5%, APCR 2%, PT 20210 2%, and MTHFR 65%. The C677 T polymorphism of the MTHFR did not associate with acquired-risk factors so we can suppose that it is an independent risk factor. For the patients that only presented acquired-risk factors (21 of 200), the association smoking-alcoholism showed to be the cause of thrombosis with high risk. The following were also associated: smoking with AT, PC, and alcoholism; obesity with Plg; smoking with alcoholism, and PS deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for both primary and secondary and their association were present as a cause of thrombosis in the patients studied, and the possibility to suffer a recurrent thrombosis.
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Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Mutação/genética , Plasminogênio/deficiência , Protrombina/genética , Trombofilia/etiologia , Trombose/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fenótipo , Fatores de Risco , Trombofilia/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In order to identify the clinical approach of a sample of Mexican hematologists for primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in adults in Mexico, we applied an electronic survey via the internet to identify common practices for the diagnosis and treatment of ITP and draw a comparison between the information from these hematologists with international guidelines or the international literature. The results were analyzed using measures of central tendency. The sample was 21 medical hematologists, predominantly from Mexico City (average age: 51.4 years). A total of 66.7% of the surveyed physicians use international guidelines to make therapeutic decisions, and 43% defined ITP including the numerical concept (< 100 x 10(9)/l). We found some differences between requested clinical exams and tests indicated by the guidelines. In first-line treatment (except emergency), 91% of the participants start with prednisone and 24% use dexamethasone. Danazol is used in persistent ITP by most (41%) of the specialists. In second-line treatment, 67% would indicate splenectomy. Some differences were found between clinical practice of the hematologists in Mexico versus guidelines recommendations.
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Hematologia , Padrões de Prática Médica , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/diagnóstico , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Internacionalidade , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Literatura de Revisão como AssuntoRESUMO
We can estimated the probability of developing thromboembolic disease and consequently prescribed antithrombotic measures to patients undergoing surgery. The anticoagulants carry the risk of abnormal bleeding, which can sometimes be fatal. Recently, this concept changed with the development of new drugs that retain their antithrombotic activity but decrease their anticoagulant effect; other advantages are: route of administration, predictable bioavailability (generally do not require monitoring), and little interaction with food and other drugs. The most representative are direct factor Xa inhibitors like apixaban and rivaroxaban as well as factor IIa inhibitors, such as dabigatran. They had been evaluated in patients undergoing hip or knee surgery in comparison with low molecular weight heparins; in general they had better results in efficacy and similar results in safety. Trials are now underway to evaluate their use in other surgical and nonsurgical environments. Today, the surgical patient is older and has comorbidities, such as atrial fibrillation, prosthetic valves, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other chronic diseases. These patients need be protected from thrombosis with low bleeding risk. New antithrombotic drugs offer a margin of safety and maintain efficacy; therefore, they constitute an advantage over classical anticoagulant drugs. We highlight concepts related with the need for thromboprophylaxis and the new antithrombotic medication in a surgical context.
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Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Tromboembolia Venosa/prevenção & controle , HumanosRESUMO
Chemotherapy induces immunosuppression which is associated with a significant increase in the frequency and severity of infections. Neutropenia is the most important factor in determining susceptibility to bacterial infections. Our aim was to establish the prevalence of bacterial infections and bacterial susceptibility patterns in patients with fever, neutropenia and hematological neoplasias. Cultures were obtained prior empirical antimicrobial treatment. Susceptibility tests to antibiotics were performed for all microorganisms considered pathogens. Descriptive statistics were used for each variable. Differences between proportions were estimated by means of χ2 or Fisher's exact test. We included 85 patients.Primary bacteremia was the most frequent cause of fever (52%). Microorganisms most frequently isolated were:S. epidermidis (54.2%), E. coli (12.5%), S. aureus (8.3%). In susceptibility tests 88.5% of S. epidermidis strains were resistant to oxaciline (MIC > 8 µ/ml); E. coli was resistant to ceftazidime (50%) and trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole (83%).In conclusion, gram-positive microorganisms are predominant in patients with fever and neutropenia followed by gram-negatives like E. coli. Predominance of gram-positives microorganism forces us to reconsider our current prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobials regimens used in these patients.
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Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Bacterianas/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Febre/complicações , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicações , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutropenia/complicações , Prevalência , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
A 28 year-old female without history of previous disease. In the seventh month of her first pregnancy she developed hemorrhagic tendency that worsened in the early postpartum period. Activated partial thromboplastin time was 110 sec (control=35.8 sec) with negative tests for lupus anticoagulant. Factor VIII was <1% and a factor VIII inhibitor titer was 84 Bethesda Units/mL (BU). Initial therapy included methylprednisolone, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. After two weeks of treatment, clinical conditions of the patient improved slightly and she was discharged. Outpatient therapy included azathioprine, and prednisone for a period of 22 months but in-hospital management was several times required. We initiated rituximab 375 mg/m2/week/4 weeks. A clinical improvement and increased levels of factors VIII and XI were observed 10 weeks later and factor VIII inhibitor decreased to undetectable levels. After a 82-month follow-up period (since the first rituximab infusion), she is asymptomatic and factor VIII and factor XI plasma levels are 70% and 94%, respectively FVIII inhibitor level is still undetectable. Rituximab seems an alternative for the treatment of acquired hemophilia refractory to standard treatment.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos/uso terapêutico , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Fator VIII/imunologia , Deficiência do Fator XI/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Puerperais/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia Uterina/etiologia , Adulto , Formação de Anticorpos/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígenos CD20/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doenças Autoimunes/etiologia , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Cesárea , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Fator VIII/análise , Fator XI/análise , Fator XI/imunologia , Deficiência do Fator XI/imunologia , Feminino , Hematoma/etiologia , Hematoma/imunologia , Hemofilia A/tratamento farmacológico , Hemofilia A/imunologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Metilprednisolona/administração & dosagem , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Penfigoide Gestacional/imunologia , Prednisona/administração & dosagem , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Transtornos Puerperais/etiologia , Transtornos Puerperais/imunologia , Rituximab , Hemorragia Uterina/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have demonstrated that a common polymorphism in the gene encoding 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is associated with an increased risk for stroke. However, this relation remains controversial. Our aim was to investigate the possible association between the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene and idiopathic ischemic stroke in the young Mexican-Mestizo population. METHODS: One hundred seventy-eight patients <45 years with idiopathic ischemic stroke and 183 controls were tested for the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene. Causes of primary thrombophilia as well as classical risk factors for atherothrombotic disease were also evaluated. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the genotype distribution between patients and controls (p = 0.01), but the allele frequency was similar in both groups (p = 0.09). The univariate analysis identified the T allele as a risk factor for ischemic stroke (TT and CT carriers), as compared with homozygous for C allele (p = 0.01). Hypertension and smoking prevalences were significantly higher in the group of patients. Also the T allele was significantly associated with large-vessel ischemic stroke. The postoral methionine load homocysteine levels were higher in patients with ischemic stroke versus controls (p < 0.001). There was a low prevalence of primary thrombophilia markers. CONCLUSIONS: The T allele from the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene represents an independent risk factor for idiopathic ischemic stroke at young age in the Mexican-Mestizo population. Also, hypertension and smoking were independent risk factors in our study population. Primary thrombophilic risk factors were not associated with ischemic stroke in our population.